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Start on Cloud

A unified distributed database ready for your transactional, analytical, and AI workloads.

DEPLOY YOUR WAY

OceanBase Cloud

The best way to deploy and scale OceanBase

OceanBase Enterprise

Run and manage OceanBase on your infra

TRY OPEN SOURCE

OceanBase Community Edition

The free, open-source distributed database

OceanBase seekdb

Open source AI native search database

Customer Stories

Real-world success stories from enterprises across diverse industries.

View All
BY USE CASES

Mission-Critical Transactions

Global & Multicloud Application

Elastic Scaling for Peak Traffic

Real-time Analytics

Active Geo-redundancy

Database Consolidation

Comprehensive knowledge hub for OceanBase.

Blog

Live Demos

Training & Certification

Documentation

Official technical guides, tutorials, API references, and manuals for all OceanBase products.

View All
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QUICK START
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OceanBase Database

SQL - V3.2.4Enterprise Edition

  • Documentation Revision History
  • Document Overview
  • Get Started
    • What is OceanBase Database
      • Overview
      • Concepts
      • Compatibility with Oracle
        • Overview
        • SQL data types
        • Built-in functions
        • System views
      • Compatibility with MySQL
      • Management tools
      • Version rules
      • Limitations
    • Deploy OceanBase Database
      • Deployment introduction
      • Deployment process
      • Preparations
        • Prepare servers
        • Server configurations
        • Prepare installation packages
      • HA solution for OceanBase clusters
      • Deploy through the GUI
        • Configure the deployment environment
          • Deploy OAT
          • Verify deployment
          • Configure the clock source
          • Upload installation packages
          • Add a server
          • Initialize a server
        • Deploy OCP
          • Overview
          • Add an OCP configuration file
          • Deploy OCP
          • Verify deployment
        • Deploy the OceanBase cluster
          • (Optional) Configure DNS
          • Add an OBServer to the OCP resource pool
          • Create an OceanBase cluster
        • Deploy ODP
          • Overview
          • Deploy ODP
        • Create an OceanBase tenant
          • View resources available for a business tenant
          • Create a tenant
          • Verify deployment
        • Deploy OMS
          • Overview
          • Add an OMS configuration file
          • Deploy OMS
          • Verify deployment
        • Deploy ODC
          • Overview
          • Add an ODC configuration file
          • Deploy ODC
          • Verify deployment
      • Deploy through the CLI
        • Configure the deployment environment
          • Install oat-cli
          • Use oat-cli to configure the deployment environment
          • Configure the clock source
          • Upload installation packages
          • Configure host information
          • Check the environment before deployment
        • Deploy OCP
          • Overview
          • Generate a configuration file
          • Start deployment
          • Verify deployment
        • Deploy the OceanBase cluster
          • Deploy a single-replica OceanBase cluster
          • Deploy a three-replica OceanBase cluster
        • Deploy ODP
          • Deploy ODP by using the CLI
        • Create an OceanBase tenant
          • View resources available for a business tenant
          • Create a tenant
          • Verify deployment
        • Deploy OMS
          • Overview
          • Modify the configuration file
          • Start deployment
          • Verify deployment
        • Deploy ODC
          • Overview
          • Modify the configuration file
          • Start deployment
          • Verify deployment
    • Data migration
      • Overview
      • Migrate data by using OMS
        • Migrate data by using OMS
        • Migrate data from a MySQL database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from a TiDB database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database by using OMS
        • Migrate data between MySQL tenants of OceanBase Database by using OMS
        • Use OMS to migrate data between Oracle tenants of OceanBase Database
        • Migrate data from a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database to a MySQL database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from an Oracle database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from an Oracle database to an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database to an Oracle database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from a DB2 LUW database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from a DB2 LUW database to an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database to a DB2 LUW database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database to a DB2 LUW database by using OMS
      • Migrate data by using OBLOADER & OBDUMPER
        • Import data by using OBLOADER
        • Export data by using OBDUMPER
      • Migrate data by using SQL scripts
      • Migrate data by using mysqldump
      • Migrate data by using DataX
      • Migrate data by using the OUTFILE statement
    • Database connections and routing
      • Overview
      • Manage ODP
        • ODP management overview
        • Manage ODP clusters
          • Create an ODP cluster
          • Manage ODP cluster parameters
          • Delete an ODP cluster
          • Upgrade all ODPs in an ODP cluster
          • Restart all ODPs in an ODP cluster
          • Manage OceanBase clusters connected to an ODP cluster
          • Monitor ODP cluster performance
        • Manage ODP
          • Add an ODP
          • Start an ODP
          • Refresh ODP configurations
          • Stop an ODP
          • Restart an ODP
          • Delete an ODP
          • Upgrade an ODP
        • ODP startup parameters
      • Database connections
        • Connect to OceanBase Database from OBClient
        • Connect to OceanBase Database from a MySQL client
        • Connect to OceanBase Database through ODC
      • Physical connections
      • Logical connections
        • Query all sessions
        • Query the details of a session
        • Query the metrics of a session
        • Query session variables
        • Terminate a session
      • Driver management
        • Overview
        • OB-ODBC
        • OBCI
        • OceanBase Connector/C
        • OceanBase Connector/J
      • Routing management
        • Table-based routing of ODP
        • SQL parser
        • LDC-based routing
        • ODP routing strategies
          • Read/Write splitting
          • Follower-first read
          • Blocklist mechanism
    • Cluster and multi-tenant management
      • Manage clusters
        • Create a cluster
        • View resource information of a cluster
        • Manage clusters
        • Manage cluster parameters
          • Overview
          • Query cluster-level parameters
          • Modify cluster-level parameters
        • Manage zones in a cluster
          • Overview of zone management
          • Add or delete a zone
          • Add or delete an encrypted zone
          • Start or stop a zone
          • Modify the configurations of a zone
          • Restart a zone
          • Isolate a failed zone
        • Manage OBServer nodes
          • Add an OBServer node
          • View OBServer node status
          • Stop or start an OBServer node
          • Restart an OBServer node
          • Isolate a failed OBServer node
          • Delete an OBServer node
          • Replace an OBServer node
        • View cluster information
        • Overview of cluster tenant management
        • Monitor cluster performance
        • Cluster performance report
      • Configuration management
        • Overview of configuration management
        • Set parameters
        • Set variables
        • Configure general parameters
        • Examples of parameter configuration in a production environment
        • Recommended minimum resource configuration
      • Resource management
        • Overview
        • Create a resource unit
        • Manage resource units
          • View configurations of a resource unit
          • Modify configurations of a resource unit
          • Drop a resource unit
        • Create a resource pool
        • Manage resource pools
          • Allocate a resource pool to a tenant
          • Modify a resource pool
          • Merge resource pools
          • Split a resource pool
          • Remove a resource pool from a tenant
          • Delete a resource pool
        • Query resource allocation
      • Tenant management
        • Overview of tenant management
        • View the performance metrics of a tenant
        • View tenant sessions
        • Terminate a tenant session
        • Manage tenant parameters
          • Overview
          • Query tenant-level parameters
          • Modify tenant-level parameters
        • Manage tenant variables
        • Create a tenant
        • Copy a tenant
        • Manage tenants
          • Query tenant information
          • Modify a tenant
          • Rename a tenant
          • Drop a tenant
        • Manage users and privileges
          • Users and privileges
            • Overview
            • sys tenant
            • Oracle tenants
            • MySQL tenants
          • Oracle mode
            • Create a user
            • Set password complexity
            • Logon failure handling policies
            • View user privileges
            • Modify user privileges
            • Change the password of a user
            • Lock or unlock a user
            • Drop a user
            • Manage roles
              • Overview
              • Create a role
              • Assign a role to another role
              • Assign a role to a user
              • Specify valid or invalid roles for a user
              • View roles
              • Modify a role
              • Revoke a role
              • Drop a role
          • MySQL mode
            • Create a user
            • Set password complexity
            • Handle logon failures
            • View user privileges
            • Modify user privileges
            • Change the password of a user
            • Lock and unlock a user
            • Drop a user
        • Set and view the tenant allowlist
        • View the topology of a tenant
        • View the resource configurations of a tenant
        • Modify the resource configurations of a tenant
      • Manage data storage
        • Minor compaction management
          • Overview
          • Automatically trigger a minor compaction
          • Manually initiate a minor compaction
          • View minor compaction information
          • Modify minor compaction settings
        • Major compaction management
          • Overview
          • Automatically trigger a major compaction
          • Configure scheduled major compactions
          • Manually initiate a major compaction
          • Manually control a major compaction
          • View major compaction information
            • View the major compaction process
            • View disk usage during a major compaction
          • Major compaction timeouts and errors
          • Modify major compaction settings
        • Data compression
          • Overview
          • Data encoding and compression
      • Manage memory
        • Overview
        • Memory structure
        • Set the maximum memory for an OceanBase database
        • Manage internal system memory
        • Manage internal tenant memory
        • Manage the memory of the plan cache
        • Query memory usage information
        • FAQ
      • Manage processes
        • Overview
        • Multi-tenant threads of OceanBase Database
        • FAQ about multi-tenant threads
        • Background threads of OceanBase Database
      • Manage logs
        • Log overview
        • Log generation levels
          • Log generation levels
          • Set a log generation level
        • Log file size and quantity management
          • Use the log file splitting feature
          • Control the number of log files
        • Query logs
          • Query the log of an SQL request
          • Query the log of a previous SQL request by using the SQL Trace feature
    • Database object management
      • Oracle mode
        • Manage tables
          • Overview
          • Create a table
          • Define column constraints
          • Query table definition
          • Modify a table
          • Empty a table
          • Drop a table
        • Manage table groups
          • Overview
          • Statements for table group management
        • Manage indexes
          • Overview
          • Create indexes
          • Query indexes
          • Drop an index
        • Manage views
        • Manage sequences
        • Manage synonyms
        • Manage triggers
          • Overview
          • Create a DML trigger
          • Create an INSTEAD OF trigger
          • Modify and drop a trigger
          • Disable or enable a trigger
          • Query trigger information
        • Manage directory objects
        • Manage DBLinks
      • MySQL mode
        • Manage databases
          • Create a database
          • View databases
          • Modify a database
          • Drop a database
        • Manage tables
          • Overview
          • Create a table
          • Define an auto-increment column
          • Define column constraints
          • Query table definition
          • Modify a table
          • Empty a table
          • Drop a table
        • Manage table groups
          • Overview
          • Statements for table group management
        • Manage indexes
          • Overview
          • Create indexes
          • Query indexes
          • Drop an index
        • Manage views
        • Manage sequences
        • Manage triggers
          • Overview
          • Create a DML trigger
          • Query trigger information
          • Drop a trigger
    • Distributed storage management
      • Overview of data distribution
      • Manage partitions
        • Oracle mode
          • Overview of partitions
          • Create a partitioned table
          • Manage a partitioned table
          • Create a subpartitioned table
          • Manage a subpartitioned table
          • Partition pruning
          • Query data in specified partitions
          • Create an index for a partitioned table
            • Overview of indexes
            • Local indexes
            • Global indexes
          • Create a partitioned table group
          • Add a partitioned table to a table group
          • Manage a partitioned table group
          • Create a subpartitioned table group
          • Add a subpartitioned table to a table group
          • Manage a subpartitioned table group
        • MySQL mode
          • Overview of partitions
          • Create a partitioned table
          • Manage a partitioned table
          • Create a subpartitioned table
          • Manage a subpartitioned table
          • Partition pruning
          • Query data in specified partitions
          • Create an index for a partitioned table
            • Overview of indexes
            • Local indexes
            • Global indexes
          • Create a partitioned table group
          • Add a partitioned table to a table group
          • Manage a partitioned table group
          • Create a subpartitioned table group
          • Add a subpartitioned table to a table group
          • Manage a subpartitioned table group
      • Manage replicas
        • Overview
        • Create a replica
        • Edit a tenant replica in a zone
        • Delete a tenant replica from a zone
      • Manage locality
        • Overview
        • Modify table locality
        • Modify tenant locality
      • Load balancing
        • Overview of load balancing
        • Manage automatic load balancing
        • Manually manage load balancing
          • Manually migrate and switch partition replicas
          • Set load balancing by using table groups
          • Set load balancing by primary zone
    • Performance tuning
      • Overview
      • Performance tools
        • System tools
          • General tool Top
          • CPU tools
          • Memory tools
          • Disk I/O tools
          • Network tools
        • Internal tables
          • gv$sysstat
          • gv$sql_audit
          • __all_virtual_trans_stat
        • Logs
          • slow trans
          • tenant dump
          • Slow queries
        • OCP
          • Monitoring and alerts
          • SQL diagnostics
          • Performance report
          • ASH report
          • Transaction diagnostics
          • Deadlock detection
      • System tuning
        • OS parameter tuning
        • Database parameter tuning
          • CPU parameters
          • I/O parameters
          • Memory-related parameters
          • Network transmission parameters
        • ODP parameter tuning
          • CPU parameters
          • Network transmission parameters
          • Route parameters on nodes
      • Business model tuning
        • Load balancing
        • SQL diagnostics
        • Distributed transactions
      • SQL tuning guide
        • Execution process of SQL queries
        • SQL execution plan
          • Introduction to SQL execution plans
          • Execution plan operators
            • TABLE SCAN
            • TABLE LOOKUP
            • JOIN
            • COUNT
            • GROUP BY
            • WINDOW FUNCTION
            • SUBPLAN FILTER
            • DISTINCT
            • SEQUENCE
            • MATERIAL
            • SORT
            • LIMIT
            • FOR UPDATE
            • SELECT INTO
            • SUBPLAN SCAN
            • UNION
            • INTERSECT
            • EXCEPT/MINUS
            • INSERT
            • DELETE
            • UPDATE
            • MERGE
            • EXCHANGE
            • GI
          • Plan cache
          • Fast parameterization
          • Real-time execution plan display
        • Distributed execution plan
          • Perform distributed execution and parallel queries
          • Generate a distributed plan
          • Schedule distributed execution plans
          • Manage distributed execution plans
          • Execute parallel queries
          • Perform parameter tuning for a parallel query
          • Parallel DML
        • SQL tuning
          • Overview
          • General procedure of SQL tuning
          • Monitor the SQL execution performance
            • gv$sql_audit
            • SQL Trace
            • Plan cache views
            • Examples of SQL performance analysis
              • Use SQL Audit to analyze wait events in a query
              • Analyze SQL queries that cause an abrupt RT jitter
              • View and analyze the shape of an execution plan
              • Analyze slow SQL queries
              • Query SQL traffic distribution and QPS
              • Check whether SQL queries are balanced across servers in a cluster
              • Find the TOP N SQL queries
              • Analyze whether an unusually large number of remote execution requests exist in the system or the execution of an SQL statement
              • Find full table scan SQL statements in a tenant
              • Find the TOP N queries with the longest execution time within a specified period
              • Analyze queries related to distributed plans
              • Check whether the RPC execution count of a distributed subplan is balanced across servers in a cluster
          • Optimizer statistics
            • Overview of statistics
            • Statistics collection methods
              • Overview
              • Histograms
              • Manual statistics collection
              • Automatic statistics collection
            • Statistics management
              • Overview
              • Deletion
              • Setting
              • Import and export
              • Locking and unlocking
              • History management
              • Statistics preference management
            • Examples
          • Query rewrite
            • Overview
            • Rule-based query rewrite
            • Cost-based query rewrite
          • Query optimization
            • Access path
              • Overview
              • Rule-based path selection
              • Cost-based path selection
            • Join algorithms
              • Overview
              • Join algorithms
              • Join order
          • Manage execution plans
            • Optimizer hints
            • Plan binding
            • SQL plan management
        • Glossary
        • General issues in SQL tuning
      • Performance diagnostics
        • Monitor and diagnose the cluster performance
        • Tenant performance diagnostics
        • Monitor ODP performance
        • Monitor host performance
      • Case analysis
      • Performance test (MySQL mode)
        • Sysbench OLTP
        • BenchMarkSQL
        • TPC-H
      • Performance test (Oracle mode)
        • BenchMarkSQL
        • TPC-H
    • Data high availability
      • Flashback
        • Objects supported by the recycle bin
        • Recycle bin for databases, tables, and indexes
        • Recycle bin for tenants
        • Flash back objects from the recycle bin
        • Restore point
        • Use a flashback query to query data of multiple versions
      • Manage physical backup and restore
        • Introduction to physical backup and restore
        • Deploy NFS
        • Data backup for a cluster
          • Perform a backup by using commands
            • Preparations for backup
            • Initiate a log backup
            • Initiate a data backup
          • Perform a backup for a cluster in OCP
          • Backup of a specified path for a tenant
          • Enable backup for clusters based on log splitting
          • Check the backup progress
          • Stop a backup
          • Automatically clear backup data for clusters
          • Manually clear backup data for clusters
          • Stop backup data clearing for clusters
        • Back up data backups
          • Overview
          • Perform a secondary backup for a cluster by using commands
            • Preparations for secondary backup
            • Initiate a secondary log backup
            • Initiate a secondary data backup
          • Perform a secondary backup for clusters in OCP
          • Perform a secondary backup for tenants
          • View the progress of secondary data backup tasks
          • Stop a secondary backup
          • Automatically clear secondary backup data for clusters
          • Manually clear secondary backup data
          • Stop clearing secondary backup data
        • Update access_id and access_key for OSS in the backup destination during backup
        • Verify data
          • Overview
          • Verify backup data in a cluster
          • Verify backup data in a specified path in a cluster
          • Verify backup data in a specified path across clusters
          • View data verification results
        • Restore data
          • Preparations for restore
          • Perform full restore
          • Restore a specified table
          • Restore secondary backup data
          • View the restore progress and results
          • Cancel restore
        • Routine maintenance
          • Query backup parameters
          • Force stop all backup-related tasks
          • Set backup_zone
      • Primary/Standby cluster management
        • Overview
        • Considerations and limitations
        • Deploy the primary and standby clusters
          • Configuration requirements
          • Deploy a primary cluster
          • Check the configurations of the primary cluster
          • Deploy standby clusters in OCP
        • Tenant management
        • Log transfer service
          • Overview
          • Set the log transfer parameter for a standby cluster
          • Configure log compression
        • Protection mode
          • Overview
          • Protection modes and protection levels
          • Switch to another protection mode
        • Role switching
          • Preparations for a switchover
          • Perform a switchover in a command-line tool
          • Perform a switchover in OCP
          • Perform a failover in a command-line tool
            • Preparations for a failover
            • Perform a lossless failover
            • Connect the original primary cluster after a lossless failover
            • Connect other standby clusters after a lossless failover
            • Perform a lossy failover
            • Restore other clusters after a lossy failover
            • Correct the data after a failover
          • Perform a failover in OCP
        • Standby cluster read service
        • Delete a standby cluster
        • Standby cluster disconnection
          • Preparations for disconnection
          • Disconnect a standby cluster
        • Troubleshooting
          • Failover errors
          • Switchover errors
          • Protection mode switching errors
          • Tenant creation for a standby cluster got stuck
          • Data synchronization enablement errors
          • Standby cluster disconnection errors
    • Database security
      • Data storage encryption
        • Overview
        • MySQL mode
          • Enable storage encryption for a new table
          • Enable storage encryption for an existing table
          • Decrypt a table
        • Oracle mode
          • Enable storage encryption for a new table
          • Enable storage encryption for an existing table
          • Decrypt a table
      • Data transmission encryption
        • Overview
        • Transmission encryption of OBServer nodes
        • Transmission encryption of ODPs
      • RPC connection authentication
      • Set row-level access control
      • Audit databases
        • Overview
        • Enable audit
        • Audit user logon operations
        • Audit user operations
        • Audit specified database objects
    • O&M management
      • O&M overview
        • Overview
        • Monitoring
          • View status monitoring information
          • View performance monitoring information
          • Perform SQL diagnostics
        • Alerts
          • Alert configuration
          • Manage alert subscriptions
          • Perform alert management
          • Manage alert items
      • Database upgrade
        • Overview
        • Perform an upgrade
        • Perform a major compaction
        • Check upgrade results
      • Scale-in and scale-out
        • Overview
        • Cluster-level scale-in and scale-out
          • Scale-out
            • Add zones to a cluster
            • Add OBServer nodes to zones
          • Scale-in
            • Delete zones from a cluster
            • Delete OBServer nodes from zones
        • Scale-in and scale-out of tenant resources
          • Modify unit_config
          • Modify UNIT_NUM
      • Resource isolation
        • cgroup-based resource isolation
          • Enable cgroups-based CPU isolation between tenant worker threads
          • Clear cgroup configurations
      • Routine inspections
        • Overview
        • Check the ODP connection status
        • Check the cluster status
        • Check cluster parameters
        • Check the host status
        • Check tenant resource usage
        • Check cluster resource usage
        • Check the OBServer node status
        • Check the NTP offset
        • Check data backup
      • Troubleshooting
        • Overview
        • Issue analysis
          • View alerts
          • View logs
          • View error codes
          • Query views
        • Troubleshoot OBServer node restart failures
        • Troubleshoot unexpected exit of an observer process
        • Troubleshoot bootstrap failures
        • Troubleshoot database connection issues
        • Troubleshoot clock synchronization issues
        • Troubleshoot the absence of a leader
        • Troubleshoot replica migration issues
        • Troubleshoot exhausted tenant MemStore memory
        • Tenant memory overrun
        • Troubleshoot major compaction exceptions
        • Overloaded OBServer nodes
        • Troubleshoot row lock contention
        • Troubleshoot transaction errors
      • Emergency response
        • Overview
        • Analysis, diagnosis, and decision-making process
        • Common emergency response
          • Exceptions caused by hardware
            • Node failures
            • Network jitter
            • ODP faults
            • Other exceptions related to hardware and network
          • Exceptions caused by capacity changes
            • Exceptions of SQL queries
            • High disk I/O on an OBServer node
            • Overloaded NIC on an OBServer node
            • Full occupation of tenant memory
            • Full usage of ODP threads
            • Full usage of OBServer clog disk
            • Full usage of the OBServer data disk
            • Accumulated request queue of a tenant
          • Other cluster exceptions
            • Blocked tenant minor compaction
            • Blocked cluster major compaction
            • sys tenant or RootService exceptions
            • Insufficiency or leakage of system memory
            • Slow query of the queuing table
    • System references
      • System parameters
        • Overview
        • Summary of system parameters
        • Cluster-level parameters
          • all_cluster_list
          • auto_broadcast_location_cache_rate_limit
          • auto_delete_expired_backup
          • auto_leader_switch_interval
          • auto_refresh_location_cache_rate_limit
          • autoinc_cache_refresh_interval
          • backup_backup_archive_log_batch_count
          • backup_backup_archivelog_retry_interval
          • backup_backup_dest
          • backup_backupset_batch_count
          • backup_backup_dest_option
          • backup_backupset_retry_interval
          • backup_concurrency
          • backup_dest
          • backup_dest_option
          • backup_log_archive_option
          • backup_net_limit
          • backup_recovery_window
          • backup_region
          • backup_zone
          • balance_blacklist_failure_threshold
          • balance_blacklist_retry_interval
          • balancer_emergency_percentage
          • balancer_idle_time
          • balancer_log_interval
          • balancer_task_timeout
          • balancer_timeout_check_interval
          • balancer_tolerance_percentage
          • bf_cache_miss_count_threshold
          • bf_cache_priority
          • builtin_db_data_verify_cycle
          • cache_wash_threshold
          • clog_cache_priority
          • clog_disk_usage_limit_percentage
          • clog_disk_utilization_threshold
          • clog_expire_days
          • clog_sync_time_warn_threshold
          • clog_transport_compress_all
          • clog_transport_compress_func
          • cluster
          • cluster_id
          • config_additional_dir
          • cpu_count
          • cpu_quota_concurrency
          • cpu_reserved
          • data_copy_concurrency
          • data_dir
          • data_disk_usage_limit_percentage
          • data_storage_error_tolerance_time
          • data_storage_warning_tolerance_time
          • datafile_disk_percentage
          • datafile_size
          • dead_socket_detection_timeout
          • debug_sync_timeout
          • default_compress
          • default_compress_func
          • default_row_format
          • default_transport_compress_func
          • devname
          • disk_io_thread_count
          • dtl_buffer_size
          • election_blacklist_interval
          • election_cpu_quota
          • enable_async_syslog
          • enable_auto_leader_switch
          • enable_auto_refresh_location_cache
          • enable_ddl
          • enable_election_group
          • enable_global_freeze_trigger
          • enable_log_archive
          • enable_major_freeze
          • enable_manual_merge
          • enable_merge_by_turn
          • enable_ob_ratelimit
          • enable_one_phase_commit
          • enable_perf_event
          • enable_pg
          • enable_rebalance
          • enable_record_trace_id
          • enable_record_trace_log
          • enable_rereplication
          • enable_rich_error_msg
          • enable_rootservice_standalone
          • enable_separate_sys_clog
          • enable_smooth_leader_switch
          • enable_sql_audit
          • enable_sql_operator_dump
          • enable_sys_unit_standalone
          • enable_syslog_recycle
          • enable_syslog_wf
          • enable_tcp_keepalive
          • enable_unit_balance_resource_weight
          • enable_upgrade_mode
          • fast_recovery_concurrency
          • flush_log_at_trx_commit
          • force_refresh_location_cache_interval
          • force_refresh_location_cache_threshold
          • freeze_trigger_percentage
          • fuse_row_cache_priority
          • gc_wait_archive
          • get_leader_candidate_rpc_timeout
          • global_index_build_single_replica_timeout
          • global_major_freeze_residual_memory
          • global_write_halt_residual_memory
          • high_priority_net_thread_count
          • ignore_replay_checksum_error
          • ignore_replica_checksum_error
          • ilog_index_expire_time
          • index_cache_priority
          • index_clog_cache_priority
          • index_info_block_cache_priority
          • internal_sql_execute_timeout
          • large_query_threshold
          • large_query_worker_percentage
          • leak_mod_to_check
          • lease_time
          • location_cache_cpu_quota
          • location_cache_expire_time
          • location_cache_priority
          • location_cache_refresh_min_interval
          • location_cache_refresh_rpc_timeout
          • location_cache_refresh_sql_timeout
          • location_fetch_concurrency
          • location_refresh_thread_count
          • log_archive_batch_buffer_limit
          • log_archive_checkpoint_interval
          • log_archive_concurrency
          • log_restore_concurrency
          • major_compact_trigger
          • major_freeze_duty_time
          • max_kept_major_version_number
          • max_px_worker_count
          • max_string_print_length
          • max_syslog_file_count
          • memory_chunk_cache_size
          • memory_limit
          • memory_limit_percentage
          • memory_reserved
          • memstore_limit_percentage
          • merge_stat_sampling_ratio
          • merge_thread_count
          • merger_check_interval
          • merger_completion_percentage
          • merger_switch_leader_duration_time
          • merger_warm_up_duration_time
          • micro_block_merge_verify_level
          • migrate_concurrency
          • migration_disable_time
          • min_observer_version
          • minor_compact_trigger
          • minor_deferred_gc_time
          • minor_freeze_times
          • minor_merge_concurrency
          • minor_warm_up_duration_time
          • multiblock_read_gap_size
          • multiblock_read_size
          • mysql_port
          • net_thread_count
          • ob_event_history_recycle_interval
          • ob_ratelimit_stat_period
          • obconfig_url
          • ofs_list
          • partition_table_check_interval
          • partition_table_scan_batch_count
          • plan_cache_evict_interval
          • plan_cache_high_watermark
          • plan_cache_low_watermark
          • px_task_size
          • px_workers_per_cpu_quota
          • rebuild_replica_data_lag_threshold
          • recyclebin_object_expire_time
          • replica_safe_remove_time
          • resource_hard_limit
          • resource_soft_limit
          • restore_concurrency
          • rootservice_async_task_queue_size
          • rootservice_async_task_thread_count
          • rootservice_list
          • rootservice_memory_limit
          • rootservice_ready_check_interval
          • row_compaction_update_limit
          • row_purge_thread_count
          • rpc_port
          • rpc_timeout
          • schema_history_expire_time
          • schema_history_recycle_interval
          • server_balance_cpu_mem_tolerance_percent
          • server_balance_critical_disk_waterlevel
          • server_balance_disk_tolerance_percent
          • server_check_interval
          • server_cpu_quota_max
          • server_cpu_quota_min
          • server_data_copy_in_concurrency
          • server_data_copy_out_concurrency
          • server_permanent_offline_time
          • server_temporary_offline_time
          • sql_audit_memory_limit
          • sql_audit_queue_size
          • ssl_client_authentication
          • ssl_external_kms_info
          • stack_size
          • switchover_process_thread_count
          • sys_bkgd_io_high_percentage
          • sys_bkgd_io_low_percentage
          • sys_bkgd_migration_change_member_list_timeout
          • sys_bkgd_migration_retry_num
          • sys_bkgd_net_percentage
          • sys_cpu_limit_trigger
          • syslog_io_bandwidth_limit
          • syslog_level
          • system_cpu_quota
          • system_memory
          • system_trace_level
          • tableapi_transport_compress_func
          • tablet_size
          • tcp_keepcnt
          • tcp_keepidle
          • tcp_keepintvl
          • tenant_cpu_variation_per_server
          • tenant_groups
          • tenant_task_queue_size
          • token_reserved_percentage
          • trace_log_sampling_interval
          • trace_log_slow_query_watermark
          • trx_2pc_retry_interval
          • trx_force_kill_threshold
          • trx_try_wait_lock_timeout
          • unit_balance_resource_weight
          • use_large_pages
          • user_block_cache_priority
          • user_iort_up_percentage
          • user_row_cache_priority
          • user_tab_col_stat_cache_priority
          • virtual_table_location_cache_expire_time
          • wait_leader_batch_count
          • weak_read_version_refresh_interval
          • workers_per_cpu_quota
          • zone
          • zone_merge_concurrency
          • zone_merge_order
          • zone_merge_timeout
          • ob_esi_rpc_port
          • enable_ob_esi_process
          • ob_esi_session_timeout
          • ob_esi_io_concurrency
          • ob_esi_memory_limit
          • ob_esi_syslog_level
          • ob_esi_max_syslog_file_count
          • sql_login_thread_count
          • diag_syslog_per_error_limit
          • enable_cgroup
          • rpc_client_authentication_method
          • rpc_server_authentication_method
          • max_trx_part_size
        • Tenant-level parameters
          • audit_sys_operations
          • enable_early_lock_release
          • enable_monotonic_weak_read
          • external_kms_info
          • enable_sql_extension
          • job_queue_processes
          • max_stale_time_for_weak_consistency
          • ob_enable_batched_multi_statement
          • ob_proxy_readonly_transaction_routing_policy
          • ob_ssl_invited_common_names
          • open_cursors
          • audit_trail
          • plsql_ccflags
          • plsql_code_type
          • plsql_debug
          • plsql_optimize_level
          • plsql_v2_compatibility
          • plsql_warnings
          • sql_work_area
          • tde_method
          • writing_throttling_maximum_duration
          • writing_throttling_trigger_percentage
          • clog_max_unconfirmed_log_count
          • workarea_size_policy
          • ob_query_switch_leader_retry_timeout
          • clog_persistence_compress_func
          • connection_control_failed_connections_threshold
          • connection_control_min_connection_delay
          • connection_control_max_connection_delay
          • default_progressive_merge_num
          • enable_clog_persistence_compress
      • System variables (MySQL mode)
        • Overview
        • System variable summary
        • auto_increment_cache_size
        • auto_increment_increment
        • auto_increment_offset
        • autocommit
        • binlog_row_image
        • block_encryption_mode
        • character_set_client
        • character_set_connection
        • character_set_database
        • character_set_filesystem
        • character_set_results
        • character_set_server
        • character_set_system
        • collation_connection
        • collation_database
        • collation_server
        • connect_timeout
        • datadir
        • debug_sync
        • default_password_lifetime
        • div_precision_increment
        • error_on_overlap_time
        • explicit_defaults_for_timestamp
        • foreign_key_checks
        • group_concat_max_len
        • identity
        • init_connect
        • interactive_timeout
        • is_result_accurate
        • last_insert_id
        • license
        • lower_case_table_names
        • max_allowed_packet
        • max_sp_recursion_depth
        • max_user_connections
        • net_buffer_length
        • net_read_timeout
        • net_write_timeout
        • nls_calendar
        • nls_characterset
        • nls_comp
        • nls_currency
        • nls_date_format
        • nls_date_language
        • nls_dual_currency
        • nls_iso_currency
        • nls_language
        • nls_length_semantics
        • nls_nchar_characterset
        • nls_nchar_conv_excp
        • nls_numeric_characters
        • nls_sort
        • nls_territory
        • nls_timestamp_format
        • nls_timestamp_tz_format
        • ob_bnl_join_cache_size
        • ob_capability_flag
        • ob_compatibility_mode
        • ob_create_table_strict_mode
        • ob_default_replica_num
        • ob_early_lock_release
        • ob_enable_aggregation_pushdown
        • ob_enable_blk_nestedloop_join
        • ob_enable_hash_group_by
        • ob_enable_index_direct_select
        • ob_enable_jit
        • ob_enable_plan_cache
        • ob_enable_sql_audit
        • ob_enable_trace_log
        • ob_enable_transformation
        • ob_enable_transmission_checksum
        • ob_enable_truncate_flashback
        • ob_global_debug_sync
        • ob_last_schema_version
        • ob_log_level
        • ob_max_parallel_degree
        • ob_org_cluster_id
        • ob_pl_block_timeout
        • ob_plan_cache_evict_high_percentage
        • ob_plan_cache_evict_low_percentage
        • ob_plan_cache_percentage
        • ob_proxy_global_variables_version
        • ob_proxy_partition_hit
        • ob_proxy_set_trx_executed
        • ob_query_timeout
        • ob_read_consistency
        • ob_reserved_meta_memory_percentage
        • ob_route_policy
        • ob_safe_weak_read_snapshot
        • ob_sql_audit_percentage
        • ob_sql_work_area_percentage
        • ob_stmt_parallel_degree
        • ob_tcp_invited_nodes
        • ob_temp_tablespace_size_percentage
        • ob_timestamp_service
        • ob_trace_info
        • ob_trx_idle_timeout
        • ob_trx_lock_timeout
        • ob_trx_timeout
        • optimizer_capture_sql_plan_baselines
        • optimizer_use_sql_plan_baselines
        • parallel_max_servers
        • parallel_servers_target
        • performance_schema
        • plugin_dir
        • query_cache_size
        • query_cache_type
        • read_only
        • recyclebin
        • resource_manager_plan
        • secure_file_priv
        • sql_auto_is_null
        • sql_mode
        • sql_quote_show_create
        • sql_safe_updates
        • sql_select_limit
        • sql_throttle_current_priority
        • sql_throttle_network
        • sql_throttle_priority
        • sql_throttle_rt
        • sql_warnings
        • system_time_zone
        • time_zone
        • timestamp
        • tracefile_identifier
        • transaction_isolation
        • transaction_read_only
        • tx_isolation
        • tx_read_only
        • undo_retention
        • version
        • version_comment
        • wait_timeout
        • validate_password_check_user_name
        • validate_password_length
        • validate_password_mixed_case_count
        • validate_password_number_count
        • validate_password_policy
        • validate_password_special_char_count
        • server_uuid
        • binlog_format
        • binlog_checksum
        • binlog_rows_query_log_events
        • log_bin
        • server_id
        • default_storage_engine
        • max_connections
        • event_scheduler
        • cte_max_recursion_depth
        • regexp_stack_limit
        • regexp_time_limit
      • System variables (Oracle mode)
        • Overview
        • character_set_connection
        • ob_trx_lock_timeout
        • ob_trx_timeout
        • optimizer_capture_sql_plan_baselines
        • optimizer_use_sql_plan_baselines
        • parallel_max_servers
        • parallel_servers_target
        • performance_schema
        • plugin_dir
        • query_cache_size
        • query_cache_type
        • character_set_database
        • read_only
        • recyclebin
        • resource_manager_plan
        • secure_file_priv
        • sql_auto_is_null
        • sql_quote_show_create
        • sql_select_limit
        • sql_throttle_current_priority
        • sql_throttle_network
        • sql_throttle_priority
        • character_set_filesystem
        • sql_throttle_rt
        • sql_warnings
        • system_time_zone
        • sql_safe_updates
        • time_zone
        • timestamp
        • tracefile_identifier
        • transaction_isolation
        • transaction_read_only
        • tx_isolation
        • character_set_results
        • tx_read_only
        • undo_retention
        • version
        • version_comment
        • wait_timeout
        • validate_password_check_user_name
        • validate_password_length
        • validate_password_mixed_case_count
        • validate_password_number_count
        • validate_password_policy
        • character_set_server
        • validate_password_special_char_count
        • event_scheduler
        • character_set_system
        • collation_connection
        • collation_database
        • collation_server
        • connect_timeout
        • System variable summary
        • datadir
        • debug_sync
        • default_password_lifetime
        • div_precision_increment
        • error_on_overlap_time
        • explicit_defaults_for_timestamp
        • foreign_key_checks
        • group_concat_max_len
        • identity
        • init_connect
        • auto_increment_cache_size
        • interactive_timeout
        • is_result_accurate
        • last_insert_id
        • license
        • lower_case_table_names
        • max_allowed_packet
        • max_sp_recursion_depth
        • max_user_connections
        • net_buffer_length
        • net_read_timeout
        • auto_increment_increment
        • net_write_timeout
        • nls_calendar
        • nls_characterset
        • nls_comp
        • nls_currency
        • nls_date_format
        • nls_date_language
        • nls_dual_currency
        • nls_iso_currency
        • nls_language
        • auto_increment_offset
        • nls_length_semantics
        • nls_nchar_characterset
        • nls_nchar_conv_excp
        • nls_numeric_characters
        • nls_sort
        • nls_territory
        • nls_timestamp_format
        • nls_timestamp_tz_format
        • ob_bnl_join_cache_size
        • ob_capability_flag
        • autocommit
        • ob_compatibility_mode
        • ob_create_table_strict_mode
        • ob_default_replica_num
        • ob_early_lock_release
        • ob_enable_aggregation_pushdown
        • ob_enable_blk_nestedloop_join
        • ob_enable_hash_group_by
        • ob_enable_index_direct_select
        • ob_enable_jit
        • ob_enable_plan_cache
        • binlog_row_image
        • ob_enable_sql_audit
        • ob_enable_trace_log
        • ob_enable_transformation
        • ob_enable_transmission_checksum
        • ob_enable_truncate_flashback
        • ob_global_debug_sync
        • ob_last_schema_version
        • ob_log_level
        • ob_max_parallel_degree
        • ob_org_cluster_id
        • block_encryption_mode
        • ob_pl_block_timeout
        • ob_plan_cache_evict_high_percentage
        • ob_plan_cache_evict_low_percentage
        • ob_plan_cache_percentage
        • ob_proxy_global_variables_version
        • ob_proxy_partition_hit
        • ob_proxy_set_trx_executed
        • ob_query_timeout
        • ob_read_consistency
        • ob_reserved_meta_memory_percentage
        • character_set_client
        • ob_route_policy
        • ob_safe_weak_read_snapshot
        • ob_sql_audit_percentage
        • ob_sql_work_area_percentage
        • ob_stmt_parallel_degree
        • ob_tcp_invited_nodes
        • ob_temp_tablespace_size_percentage
        • ob_timestamp_service
        • ob_trace_info
        • ob_trx_idle_timeout
      • System views (MySQL mode)
        • Overview
        • Dictionary views
          • Overview
          • mysql.time_zone_transition
          • mysql.time_zone_transition_type
          • mysql.user
          • information_schema.CHARACTER_SETS
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          • information_schema.COLLATIONS
          • information_schema.COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY
          • information_schema.COLUMNS
          • information_schema.DBA_OUTLINES
          • information_schema.ENGINES
          • mysql.help_topic
          • information_schema.GLOBAL_STATUS
          • information_schema.GLOBAL_VARIABLES
          • information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
          • information_schema.PARAMETERS
          • information_schema.PARTITIONS
          • information_schema.PROCESSLIST
          • information_schema.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS
          • information_schema.ROUTINES
          • information_schema.SCHEMATA
          • information_schema.SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES
          • mysql.help_category
          • information_schema.SESSION_STATUS
          • information_schema.SESSION_VARIABLES
          • information_schema.STATISTICS
          • information_schema.TABLES
          • information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
          • information_schema.TABLE_PRIVILEGES
          • information_schema.USER_PRIVILEGES
          • information_schema.USER_RECYCLEBIN
          • information_schema.VIEWS
          • information_schema.CONNECTION_CONTROL_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS
          • mysql.help_keyword
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_ARCHIVELOG_SUMMARY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_JOB_DETAILS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_SET_DETAILS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_SET_EXPIRED
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_ARCHIVELOG_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_CLEAN_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_TASK_CLEAN_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_RESTORE_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_RESTORE_HISTORY
          • mysql.help_relation
          • oceanbase.CDB_CKPT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_VALIDATION_JOB
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_VALIDATION_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TENANT_BACKUP_VALIDATION_TASK
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_VALIDATION_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUP_ARCHIVELOG_SUMMARY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPSET_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPSET_TASK
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPSET_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPSET_JOB
          • mysql.db
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_SET_OBSOLETE
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_ARCHIVELOG
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUP_ARCHIVELOG
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPPIECE_JOB
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPPIECE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPPIECE_TASK
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPPIECE_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_PIECE_FILES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_SET_FILES
          • information_schema.ST_GEOMETRY_COLUMNS
          • mysql.proc
          • information_schema.ST_SPATIAL_REFERENCE_SYSTEMS
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_PLANS
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_PLAN_DIRECTIVES
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_GROUP_MAPPINGS
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUPS
          • mysql.time_zone
          • mysql.time_zone_name
        • Performance views
          • Overview
          • gv$plan_cache_stat
          • gv$plan_cache_plan_stat
          • gv$session_event
          • gv$session_wait
          • gv$session_wait_history
          • gv$system_event
          • gv$sesstat
          • gv$sysstat
          • gv$sql_audit
          • gv$latch
          • gv$memory
          • gv$memstore
          • gv$memstore_info
          • gv$plan_cache_plan_explain
          • gv$obrpc_outgoing
          • gv$obrpc_incoming
          • gv$sql
          • gv$sql_plan_monitor
          • gv$outline
          • gv$concurrent_limit_sql
          • gv$sql_plan_statistics
          • gv$server_memstore
          • gv$unit_load_balance_event_history
          • gv$tenant
          • gv$database
          • gv$table
          • gv$unit
          • gv$partition
          • gv$lock_wait_stat
          • gv$session_longops
          • gv$tenant_memstore_allocator_info
          • gv$minor_merge_info
          • gv$tenant_px_worker_stat
          • gv$partition_audit
          • gv$ps_stat
          • gv$ps_item_info
          • gv$sql_workarea
          • gv$sql_workarea_histogram
          • gv$ob_sql_workarea_memory_info
          • gv$server_schema_info
          • gv$merge_info
          • gv$lock
          • gv$sstable
          • gv$ob_trans_table_status
          • gv$tenant_memory_info
          • v$statname
          • v$event_name
          • v$session_event
          • v$session_wait
          • v$session_wait_history
          • v$sesstat
          • v$sysstat
          • v$system_event
          • v$memory
          • v$memstore
          • v$memstore_info
          • v$plan_cache_stat
          • v$plan_cache_plan_stat
          • v$plan_cache_plan_explain
          • v$sql_audit
          • v$obrpc_outgoing
          • v$obrpc_incoming
          • v$sql
          • v$sql_plan_monitor
          • v$sql_plan_statistics
          • v$unit
          • v$partition
          • v$lock_wait_stat
          • v$session_longops
          • v$latch
          • v$tenant_memstore_allocator_info
          • v$tenant_px_worker_stat
          • v$partition_audit
          • v$ob_cluster
          • v$ob_standby_status
          • v$ob_cluster_stats
          • v$ob_cluster_event_history
          • v$ps_stat
          • v$ps_item_info
          • v$sql_workarea
          • v$sql_workarea_active
          • v$sql_workarea_histogram
          • v$ob_sql_workarea_memory_info
          • v$ob_timestamp_service
          • v$server_schema_info
          • v$merge_info
          • v$lock
          • v$sql_monitor_statname
          • v$restore_point
          • v$ob_cluster_failover_info
          • v$encrypted_tables
          • v$encrypted_tablespaces
          • v$sstable
          • v$ob_trans_table_status
          • v$ob_all_clusters
          • v$tenant_memory_info
          • GV$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
          • V$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
          • V$RSRC_PLAN
      • System views (Oracle mode)
        • Overview
        • Dictionary views
          • Overview
          • ALL_DEPENDENCIES
          • ALL_DIRECTORIES
          • ALL_ERRORS
          • ALL_INDEXES
          • ALL_IND_COLUMNS
          • ALL_IND_EXPRESSIONS
          • ALL_IND_PARTITIONS
          • ALL_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
          • ALL_METHOD_PARAMS
          • DBA_TAB_PRIVS
          • DBA_TAB_STATS_HISTORY
          • DBA_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
          • DBA_TRIGGERS
          • DBA_TYPES
          • DBA_TYPE_ATTRS
          • DBA_TYPE_METHODS
          • DBA_USERS
          • DBA_VIEWS
          • DBA_JOBS_RUNNING
          • DBA_JOBS
          • DBA_RECYCLEBIN
          • DBA_DEPENDENCIES
          • DBA_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUPS
          • DBA_RSRC_GROUP_MAPPINGS
          • DBA_RSRC_PLANS
          • DBA_RSRC_PLAN_DIRECTIVES
          • DBA_DIRECTORIES
          • DBA_PART_COL_STATISTICS
          • DBA_PART_HISTOGRAMS
          • DBA_SUBPART_COL_STATISTICS
          • DBA_SUBPART_HISTOGRAMS
          • DBA_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
          • DBA_TAB_HISTOGRAMS
          • DBA_TAB_STATISTICS
          • DICT
          • DICTIONARY
          • NLS_DATABASE_PARAMETERS
          • NLS_INSTANCE_PARAMETERS
          • NLS_SESSION_PARAMETERS
          • ROLE_ROLE_PRIVS
          • ROLE_SYS_PRIVS
          • ROLE_TAB_PRIVS
          • STMT_AUDIT_OPTION_MAP
          • TENANT_VIRTUAL_GLOBAL_VARIABLE
          • TENANT_VIRTUAL_SESSION_VARIABLE
          • USER_ALL_TABLES
          • USER_ARGUMENTS
          • USER_AUDIT_OBJECT
          • USER_AUDIT_SESSION
          • USER_AUDIT_STATEMENT
          • USER_AUDIT_TRAIL
          • USER_COLL_TYPES
          • USER_COL_COMMENTS
          • USER_COL_PRIVS
          • USER_CONSTRAINTS
          • USER_CONS_COLUMNS
          • USER_ERRORS
          • USER_INDEXES
          • USER_IND_COLUMNS
          • USER_IND_EXPRESSIONS
          • USER_IND_PARTITIONS
          • USER_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
          • USER_OBJECTS
          • USER_PART_INDEXES
          • USER_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • USER_PART_TABLES
          • USER_PROCEDURES
          • USER_PROFILES
          • USER_ROLE_PRIVS
          • USER_SEGMENTS
          • USER_SEQUENCES
          • USER_SOURCE
          • USER_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
          • USER_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • USER_SYNONYMS
          • USER_SYS_PRIVS
          • USER_TAB_STATS_HISTORY
          • USER_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
          • USER_TRIGGERS
          • USER_TABLES
          • USER_TABLESPACES
          • USER_TAB_COLS
          • USER_TAB_COLUMNS
          • USER_TAB_COMMENTS
          • USER_TAB_PARTITIONS
          • USER_TAB_PRIVS
          • USER_TYPES
          • USER_TYPE_ATTRS
          • USER_TYPE_METHODS
          • USER_JOBS
          • USER_VIEWS
          • USER_RECYCLEBIN
          • USER_DEPENDENCIES
          • USER_PART_COL_STATISTICS
          • USER_PART_HISTOGRAMS
          • ALL_ALL_TABLES
          • ALL_ARGUMENTS
          • ALL_COL_COMMENTS
          • ALL_COLL_TYPES
          • ALL_OBJECTS
          • ALL_PART_COL_STATISTICS
          • ALL_PART_HISTOGRAMS
          • ALL_PART_INDEXES
          • ALL_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • ALL_PART_TABLES
          • ALL_PROCEDURES
          • ALL_PROFILES
          • ALL_SCHEDULER_JOB_ARGS
          • ALL_SCHEDULER_PROGRAM_ARGS
          • ALL_SEQUENCES
          • ALL_SOURCE
          • ALL_SUBPART_COL_STATISTICS
          • ALL_SUBPART_HISTOGRAMS
          • ALL_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
          • ALL_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • ALL_SYNONYMS
          • ALL_TABLES
          • ALL_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
          • ALL_TAB_COLS
          • ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
          • ALL_TAB_COMMENTS
          • ALL_TAB_HISTOGRAMS
          • ALL_TAB_PARTITIONS
          • ALL_TAB_PRIVS
          • ALL_TAB_STATISTICS
          • ALL_TAB_STATS_HISTORY
          • ALL_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
          • ALL_TRIGGERS
          • ALL_TYPES
          • ALL_TYPE_ATTRS
          • ALL_TYPE_METHODS
          • ALL_USERS
          • ALL_VIEWS
          • AUDIT_ACTIONS
          • DBA_ALL_TABLES
          • DBA_ARGUMENTS
          • DBA_AUDIT_EXISTS
          • USER_SUBPART_COL_STATISTICS
          • USER_SUBPART_HISTOGRAMS
          • USER_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
          • USER_TAB_HISTOGRAMS
          • USER_TAB_STATISTICS
          • DBA_CONTEXT
          • ALL_COL_PRIVS
          • ALL_CONSTRAINTS
          • DBA_AUDIT_OBJECT
          • DBA_AUDIT_SESSION
          • DBA_AUDIT_STATEMENT
          • DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL
          • DBA_COLL_TYPES
          • DBA_COL_COMMENTS
          • DBA_COL_PRIVS
          • DBA_CONSTRAINTS
          • DBA_CONS_COLUMNS
          • DBA_ERRORS
          • DBA_INDEXES
          • DBA_IND_COLUMNS
          • DBA_IND_EXPRESSIONS
          • DBA_IND_PARTITIONS
          • DBA_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
          • DBA_METHOD_PARAMS
          • DBA_OBJECTS
          • DBA_METHOD_PARAMS
          • DBA_OBJECTS
          • DBA_OBJ_AUDIT_OPTS
          • DBA_PART_INDEXES
          • DBA_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • DBA_PART_TABLES
          • DBA_PROCEDURES
          • DBA_PROFILES
          • DBA_ROLES
          • DBA_ROLE_PRIVS
          • DBA_SCHEDULER_JOB_ARGS
          • DBA_SCHEDULER_JOBS
          • DBA_SCHEDULER_PROGRAM
          • DBA_SCHEDULER_PROGRAM_ARGS
          • DBA_SEGMENTS
          • DBA_SEQUENCES
          • DBA_SOURCE
          • DBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS
          • DBA_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
          • DBA_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • DBA_SYNONYMS
          • DBA_SYS_PRIVS
          • DBA_TABLES
          • DBA_TABLESPACES
          • DBA_TAB_COLS
          • DBA_TAB_COLUMNS
          • DBA_TAB_COMMENTS
          • DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS
        • Performance views
          • Overview
          • GV$CONCURRENT_LIMIT_SQL
          • GV$DBLINK
          • GV$GLOBAL_TRANSACTION
          • GV$INSTANCE
          • GV$LOCK
          • GV$MEMORY
          • GV$MEMSTORE
          • GV$MEMSTORE_INFO
          • GV$OB_SQL_WORKAREA_MEMORY_INFO
          • GV$OPEN_CURSOR
          • GV$OUTLINE
          • GV$PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_EXPLAIN
          • GV$PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_STAT
          • GV$PLAN_CACHE_STAT
          • GV$PS_ITEM_INFO
          • GV$PS_STAT
          • GV$SERVER_MEMSTORE
          • GV$SESSION_WAIT
          • GV$SESSION_WAIT_HISTORY
          • GV$SESSTAT
          • GV$SQL_AUDIT
          • GV$SQL_WORKAREA
          • GV$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE
          • GV$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM
          • GV$SYSSTAT
          • GV$SYSTEM_EVENT
          • GV$SSTABLE
          • GV$TENANT_MEMORY_INFO
          • V$DBLINK
          • V$ENCRYPTED_TABLES
          • V$ENCRYPTED_TABLESPACES
          • V$GLOBAL_TRANSACTION
          • V$INSTANCE
          • V$LOCK
          • V$MEMORY
          • V$MEMSTORE
          • V$MEMSTORE_INFO
          • V$NLS_PARAMETERS
          • V$OB_SQL_WORKAREA_MEMORY_INFO
          • V$OPEN_CURSOR
          • V$PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_EXPLAIN
          • V$PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_STAT
          • V$PLAN_CACHE_STAT
          • V$PS_ITEM_INFO
          • V$PS_STAT
          • V$RESTORE_POINT
          • V$RSRC_PLAN
          • V$SESSION_WAIT
          • V$SESSION_WAIT_HISTORY
          • V$SESSTAT
          • V$SQL_AUDIT
          • V$SQL_MONITOR_STATNAME
          • V$SQL_WORKAREA
          • V$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE
          • V$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM
          • V$SSTABLE
          • V$SYSSTAT
          • V$SYSTEM_EVENT
          • V$TIMEZONE_NAMES
          • V$TENANT_MEMORY_INFO
          • V$VERSION
          • GV$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
          • V$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
          • V$GLOBALCONTEXT
      • Error codes (MySQL mode)
        • Overview
        • 0001 to 3999
        • 4000 to 4499
        • 4500 to 4999
        • 5000 to 5999
        • 6000 to 6999
        • 7000 to 7999
        • 8000 to 8999
        • 9000 to 9499
        • 9500 to 9999
        • 22998, 30926, 38104, and 38105
      • Error codes (Oracle mode)
        • Overview
        • ORA-00000 to ORA-00999
        • ORA-01000 to ORA-01499
        • ORA-01500 to ORA-01999
        • ORA-02000 to ORA-04999
        • ORA-05000 to ORA-10000
        • ORA-10000 to ORA-19999
        • ORA-20000 to ORA-29999
        • ORA-30000 to ORA-49999
        • ORA-50000 to ORA-99999
        • PLS-00000 to PLS-00999
      • Reserved keywords (MySQL mode)
      • Reserved keywords (Oracle mode)
  • Develop
    • Developer guide (MySQL mode)
      • Connect to OceanBase Database
        • Overview
        • Connect to an OceanBase Database tenant by using a MySQL client
        • Connect to an OceanBase Database tenant by using OBClient
        • Connect to OceanBase Database by using ODC
      • Application development
        • Java
          • Java APIs
          • Connect Java applications to OceanBase Database
        • Python applications
        • Connect C applications to OceanBase Database
      • Create and manage database objects
        • About DDL statements
        • Create and manage views
          • About views
          • Create a view
          • Modify a view
          • Drop a view
        • Create and manage sequences
          • About sequences
          • Create a sequence
          • Modify a sequence
          • Drop a sequence
        • Create and manage triggers
          • About triggers
          • Create a trigger
          • Drop a trigger
        • View the currently connected database
        • Change the password of a user
        • Data type
          • Common data types
          • Unsupported data types
        • Create database objects by using ODC
          • Create a table in ODC
          • Create a view in ODC
          • Create a function in ODC
          • Create a stored procedure in ODC
        • Create and manage tables
          • About tables
          • Create a table
          • About auto-increment columns
          • About types of column constraints
          • About table structure modification
          • About table clearing
          • About table dropping
          • Flash back a dropped table
          • About table privileges
        • Create and manage partition tables
          • About partitioned tables
          • Create a partitioned table
          • Manage a partitioned table
          • Create a subpartitioned table
          • Manage a subpartitioned table
          • Partition routing
          • Indexes on partitioned tables
          • Suggestions on using partitioned tables
        • Create and manage indexes
          • Overview
          • Create an index
          • Drop an index
        • Create and manage table groups
          • Overview
          • Create table groups
            • Create a non-partitioned table group
            • Create a subpartitioned table group
          • Specify a table group when creating a table
          • View information about a table group
          • Add a table to a table group
          • Drop a table group
      • Query
        • Overview of queries
        • Run queries in ODC
        • Single-table queries
        • WHERE queries
        • ORDER BY queries
        • GROUP BY queries
        • Use the LIMIT clause in queries
        • Multi-table join queries
          • Multi-table join queries
          • INNER JOIN queries
          • OUTER JOIN queries
          • Subqueries
        • Use operators and functions in a query
          • Use arithmetic operators in queries
          • Use numerical functions in queries
          • Use string concatenation functions in queries
          • Use string functions in queries
          • Use date and time functions in queries
          • Use type conversion functions in queries
          • Use aggregate functions in queries
          • Use NULL-related functions in queries
          • Use the CASE conditional operator in queries
          • Use the SELECT FOR UPDATE statement to lock query results
        • Execution plan
          • View an execution plan
          • Understand an execution plan
        • Use SQL hints in queries
        • Variables of query timeout
      • DML statements and transactions
        • DML statements
          • About DML statements
          • About the INSERT statement
          • UPDATE statements
          • About the DELETE statement
          • About the REPLACE INTO statement
        • Transactions
          • About transaction control statements
          • Start a transaction
          • Transaction savepoints
          • Commit a transaction
          • Roll back a transaction
          • About transaction timeout
    • Developer guide (Oracle mode)
      • Connect to OceanBase Database
        • Overview
        • Connect to an OceanBase Database tenant by using OBClient
        • Connect to OceanBase Database by using ODC
      • Application development
        • Java
          • OceanBase Connector/J
          • Java APIs
          • Connect Java applications to OceanBase Database
        • Python
          • OceanBase Connector/J in Python
          • Python APIs
          • Connect Python applications to OceanBase Database
        • C
          • OBCI
          • OBCI APIs
          • Connect C applications to OceanBase Database
      • Create and manage database objects
        • DDL statements
        • View the currently connected database
        • Change the password of a user
        • Create database objects by Using ODC
          • Create tables, views, functions, and stored procedures in ODC
          • Create a trigger in ODC
          • Create a sequence in ODC
          • Create a program package in ODC
          • Create a synonym in ODC
          • Create a type in ODC
        • Data type
          • Data types
          • Unsupported data types
        • Create and manage tables
          • Overview
          • Create a table
          • Define an auto-increment column by using the SEQUENCE keyword
          • Types of column constraints
          • Modify the structure of a table
          • Clear a table
          • Drop a table
          • Flash back a dropped table
          • Table privileges
        • Create and manage partition tables
          • Overview
          • Create a partitioned table
          • Manage a partitioned table
          • Create a subpartitioned table
          • Manage a subpartitioned table
          • Partition routing
          • Indexing on partitioned tables
          • Recommendations for using partitioned tables
        • Create and manage indexes
          • Overview
          • Create an index
          • Drop an index
        • Create and manage table groups
          • Overview
          • Create table groups
            • Create a non-partitioned table group
            • Create a subpartitioned table group
          • Specify a table group when creating a table
          • View information about a table group
          • Add a table to a table group
          • Drop a table group
        • Create and manage views
          • About views
          • Create a view
          • Modify a view
          • Drop a view
        • Create and manage sequences
          • Overview
          • Create a sequence
          • Modify a sequence
          • Drop a sequence
        • Create and manage synonyms
          • Overview
          • Create a synonym
          • Drop a synonym
        • Create and manage triggers
          • Overview
          • Create a trigger
          • Modify a trigger
          • Drop a trigger
          • Enable or disable a trigger
      • Query
        • About queries
        • Run queries in ODC
        • Single-table queries
        • Conditional queries
        • ORDER BY queries
        • GROUP BY queries
        • Use Row_Limiting_Clause in queries
        • Multi-table join queries
          • Multi-table join queries
          • INNER JOIN queries
          • OUTER JOIN queries
          • Subqueries
        • Use operators and functions in a query
          • Use arithmetic operators in queries
          • Use numerical functions in queries
          • Use string connectors in queries
          • Use string functions in queries
          • Use datetime functions in queries
          • Use type conversion functions in queries
          • Use aggregate functions in queries
          • Use NULL-related functions in queries
          • Use CASE functions in queries
          • Use the SELECT FOR UPDATE statement to lock query results
        • Execution plan
          • View execution plans of queries
          • Understand execution plans
        • Use SQL hints in queries
        • About query timeout variables
      • DML statements and transactions
        • DML statements
          • About DML statements
          • About the INSERT statement
          • About the UPDATE statement
          • About the MERGE statement
          • About the DELETE statement
        • Transactions
          • About transaction control statements
          • Start a transaction
          • Transaction savepoints
          • Commit a transaction
          • Roll back a transaction
          • About transaction timeout
    • Data migration
      • About data migration and synchronization
      • Migrate data by using OMS
      • Export and import data by using ODC
        • Overview
        • Export and import file formats
        • Batch export and import
        • Single table export and import
      • Migrate data by using SQL scripts
        • Common SQL scripts for data migration
        • Export data by using OUTFILE statements
        • Export data by using the LOAD DATA statement
      • Migrate data by using mysqldump
      • Migrate data by using OBLOADER & OBDUMPER
        • Import data by using OBLOADER
        • Export data by using OBDUMPER
      • Migrate data by using DataX
        • DataX
        • Examples of using DataX in OceanBase Database
    • Design conventions and constraints
      • Object naming conventions
        • Overview
        • Tenant naming conventions
        • User naming conventions
        • Table naming conventions
        • Field naming conventions
        • Other naming conventions
      • Object structure conventions
        • Field design
        • Table structure design
        • Partitioned table design
        • Index design
        • Other structural designs
      • Character set specifications
      • Database connection specifications
      • Best practices for database design
        • Configuration example (database connection pool)
          • Overview of database connection pool configuration
          • Example of configuring a Tomcat connection pool
          • Example of configuring a C3P0 connection pool
          • Example of configuring a Proxool connection pool
          • Example of configuring a HiKariCP connection pool
          • Example of configuring a DBCP connection pool
          • CommonPool configuration example
          • Example of configuring a JDBC connection pool
        • Development framework connection example
          • SpringBoot connection example
          • SpringBatch connection example
          • SpringJDBC connection example
          • SpringJPA connection example
          • Hibernate connection example
          • MyBatis connection example
        • Use of table comments
        • ORM conventions
        • Exception handling
    • SQL syntax
      • System tenant
        • Overview
        • ALTER SYSTEM
          • BACKUP
          • FAILOVER
          • FLUSH PLAN CACHE
          • JOB
          • MERGE
          • MIGRATE UNIT
          • PARAMETER
          • REFRESH
          • REPLICA
          • RESTORE
          • ROOTSERVICE
          • BALANCE TASK
          • SERVER
          • SET STANDBY CLUSTER
          • SWITCHOVER
          • THROTTLE
          • UPGRADE
          • VALIDATE
          • ZONE
          • BOOTSTRAP
          • CANCEL MIGRATE UNIT
          • CHANGE TENANT
          • CLUSTER
          • CONVERT
          • DELETE BACKUPSET
          • DELETE OBSOLETE BACKUP
        • ALTER RESOURCE POOL
        • ALTER RESOURCE UNIT
        • ALTER TENANT
        • CREATE RESOURCE POOL
        • CREATE RESOURCE UNIT
        • CREATE TENANT
        • DROP RESOURCE POOL
        • DROP RESOURCE UNIT
        • DROP TENANT
        • SET DECRYPTION
        • SET ENCRYPTION
      • User tenants (MySQL mode)
        • Elements
          • Data type
            • Overview
            • Numeric data types
              • Overview
              • Integer data types
              • Fixed-point data types
              • Floating-point data types
              • Bit value data type
            • Date and time data types
              • Overview
              • DATE, DATETIME, and TIMESTAMP types
              • TIME type
              • YEAR type
            • Character data types
              • Overview
              • CHAR and VARCHAR
              • BINARY and VARBINARY
            • BLOB and TEXT data types
              • Overview
              • BLOB types
              • TEXT types
            • ENUM data type
            • SET data type
            • JSON data types
              • Overview
              • Create a JSON value
              • Query and modify JSON values
              • Convert a JSON data type
            • Spatial data types
              • Overview
              • SRS
              • Create a spatial column
              • Create a spatial index
              • Spatial data formats
          • Expressions
            • Overview
            • Expression syntax
            • Convert data types in expression evaluation
          • Character sets and collations
            • Overview
            • Character sets
            • Collations
            • Database-level character sets and collations
            • Table-level character sets and collations
            • Column-level character sets and collations
            • Character sets and collations for character expressions
            • Character sets and collations for client connection
          • Literals
            • Overview
            • Strings
            • Numbers
            • Datetime values
            • Bit values
            • Boolean values
            • NULLs
          • Schema object names
          • User-defined variables
          • Comments
        • Operators
          • Overview
          • BINARY operator
          • CASE conditional operator
          • Operator precedence
          • Arithmetic operators
          • Bitwise operators
          • Comparison operators
          • Logical operators
          • Assignment operators
          • Date and time operators
          • Concatenation operators
        • Sequence pseudocolumns
        • Functions
          • Overview
          • Single-row functions
            • Date and time functions
              • ADDDATE
              • DATE_FORMAT
              • DATE_SUB
              • DATEDIFF
              • DAYOFMONTH
              • DAYOFWEEK
              • DAYOFYEAR
              • EXTRACT
              • FROM_DAYS
              • FROM_UNIXTIME
              • CONVERT_TZ
              • GET_FORMAT
              • HOUR
              • LAST_DAY
              • LOCALTIME
              • LOCALTIMESTAMP
              • MAKEDATE
              • MAKETIME
              • MICROSECOND
              • MINUTE
              • MONTH
              • CURDATE
              • MONTHNAME
              • NOW
              • PERIOD_ADD
              • PERIOD_DIFF
              • QUARTER
              • SEC_TO_TIME
              • SECOND
              • STR_TO_DATE
              • SUBDATE
              • SUBTIME
              • CURRENT_DATE
              • SYSDATE
              • TIME
              • TIME_FORMAT
              • TIME_TO_SEC
              • TIME_TO_USEC
              • TIMEDIFF
              • TIMESTAMP
              • TIMESTAMPADD
              • TIMESTAMPDIFF
              • TO_DAYS
              • CURRENT_TIME
              • TO_SECONDS
              • UNIX_TIMESTAMP
              • USEC_TO_TIME
              • UTC_DATE
              • UTC_TIME
              • UTC_TIMESTAMP
              • WEEK
              • WEEKDAY
              • WEEKOFYEAR
              • YEARWEEK
              • CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
              • YEAR
              • DAY
              • CURTIME
              • DATE
              • DATE_ADD
            • String functions
              • ASCII
              • BIN
              • BIT_LENGTH
              • CHAR
              • CHAR_LENGTH
              • CONCAT
              • CONCAT_WS
              • EXPORT_SET
              • ELT
              • FIELD
              • FIND_IN_SET
              • FORMAT
              • HEX
              • INSERT
              • INSTR
              • INT2IP
              • IP2INT
              • LCASE
              • LEFT
              • LENGTH
              • LOCATE
              • LOWER
              • LPAD
              • LTRIM
              • MAKE_SET
              • MID
              • OCT
              • ORD
              • POSITION
              • QUOTE
              • REGEXP
              • REGEXP_INSTR
              • REGEXP_LIKE
              • REGEXP_REPLACE
              • REGEXP_SUBSTR
              • REPEAT
              • REPLACE
              • REVERSE
              • RIGHT
              • RLIKE
              • RPAD
              • RTRIM
              • SPACE
              • STRCMP
              • SUBSTR
              • SUBSTRING
              • SUBSTRING_INDEX
              • TRIM
              • UCASE
              • UNHEX
              • UPPER
              • WEIGHT_STRING
              • TO_BASE64
              • FROM_BASE64
            • Conversion functions
              • CAST
              • CONVERT
            • Mathematical functions
              • ABS
              • ACOS
              • ASIN
              • ATAN
              • ATAN2
              • BIT_COUNT
              • CEIL
              • CEILING
              • CONV
              • COS
              • COT
              • CRC32
              • DEGREES
              • EXP
              • FLOOR
              • LN
              • LOG
              • LOG10
              • LOG2
              • MOD
              • NEG
              • PI
              • POW
              • POWER
              • RADIANS
              • RAND
              • ROUND
              • SIGN
              • SIN
              • SQRT
              • TAN
              • TRUNCATE
            • Comparison functions
              • GREATEST
              • INTERVAL
              • ISNULL
              • LEAST
            • Process control functions
              • IF
              • IFNULL
              • NULLIF
              • ORA_DECODE
          • Aggregate functions
            • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
            • MIN
            • STD
            • STDDEV
            • STDDEV_POP
            • STDDEV_SAMP
            • SUM
            • VAR_POP
            • VAR_SAMP
            • VARIANCE
            • AVG
            • BIT_AND
            • BIT_OR
            • BIT_XOR
            • COUNT
            • GROUP_CONCAT
            • GROUPING
            • MAX
          • Analytic functions
            • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
            • AVG
            • COUNT
            • CUME_DIST
            • DENSE_RANK
            • FIRST_VALUE
            • LAG
            • LAST_VALUE
            • LEAD
            • MAX
            • MIN
            • NTH_VALUE
            • NTILE
            • PERCENT_RANK
            • RANK
            • ROW_NUMBER
            • STD
            • STDDEV
            • STDDEV_POP
            • STDDEV_SAMP
            • SUM
            • VAR_POP
            • VAR_SAMP
            • VARIANCE
          • Encryption functions
            • AES_DECRYPT
            • AES_ENCRYPT
            • MD5
          • Information functions
            • BENCHMARK
            • CHARSET
            • COERCIBILITY
            • COLLATION
            • CONNECTION_ID
            • CURRENT_USER
            • DATABASE
            • FOUND_ROWS
            • LAST_INSERT_ID
            • SCHEMA
            • ROW_COUNT
            • SESSION_USER
            • SYSTEM_USER
            • USER
            • VERSION
            • OB_VERSION
          • JSON functions
            • Functions that create JSON values
              • JSON_ARRAY
              • JSON_OBJECT
              • JSON_QUOTE
            • Functions that search JSON values
              • JSON_CONTAINS
              • JSON_CONTAINS_PATH
              • JSON_EXTRACT
              • JSON_KEYS
              • JSON_OVERLAPS
              • JSON_SEARCH
              • JSON_VALUE
              • MEMBER OF
            • Functions that modify JSON values
              • JSON_ARRAY_APPEND
              • JSON_UNQUOTE
              • JSON_ARRAY_INSERT
              • JSON_INSERT
              • JSON_MERGE
              • JSON_MERGE_PATCH
              • JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE
              • JSON_REMOVE
              • JSON_REPLACE
              • JSON_SET
            • Functions that return JSON text attributes
              • JSON_DEPTH
              • JSON_LENGTH
              • JSON_TYPE
              • JSON_VALID
            • JSON utility functions
              • JSON_PRETTY
              • JSON_STORAGE_SIZE
            • JSON aggregate functions
              • JSON_ARRAYAGG
              • JSON_OBJECTAGG
          • Other functions
            • ANY_VALUE
            • COALESCE
            • DEFAULT
            • INET_ATON
            • INET_NTOA
            • INET6_ATON
            • INET6_NTOA
            • IS_IPV4
            • IS_IPV4_COMPAT
            • IS_IPV4_MAPPED
            • IS_IPV6
            • NVL
            • SLEEP
            • UUID
            • UUID_SHORT
            • VALUES
          • Spatial functions
            • Create a geometric function
            • Spatial operation functions
            • Spatial relation functions
            • Geometry property functions
            • Geometric format conversion functions
        • Queries and subqueries
          • Overview
          • Subqueries
          • JOIN
        • SQL statements
          • General syntax
          • ANALYZE
          • CREATE DATABASE
          • CREATE INDEX
          • CREATE OUTLINE
          • CREATE RESTORE POINT
          • CREATE SEQUENCE
          • CREATE TABLE
          • CREATE TABLEGROUP
          • CREATE USER
          • CREATE VIEW
          • CTE
          • DEALLOCATE PREPARE
          • DELETE
          • DESCRIBE
          • DROP DATABASE
          • DROP INDEX
          • DROP OUTLINE
          • DROP RESTORE POINT
          • DROP TABLE
          • DROP TABLEGROUP
          • DROP SEQUENCE
          • ALTER DATABASE
          • DROP USER
          • DROP VIEW
          • EXECUTE
          • EXPLAIN
          • FLASHBACK
          • GRANT
          • HELP
          • INSERT
          • KILL
          • LOAD DATA
          • ALTER OUTLINE
          • OPTIMIZE
          • PREPARE
          • PURGE
          • PURGE RECYCLEBIN
          • RENAME TABLE
          • RENAME USER
          • REPLACE
          • REVOKE
          • SAVEPOINT
          • SCHEMA
          • ALTER SEQUENCE
          • SELECT
            • SELECT
            • JOIN clause
            • OVER clause
            • UNION clause
          • SELECT INTO
          • SET
          • SET CHARSET
          • SET NAMES
          • SET PASSWORD
          • SET TRANSACTION
          • SHOW
          • TRANSACTION
          • TRUNCATE TABLE
          • ALTER TABLE
          • UPDATE
          • USE
          • ALTER TABLEGROUP
          • ALTER USER
          • ALTER VIEW
      • User tenants (Oracles mode)
        • SQL overview
        • Pseudocolumns
          • Overview
          • Hierarchical query pseudocolumns
          • Sequence pseudocolumns
          • ORA_ROWSCN pseudocolumn
          • ROWNUM pseudocolumn
          • ROWID pseudocolumn
        • Elements
          • Built-in data types
            • Overview of built-in data types
            • Character data types
              • Overview of character data types
              • CHAR data type
              • NCHAR data type
              • NVARCHAR2 data type
              • VARCHAR2 data type
              • VARCHAR data type
            • Numeric data types
              • Overview
              • NUMBER data type
              • FLOAT data type
              • Floating-point numbers
              • Precedence of numeric data types
            • Date, time, and interval data types
              • Overview of datetime and interval data types
              • DATE data type
              • TIMESTAMP data type
              • TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE date type
              • TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE data type
              • INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH data type
              • INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND data type
              • Calculation of dates, timestamps, and intervals
            • RAW data type
            • Large object data types
              • Overview
              • BLOB data type
              • CLOB data type
            • Rowid data types
            • User-defined data types
          • Comparison rules of data types
            • Overview
            • Numeric value comparison rules
            • Date value comparison rules
            • Character value comparison rules
            • Data type precedence
            • Data type conversion rules
            • Security considerations for data conversion
          • Literals
            • Overview
            • Text literals
            • Numeric literals
            • Datetime literals
              • Date literals
              • Timestamp literals
            • Interval literals
          • Format models
            • Overview
            • Number format models
            • Datetime format models
            • RR datetime format element
            • String-to-date conversion rules
          • Null values
            • Overview of nulls
            • Nulls in SQL functions
            • Nulls in comparison conditions
            • Nulls in conditional expressions
          • Comments
            • Overview
            • Comments within SQL statements
            • Comments on schema and nonschema objects
            • Hint
              • Overview of hints
              • Lists of hints
                • Hints related to access path
                • Hints related to join orders
                • Hints related to joins
                • Hints related to parallel execution
                • Hints related to query strategy
                • Hints related to query conversion
                • Other hints
          • Database objects
            • Schema objects
            • Non-schema objects
          • Database naming conventions
            • Overview
            • Database object names and qualifiers
            • Suggestions on schema object names
          • Methods of referencing database objects
            • Overview
            • Reference schema objects
            • Reference objects in a remote database
              • Create database links
              • Reference database links
            • Reference partition tables and indexes
            • Reference an attribute or method of an object type
        • Operators
          • Overview of operators
          • Operator precedence
          • Arithmetic operators
          • Concatenation operator
          • Hierarchical query operators
          • Set operators
          • COLLATE operator
        • Functions
          • Function overview
          • Single-row functions
            • Numeric functions
              • ABS
              • EXP
              • FLOOR
              • LN
              • LOG
              • MOD
              • NANVL
              • POWER
              • REMAINDER
              • ROUND
              • SIGN
              • ACOS
              • SIN
              • SINH
              • SQRT
              • TAN
              • TANH
              • TRUNC
              • WIDTH_BUCKET
              • ASIN
              • ATAN
              • ATAN2
              • BITAND
              • CEIL
              • COS
              • COSH
            • String functions that return strings
              • CHR
              • CONCAT
              • INITCAP
              • LOWER
              • LPAD
              • LTRIM
              • NLS_LOWER
              • NLS_UPPER
              • REGEXP_REPLACE
              • REGEXP_SUBSTR
              • REPLACE
              • RPAD
              • RTRIM
              • SUBSTR
              • TRANSLATE
              • TRANSLATE ... USING
              • TRIM
              • UPPER
            • String functions that return numbers
              • ASCII
              • INSTR
              • LENGTH
              • REGEXP_COUNT
              • REGEXP_INSTR
            • Datetime functions
              • ADD_MONTHS
              • NEXT_DAY
              • NUMTODSINTERVAL
              • NUMTOYMINTERVAL
              • ROUND (date)
              • SESSIONTIMEZONE
              • SYS_EXTRACT_UTC
              • SYSDATE
              • SYSTIMESTAMP
              • TO_CHAR (datetime)
              • TO_DSINTERVAL
              • CURRENT_DATE
              • TO_TIMESTAMP
              • TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ
              • TO_YMINTERVAL
              • TRUNC (date)
              • TZ_OFFSET
              • CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
              • DBTIMEZONE
              • EXTRACT (datetime)
              • FROM_TZ
              • LAST_DAY
              • LOCALTIMESTAMP
              • MONTHS_BETWEEN
            • General comparison functions
              • GREATEST
              • LEAST
            • Conversion functions
              • ASCIISTR
              • CAST
              • CHARTOROWID
              • CONVERT
              • HEXTORAW
              • NUMTODSINTERVAL
              • NUMTOYMINTERVAL
              • RAWTOHEX
              • ROWIDTOCHAR
              • ROWIDTONCHAR
              • TO_BINARY_DOUBLE
              • TO_BINARY_FLOAT
              • TO_BLOB
              • TO_CHAR (character)
              • TO_CHAR (datetime)
              • TO_CHAR (number)
              • TO_CLOB
              • TO_DATE
              • TO_DSINTERVAL
              • TO_MULTI_BYTE
              • TO_NUMBER
              • TO_NCHAR (character)
              • TO_NCHAR (datetime)
              • TO_NCHAR (number)
              • TO_SINGLE_BYTE
              • TO_TIMESTAMP
              • TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ
              • TO_YMINTERVAL
              • UNISTR
            • Encoding and decoding functions
              • DECODE
              • DUMP
              • ORA_HASH
              • VSIZE
            • Null value-related functions
              • COALESCE
              • LNNVL
              • NANVL
              • NULLIF
              • NVL
              • NVL2
            • Environment and identifier functions
              • SYS_CONTEXT
              • SYS_GUID
              • UID
              • USER
              • USERENV
              • OB_VERSION
            • Hierarchical functions
              • SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH
            • XML functions
              • XMLAGG
              • XMLATTRIBUTES
              • XMLELEMENT
              • XMLPARSE
          • Aggregate functions
            • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
            • AVG
            • CORR
            • COUNT
            • COVAR_POP
            • COVAR_SAMP
            • CUME_DIST
            • DENSE_RANK
            • GROUPING
            • KEEP
            • LISTAGG
            • MAX
            • MEDIAN
            • MIN
            • PERCENT_RANK
            • PERCENTILE_CONT
            • PERCENTILE_DISC
            • RANK
            • REGR_ (Linear Regression) Functions
            • ROLLUP
            • STDDEV
            • STDDEV_POP
            • STDDEV_SAMP
            • SUM
            • VAR_POP
            • VAR_SAMP
            • VARIANCE
            • WMSYS.WM_CONCAT/WM_CONCAT
          • Analytic functions
            • Analytic functions
            • AVG
            • CORR
            • COUNT
            • COVAR_POP
            • COVAR_SAMP
            • CUME_DIST
            • DENSE_RANK
            • FIRST_VALUE
            • KEEP
            • LAG
            • LAST_VALUE
            • LEAD
            • LISTAGG
            • MAX
            • MEDIAN
            • MIN
            • NTILE
            • NTH_VALUE
            • PERCENT_RANK
            • PERCENTILE_CONT
            • PERCENTILE_DISC
            • RANK
            • RATIO_TO_REPORT
            • REGR_ (Linear Regression) Functions
            • ROW_NUMBER
            • STDDEV
            • STDDEV_POP
            • STDDEV_SAMP
            • SUM
            • VAR_POP
            • VAR_SAMP
            • VARIANCE
            • WMSYS.WM_CONCAT/WM_CONCAT
        • Expressions
          • Overview
          • Simple expressions
          • Compound expressions
          • Case expressions
          • Column expressions
          • CURSOR expressions
          • Datetime expressions
          • Function expressions
          • Interval expressions
          • Scalar subquery expressions
          • Type constructor expressions
          • Expression list
        • Conditions
          • Overview of SQL conditions
          • EXISTS condition
          • IN condition
          • Condition precedence
          • Comparison conditions
          • Floating-point conditions
          • Logical conditions
          • Pattern-matching conditions
          • Null conditions
          • Compound conditions
          • BETWEEN condition
        • Queries and subqueries
          • Overview of queries and subqueries
          • Simple query
          • Hierarchical query
          • Compound queries
          • Join queries
          • Subquery
          • DUAL table query
        • SQL statements
          • DDL
            • ALTER INDEX
            • ALTER KEYSTORE
            • ALTER OUTLINE
            • ALTER PROFILE
            • ALTER ROLE
            • ALTER SEQUENCE
            • ALTER SESSION
            • ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH PLAN CACHE
            • ALTER SYSTEM PARAMETER
            • ALTER TABLE
            • ALTER TABLEGROUP
            • ALTER USER
            • CREATE DIRECTORY
            • CREATE DATABASE LINK
            • CREATE INDEX
            • CREATE KEYSTORE
            • CREATE OUTLINE
            • CREATE PROFILE
            • CREATE RESTORE POINT
            • CREATE ROLE
            • CREATE SEQUENCE
            • CREATE SYNONYM
            • CREATE TABLE
            • CREATE TABLEGROUP
            • CREATE TABLESPACE
            • CREATE USER
            • CREATE VIEW
            • DROP DIRECTORY
            • DROP DATABASE LINK
            • DROP INDEX
            • DROP OUTLINE
            • DROP PROFILE
            • DROP RESTORE POINT
            • DROP ROLE
            • DROP SEQUENCE
            • DROP SYNONYM
            • DROP TABLE
            • DROP TABLEGROUP
            • DROP TABLESPACE
            • DROP USER
            • DROP VIEW
            • RENAME
            • TRUNCATE TABLE
          • DML
            • DELETE
            • INSERT
            • MERGE
            • PURGE
            • SELECT
              • SIMPLE SELECT
              • Set-based SELECT
              • WITH clause
            • UPDATE
          • DCL
            • ANALYZE
            • ROLLBACK
            • SAVEPOINT
            • SET NAMES
            • SET PASSWORD
            • SET ROLE
            • SET VARIABLE
            • SHOW
            • SHRINK
            • TRANSACTION
            • AUDIT
            • COMMENT
            • COMMIT
            • EXPLAIN
            • FLASHBACK TABLE BEFORE DROP
            • GRANT
            • KILL
            • REVOKE
    • PL reference
      • What is PL?
        • Overview
        • Main features of PL
        • PL architecture
      • PL reference (MySQL mode)
        • Syntax of PL stored programs
        • Stored programs
          • Overview
          • Variables in stored programs
          • Stored procedures
          • Stored functions
          • Triggers
          • Access control and account management
          • Limitations on stored programs
        • Cursors
          • Overview
          • Cursor execution process
          • Limitations on server cursors
        • Conditional control statements
          • CASE
          • IF
          • ITERATE
          • LEAVE
          • LOOP
          • REPEAT
          • RETURN
          • WHILE
        • Data manipulation statements
          • CALL
          • DO
        • Data definition statements
          • CREATE FUNCTION
          • CREATE PROCEDURE
          • CREATE TRIGGER
          • DROP FUNCTION
          • DROP PROCEDURE
          • DROP TRIGGER
        • Database management statements
          • SHOW CREATE FUNCTION
          • SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE
          • SHOW CREATE TRIGGER
          • SHOW FUNCTION STATUS
          • SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS
          • SHOW TRIGGERS
        • Dictionary view
          • INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARAMETERS
          • INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES
          • INFORMATION_SCHEMA TRIGGERS
        • Exception handling
          • Overview
          • DECLARE ... CONDITION
          • DECLARE ... HANDLER
          • GET DIAGNOSTICS
          • RESIGNAL
          • SIGNAL
          • Effective scope of an exception handler
          • Diagnostics area
          • Exception handling and OUT/INOUT parameters
          • Limitations on exception handling
        • PL packages
          • DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER
            • Overview
            • CREATE_CONSUMER_GROUP
            • CREATE_PLAN
            • CREATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
            • DELETE_CONSUMER_GROUP
            • DELETE_PLAN
            • DELETE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
            • SET_CONSUMER_GROUP_MAPPING
            • UPDATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
          • DBMS_STATS
            • Overview
            • DELETE_COLUMN_STATS
            • DELETE_TABLE_STATS
            • EXPORT_COLUMN_STATS
            • EXPORT_TABLE_STATS
            • FLUSH_DATABASE_MONITORING_INFO
            • GATHER_TABLE_STATS
            • IMPORT_COLUMN_STATS
            • IMPORT_TABLE_STATS
            • LOCK_PARTITION_STATS
            • LOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
            • LOCK_TABLE_STATS
            • SET_COLUMN_STATS
            • SET_TABLE_STATS
            • UNLOCK_PARTITION_STATS
            • UNLOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
            • UNLOCK_TABLE_STATS
        • Reserved and non-reserved PL keywords
      • PL reference (Oracle mode)
        • Language basics
          • Character sets
          • Error-reporting functions
          • Lexical units
          • Declaration
          • Reference identifiers
          • Scope and visibility of identifiers
          • Assign values
          • Expressions
          • PL blocks
          • Subprograms
        • Data types
          • Overview
          • SQL data types
          • LOB data types
          • BOOLEAN type
          • User-defined subtypes
          • PLS_INTEGER and BINARY_INTEGER
          • Arrays
        • Flow control
          • Overview
          • Conditional control
          • Loop control
          • Sequential control
        • Collections and records
          • Overview
          • Collections
          • Associative arrays
          • Varrays
          • Nested tables
          • Collection constructor function
          • Collection methods
            • Overview of collection methods
            • DELETE method
            • TRIM method
            • EXTEND method
            • EXISTS method
            • FIRST and LAST methods
            • COUNT method
            • LIMIT method
            • PRIOR and NEXT methods
          • Records
          • Insert records into a table and update a table by using records
          • Create and call a subprogram with record type parameters
        • Static SQL
          • Overview
          • Cursors
            • Overview
            • Cursor attributes
            • Implicit cursors
            • Explicit cursors
            • Cursor variables
            • Traverse cursor data by using the FOR loop
            • Modify and drop a cursor
          • Transaction processing and control
          • Autonomous transactions
            • Overview
            • Control autonomous transactions
            • Autonomous triggers
        • Dynamic SQL
          • Overview
          • Execute dynamic SQL statements
          • DBMS_SQL system package
        • Stored procedures and functions
          • Overview
          • Create a stored procedure
          • Create a function
          • Manage stored procedures and functions
          • Privilege control
          • User-defined aggregate functions
            • Overview
            • Interface for user-defined aggregate functions
            • Create user-defined aggregate functions
            • Use user-defined aggregate functions
        • Triggers
          • Overview
          • Create a DML trigger
          • Modify and drop a trigger
          • Disable or enable a trigger
          • Query trigger information
          • INSTEAD OF DML trigger
        • Packages
          • Overview
          • Create a program package
          • Overloaded programs in a package
          • Manage program packages
          • Definition of the PL environment by the STANDARD package
        • Exception handling
          • Overview
          • Compile-Time alerts
          • Exception types
          • Exception handling processes
        • DDL operations on stored PL units
          • Overview
          • CREATE PROCEDURE
          • CREATE TRIGGER
          • CREATE TYPE
          • CREATE TYPE BODY
          • DROP FUNCTION
          • DROP PACKAGE
          • DROP PROCEDURE
          • DROP TRIGGER
          • DROP TYPE
          • DROP TYPE BODY
          • ALTER FUNCTION
          • ALTER PACKAGE
          • ALTER PROCEDURE
          • ALTER TRIGGER
          • ALTER TYPE
          • CREATE FUNCTION
          • CREATE PACKAGE
          • CREATE PACKAGE BODY
        • PL packages
          • Overview
          • DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO
            • Overview
            • READ_CLIENT_INFO
            • READ_MODULE
            • SET_ACTION
            • SET_CLIENT_INFO
            • SET_MODULE
          • DBMS_CRYPTO
            • Overview
            • ENCRYPT
            • DECRYPT
            • HASH
          • DBMS_DEBUG
            • Overview
            • ATTACH_SESSION
            • CONTINUE
            • DEBUG_ON
            • DEBUG_OFF
            • DETACH_SESSION
            • DELETE_BREAKPOINT
            • DISABLE_BREAKPOINT
            • ENABLE_BREAKPOINT
            • GET_VALUE
            • GET_VALUES
            • GET_RUNTIME_INFO
            • GET_TIMEOUT_BEHAVIOUR
            • INITIALIZE
            • PROBE_VERSION
            • PRINT_BACKTRACE
            • SET_TIMEOUT
            • SET_TIMEOUT_BEHAVIOUR
            • SET_BREAKPOINT
            • SHOW_BREAKPOINTS
          • DBMS_DESCRIBE
            • Overview
            • DESCRIBE_PROCEDURE
          • DBMS_JOB
            • Overview
            • USER_EXPORT
            • WHAT
            • BROKEN
            • CHANGE
            • ZONE
            • INTERVAL
            • NEXT_DATE
            • REMOVE
            • RUN
            • SUBMIT
          • DBMS_LOB
            • Overview
            • APPEND
            • CLOSE
            • COMPARE
            • COPY
            • CREATETEMPORARY
            • ERASE
            • FREETEMPORARY
            • GETLENGTH
            • ISOPEN
            • INSTR
            • OPEN
            • READ
            • SUBSTR
            • TRIM
            • WRITE
            • WRITEAPPEND
          • DBMS_LOCK
            • Overview
            • SLEEP
          • DBMS_METADATA
            • Overview
            • GET_DDL
          • DBMS_OUTPUT
            • Overview
            • DISABLE
            • ENABLE
            • GET_LINE
            • GET_LINES
            • NEW_LINE
            • PUT
            • PUT_LINE
          • DBMS_PLAN_CACHE
            • Overview
            • PURGE
          • DBMS_RANDOM
            • Overview
            • INITIALIZE
            • NORMAL
            • RANDOM
            • SEED
            • STRING
            • TERMINATE
            • VALUE
          • DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER
            • Overview
            • CREATE_CONSUMER_GROUP
            • CREATE_PLAN
            • CREATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
            • DELETE_CONSUMER_GROUP
            • DELETE_PLAN
            • DELETE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
            • SET_CONSUMER_GROUP_MAPPING
            • UPDATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
          • DBMS_SCHEDULER
            • Overview
            • RUN_JOB
            • SET_ATTRIBUTE
            • SET_JOB_ARGUMENT_VALUE
            • CREATE_JOB
            • CREATE_PROGRAM
            • DEFINE_PROGRAM_ARGUMENT
            • DISABLE
            • DROP_JOB
            • DROP_PROGRAM
            • ENABLE
            • GENERATE_JOB_NAME
          • DBMS_SESSION
            • Overview
            • CLEAR_ALL_CONTEXT
            • CLEAR_CONTEXT
            • CLEAR_IDENTIFIER
            • SET_CONTEXT
            • SET_IDENTIFIER
          • DBMS_SQL
            • Overview
            • BIND_VARIABLE
            • CLOSE_CURSOR
            • COLUMN_VALUE
            • DEFINE_COLUMN
            • DEFINE_ARRAY
            • DESCRIBE_COLUMNS
            • EXECUTE
            • EXECUTE_AND_FETCH
            • FETCH_ROWS
            • IS_OPEN
            • OPEN_CURSOR
            • PARSE
          • DBMS_STATS
            • Overview
            • EXPORT_COLUMN_STATS
            • EXPORT_TABLE_STATS
            • FLUSH_DATABASE_MONITORING_INFO
            • GATHER_TABLE_STATS
            • IMPORT_COLUMN_STATS
            • IMPORT_TABLE_STATS
            • LOCK_PARTITION_STATS
            • LOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
            • LOCK_TABLE_STATS
            • SET_COLUMN_STATS
            • SET_TABLE_STATS
            • DELETE_COLUMN_STATS
            • UNLOCK_PARTITION_STATS
            • UNLOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
            • UNLOCK_TABLE_STATS
            • DELETE_TABLE_STATS
          • DBMS_UTILITY
            • Overview
            • ACTIVE_INSTANCES
            • COMMA_TO_TABLE
            • CURRENT_INSTANCE
            • DB_VERSION
            • FORMAT_CALL_STACK
            • FORMAT_ERROR_BACKTRACE
            • FORMAT_ERROR_STACK
            • GET_ENDIANNESS
            • GET_HASH_VALUE
            • GET_PARAMETER_VALUE
            • GET_SQL_HASH
            • GET_TIME
            • IS_BIT_SET
            • IS_CLUSTER_DATABASE
            • NAME_RESOLVE
            • NAME_TOKENIZE
            • OLD_CURRENT_SCHEMA
            • OLD_CURRENT_USER
            • PORT_STRING
            • TABLE_TO_COMMA
          • DBMS_XA
            • Overview
            • DBMS_XA constants
            • DBMS_XA_XID object type
            • DIST_TXN_SYNC
            • XA_COMMIT
            • XA_END
            • XA_FORGET
            • XA_GETLASTOER
            • XA_PREPARE
            • XA_RECOVER
            • XA_ROLLBACK
            • XA_SETTIMEOUT
            • XA_START
          • ODCICONST
            • Overview
            • ODCIArgDesc.ArgType
            • ODCIEnv.CallProperty
            • ODCIEnv.Envflags
            • ODCIIndexAlter
            • ODCIIndexAlter parameter alter_option
            • ODCIIndexInfo.IndexInfoFlags
            • ODCIIndexInfo.IndexParaDegree
            • ODCIPredInfo.Flags
            • ODCIQueryInfo.Flags
            • ODCIStatsOptions.Flags
            • ODCIStatsOptions.Options
            • Return Status
            • ScnFlg
          • UTL_FILE
            • Overview
            • FCLOSE
            • FFLUSH
            • FOPEN
            • FGETPOS
            • FREMOVE
            • FRENAME
            • FSEEK
            • NEW_LINE
            • GET_LINE
            • PUT
            • PUT_LINE
          • UTL_ENCODE
            • Overview
            • BASE64_DECODE
            • BASE64_ENCODE
          • UTL_I18N
            • Overview
            • RAW_TO_CHAR
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TPC-H

Last Updated:2023-10-27 09:57:43  Updated
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What is on this page
Overview
Test plan
Test environment
Environment configuration
Operating system information
CPU information
Memory information
OBServer software information
Tune the parameters
schema
Execute SQL statements
Test result

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Overview

TPC-H is a business intelligence benchmark developed by the Transaction Processing Performance Council (TPC) of the United States to simulate the decision-making process of applications. It is commonly used in academia and industry for evaluating the performance of decision support applications. This BI benchmark comprehensively evaluates the overall business computing capabilities of decision support systems and imposes high requirements on vendors of such systems. Due to its universal and practical business value, TPC-H is widely used in credit analysis and credit card analysis of banks, telecom operation analysis, tax analysis, and tobacco industry decision analysis.

The TPC-H benchmark is the successor of TPC-D, a benchmark developed by TPC in 1994 for decision support systems. TPC-H implements a data warehouse in the Third Normal Form (3NF) that contains eight basic relationships. The main evaluation metric is the response time of each query from its submission to the return of results. The TPC-H benchmark measures the number of queries executed per hour (QphH@size) in a database. H indicates the average number of complex queries executed per hour and size indicates the scale of the database. This metric reflects the query processing capacity of a database system. The TPC-H benchmark is modeled based on real-world production and operation environments. This enables it to evaluate some key performance metrics that cannot be evaluated by other benchmarks. The TPC-H benchmark fills the gap in data warehouse testing and encourages database vendors and research institutions to push the decision support technology to its limit.

Test plan

  • Deploy an OceanBase cluster in the 1:1:1 pattern, with three OBServer nodes evenly distributed across three zones. After you deploy the cluster, create the tenant and users required for running the TPC-H benchmark. The sys tenant is a built-in system tenant used for managing the cluster. Do not use the sys tenant to run the benchmark. Set PRIMARY_ZONE of the tenant to RANDOM.

  • Test data volume: 100 GB.

Test environment

  • Hardware configuration

    Project type Memory CPU
    OceanBase Database 3 × 128 GB 3 × 32 cores
    TPC-H 1 × 128 GB 1 × 32 cores
  • Tenant specifications

    CREATE RESOURCE UNIT box1 MAX_CPU 26, MAX_MEMORY 60554378624, MAX_IOPS 128, MAX_DISK_SIZE 536870912, MAX_SESSION_NUM 64, MIN_CPU=26, MIN_MEMORY=60554378624, MIN_IOPS=128;
    CREATE RESOURCE POOL fpool UNIT='box1', UNIT_NUM=1, ZONE_LIST=('zone1','zone2','zone3');
    CREATE TENANT tt3 RESOURCE_POOL_LIST=('fpool'), PRIMARY_ZONE='RANDOM', LOCALITY='F@zone1,F@zone2,F@zone3'   SET ob_compatibility_mode='mysql',ob_tcp_invited_nodes='%';
    

    Note

    • You must dynamically adjust the parameters based on the hardware configurations of your database. For more information, see Modify a tenant.
    • To test the performance of a tenant, you must configure the maximum available resources of the tenant.
  • Software version

    Service type Software version and model
    OceanBase Database V3.2.3
    TPC-H V3.0.0
    OS CentOS Linux release 7.9.2009 (Core)
    CPU Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum 8269CY CPU @ 2.50GHz

Environment configuration

Operating system information

$cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Linux release 7.9.2009 (Core)
$uname -a
Linux testdriver 3.10.0-1160.24.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Thu Apr 8 19:51:47 UTC 2021 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

CPU information

$cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : 31
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 6
model  : 85
model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum 8269CY CPU @ 2.50GHz
Stepping : 7
microcode : 0x1
cpu MHz  : 2500.002
cache size : 36608 KB
physical id : 0
siblings : 32
core id  : 15
cpu cores : 16
apicid  : 31
initial apicid : 31
fpu  : yes
fpu_exception : yes
cpuid level : 22
wp  : yes
flags  : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl nonstop_tsc eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq monitor ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch invpcid_single fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm mpx avx512f avx512dq rdseed adx smap avx512cd avx512bw avx512vl xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 arat avx512_vnni
bogomips : 5000.00
clflush size : 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes : 46 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

Memory information

$free -g
             total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:            123          41           2           0          79          81
Swap:             0           0           0

OBServer software information

$./observer -V
observer (OceanBase Database V3.2.3)

REVISION: 20220125174436-b765b7557c36d62bcd42597142fe0ee34bd21f6e
BUILD_BRANCH: 3_2_x_release
BUILD_TIME: Jan 25 2022 17:56:14
BUILD_FLAGS: RelWithDebInfo
BUILD_INFO:

Copyright (c) 2011-2020 Alipay Inc.

Tune the parameters

ALTER SYSTEM SET enable_merge_by_turn=False;
ALTER SYSTEM SET trace_log_slow_query_watermark='100s';
ALTER SYSTEM SET max_kept_major_version_number=1;
ALTER SYSTEM SET enable_sql_operator_dump=True;
ALTER SYSTEM SET _hash_area_size='3g' tenant='tpch_mysql';
ALTER SYSTEM SET memstore_limit_percentage=50;
ALTER SYSTEM SET enable_clog_persistence_compress=true;
ALTER SYSTEM SET _bloom_filter_ratio=10;
ALTER SYSTEM SET clog_persistence_compress_func="zstd_1.0";
ALTER SYSTEM SET minor_freeze_times=5;
ALTER SYSTEM SET cache_wash_threshold='30g';
ALTER SYSTEM SET _pushdown_storage_level=3 tenant all;
ALTER SYSTEM SET _rowsets_enabled=true tenant all;
ALTER SYSTEM SET _parallel_server_sleep_time=10;
ALTER SYSTEM SET merge_thread_count=64;
ALTER SYSTEM SET cpu_quota_concurrency=4;
ALTER SYSTEM SET server_data_copy_out_concurrency=1000;
ALTER SYSTEM SET server_data_copy_in_concurrency=1000;
ALTER SYSTEM SET memory_chunk_cache_size=0;
ALTER SYSTEM SET minor_freeze_times=200;
ALTER SYSTEM SET clog_transport_compress_all=false;
ALTER SYSTEM SET trx_try_wait_lock_timeout='0ms';
ALTER SYSTEM SET large_query_threshold='1s';
ALTER SYSTEM SET syslog_io_bandwidth_limit='30m';
ALTER SYSTEM SET enable_async_syslog=true;
ALTER SYSTEM SET merger_warm_up_duration_time='0';
ALTER SYSTEM SET merger_switch_leader_duration_time='0';
ALTER SYSTEM SET large_query_worker_percentage=10;
ALTER SYSTEM SET minor_compact_trigger = 2;
ALTER SYSTEM SET builtin_db_data_verify_cycle = 0;
ALTER SYSTEM SET micro_block_merge_verify_level=0;
ALTER SYSTEM SET freeze_trigger_percentage=50;
ALTER SYSTEM SET sys_bkgd_io_low_percentage=70;
ALTER SYSTEM SET _mini_merge_concurrency=5;
ALTER SYSTEM SET enable_sql_audit=false;
ALTER SYSTEM SET enable_perf_event=false;
ALTER SYSTEM SET syslog_level='PERF';
ALTER SYSTEM SET max_syslog_file_count=100;
ALTER SYSTEM SET enable_syslog_recycle='True';
SET GLOBAL _groupby_nopushdown_cut_ratio=1;
SET GLOBAL _nlj_batching_enabled=true;
SET GLOBAL ob_sql_work_area_percentage=80;
SET GLOBAL optimizer_use_sql_plan_baselines=true;
SET GLOBAL optimizer_capture_sql_plan_baselines=true;
SET GLOBAL ob_query_timeout=36000000000;
SET GLOBAL ob_trx_timeout=36000000000;
SET GLOBAL max_allowed_packet=67108864;
SET GLOBAL secure_file_priv="";
SET GLOBAL parallel_servers_target=624;

Notice

The storage push-down parameter _pushdown_storage_level and SQL engine vectorization parameter _rowsets_enabled take effect only after the plan cache is refreshed by using the ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH PLAN CACHE GLOBAL statement, except for initial configuration.

schema

Note

Set the number of partitions to the total number of CPUs on all servers. For example, set the number of partitions to 96 for three 32-core servers.

ALTER SYSTEM SET ob_enable_batched_multi_statement='false';
SET GLOBAL ob_query_timeout=14400000000;
SET GLOBAL ob_trx_timeout=10000000000;
SET ob_query_timeout=14400000000;
SET ob_trx_timeout=10000000000;
SET GLOBAL secure_file_priv="";
SET GLOBAL autocommit=1;
SET GLOBAL optimizer_use_sql_plan_baselines=true;
SET GLOBAL optimizer_capture_sql_plan_baselines=true;

CREATE TABLEGROUP IF NOT EXISTS tpch_tg_SF_TPC_USER_lineitem_order_group BINDING true PARTITION BY KEY 1 PARTITIONS 96;
CREATE TABLEGROUP IF NOT EXISTS tpch_tg_SF_TPC_USER_partsupp_part BINDING true PARTITION BY KEY 1 PARTITIONS 96;

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS LINEITEM;
CREATE TABLE lineitem (
    l_orderkey BIGINT NOT NULL,
    l_partkey BIGINT NOT NULL,
    l_suppkey INTEGER NOT NULL,
    l_linenumber INTEGER NOT NULL,
    l_quantity NUMBER(12,2) NOT NULL,
    l_extendedprice NUMBER(12,2) NOT NULL,
    l_discount NUMBER(12,2) NOT NULL,
    l_tax NUMBER(12,2) NOT NULL,
    l_returnflag char(1) DEFAULT NULL,
    l_linestatus char(1) DEFAULT NULL,
    l_shipdate date NOT NULL,
    l_commitdate date DEFAULT NULL,
    l_receiptdate date DEFAULT NULL,
    l_shipinstruct char(25) DEFAULT NULL,
    l_shipmode char(10) DEFAULT NULL,
    l_comment varchar(44) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(l_orderkey, l_linenumber)
)row_format = condensed
tablegroup = tpch_tg_SF_TPC_USER_lineitem_order_group
PARTITION BY KEY(l_orderkey) PARTITIONS 96;

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ORDERS;
CREATE TABLE orders (
    o_orderkey BIGINT NOT NULL,
    o_custkey BIGINT NOT NULL,
    o_orderstatus char(1) DEFAULT NULL,
    o_totalprice NUMBER(12,2) DEFAULT NULL,
    o_orderdate date NOT NULL,
    o_orderpriority char(15) DEFAULT NULL,
    o_clerk char(15) DEFAULT NULL,
    o_shippriority INTEGER DEFAULT NULL,
    o_comment varchar(79) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (o_orderkey)
)row_format = condensed
tablegroup = tpch_tg_SF_TPC_USER_lineitem_order_group
PARTITION BY KEY(o_orderkey) PARTITIONS 96;

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS PARTSUPP;
CREATE TABLE partsupp (
    ps_partkey BIGINT NOT NULL,
    ps_suppkey INTEGER NOT NULL,
    ps_availqty INTEGER DEFAULT NULL,
    ps_supplycost NUMBER(12,2) DEFAULT NULL,
    ps_comment varchar(199) DEFAULT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (ps_partkey, ps_suppkey)) row_format = condensed
tablegroup tpch_tg_SF_TPC_USER_partsupp_part
PARTITION BY KEY(ps_partkey) PARTITIONS 96;

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS PART;
CREATE TABLE part (
  p_partkey BIGINT NOT NULL,
  p_name varchar(55) DEFAULT NULL,
  p_mfgr char(25) DEFAULT NULL,
  p_brand char(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  p_type varchar(25) DEFAULT NULL,
  p_size INTEGER DEFAULT NULL,
  p_container char(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  p_retailprice NUMBER(12,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  p_comment varchar(23) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (p_partkey)) row_format = condensed
tablegroup tpch_tg_SF_TPC_USER_partsupp_part
PARTITION BY KEY(p_partkey) PARTITIONS 96;

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS CUSTOMER;
CREATE TABLE customer (
  c_custkey BIGINT NOT NULL,
  c_name varchar(25) DEFAULT NULL,
  c_address varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
  c_nationkey INTEGER DEFAULT NULL,
  c_phone char(15) DEFAULT NULL,
  c_acctbal NUMBER(12,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  c_mktsegment char(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  c_comment varchar(117) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (c_custkey)) row_format = condensed
PARTITION BY KEY(c_custkey) PARTITIONS 96;

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS SUPPLIER;
CREATE TABLE supplier (
  s_suppkey INTEGER NOT NULL,
  s_name char(25) DEFAULT NULL,
  s_address varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
  s_nationkey INTEGER DEFAULT NULL,
  s_phone char(15) DEFAULT NULL,
  s_acctbal NUMBER(12,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  s_comment varchar(101) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (s_suppkey)
) row_format = condensed  PARTITION BY KEY(s_suppkey) PARTITIONS 96;

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS NATION;
CREATE TABLE nation (
  n_nationkey INTEGER NOT NULL,
  n_name char(25) DEFAULT NULL,
  n_regionkey INTEGER DEFAULT NULL,
  n_comment varchar(152) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (n_nationkey)
) row_format = condensed;

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS REGION;
CREATE TABLE region (
  r_regionkey INTEGER NOT NULL,
  r_name char(25) DEFAULT NULL,
  r_comment varchar(152) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (r_regionkey)
) row_format = condensed;

Execute SQL statements

Note

Before executing an SQL query, execute a major compaction by using the ALTER SYSTEM MAJOR FREEZE; statement.

Q1

select /*+   TPCH_Q1 PARALLEL(96) */
 l_returnflag,
 l_linestatus,
 sum(l_quantity) as sum_qty,
 sum(l_extendedprice) as sum_base_price,
 sum(l_extendedprice * (1 - l_discount)) as sum_disc_price,
 sum(l_extendedprice * (1 - l_discount) * (1 + l_tax)) as sum_charge,
 avg(l_quantity) as avg_qty,
 avg(l_extendedprice) as avg_price,
 avg(l_discount) as avg_disc,
 count(*) as count_order
from
 lineitem
where
 l_shipdate <= date '1998-12-01' - interval '90' day
group by
 l_returnflag,
 l_linestatus
order by
 l_returnflag,
 l_linestatus;

Q2

null
select
        s_acctbal,
        s_name,
        n_name,
        p_partkey,
        p_mfgr,
        s_address,
        s_phone,
        s_comment
from
        part,
        supplier,
        partsupp,
        nation,
        region
where
        p_partkey = ps_partkey
        and s_suppkey = ps_suppkey
        and p_size = 45
        and p_type like '%STEEL'
        and s_nationkey = n_nationkey
        and n_regionkey = r_regionkey
        and r_name = 'EUROPE'
        and ps_supplycost = (
                select
                        min(ps_supplycost)
                from
                        partsupp,
                        supplier,
                        nation,
                        region
                where
                        p_partkey = ps_partkey
                        and s_suppkey = ps_suppkey
                        and s_nationkey = n_nationkey
                        and n_regionkey = r_regionkey
                        and r_name = 'EUROPE'
        )
order by
        s_acctbal desc,
        n_name,
        s_name,
        p_partkey)
limit 100;

Q3

select /*+ TPCH_Q3   PARALLEL(96) */
 l_orderkey,
 sum(l_extendedprice * (1 - l_discount)) as revenue,
 o_orderdate,
 o_shippriority
from
 customer,
 orders,
 lineitem
where
 c_mktsegment = 'BUILDING'
 and c_custkey = o_custkey
 and l_orderkey = o_orderkey
 and o_orderdate < date '1995-03-15'
 and l_shipdate > date '1995-03-15'
group by
 l_orderkey,
 o_orderdate,
 o_shippriority
order by
 revenue desc,
 o_orderdate
limit 10;

Q4

SELECT  /*+   TPCH_Q4 PARALLEL(96)   */ o_orderpriority, count(*) as order_count
from orders
where o_orderdate >= DATE'1993-07-01' and
      o_orderdate < DATE'1993-07-01' + interval '3' month and
      exists ( SELECT *
               from lineitem
               where l_orderkey = o_orderkey and
                     l_commitdate < l_receiptdate )
 group by o_orderpriority
 order by o_orderpriority;SELECT  /*+   TPCH_Q4 parallel(256)  */ o_orderpriority, count(*) as order_count
from orders
where o_orderdate >= DATE'1993-07-01' and
      o_orderdate < DATE'1993-07-01' + interval '3' month and
      exists ( SELECT *
               from lineitem
               where l_orderkey = o_orderkey and
                     l_commitdate < l_receiptdate )
 group by o_orderpriority
 order by o_orderpriority;

Q5

select /*+ TPCH_Q5 PARALLEL(96) */
        n_name,
        sum(l_extendedprice * (1 - l_discount)) as revenue
from
        customer,
        orders,
        lineitem,
        supplier,
        nation,
        region
where
        c_custkey = o_custkey
        and l_orderkey = o_orderkey
        and l_suppkey = s_suppkey
        and c_nationkey = s_nationkey
and c_nationkey = n_nationkey
        and n_regionkey = r_regionkey
        and r_name = 'EUROPE'
        and o_orderdate >= date '1995-01-01'
        and o_orderdate < date '1995-01-01' + interval '1' year
group by
        n_name
order by
        revenue desc;

Q6

select /*+   TPCH_Q6 PARALLEL(96) */
 sum(l_extendedprice * l_discount) as revenue
from
 lineitem
where
 l_shipdate >= date '1994-01-01'
 and l_shipdate < date '1994-01-01' + interval '1' year
 and l_discount between .06 - 0.01 and .06 + 0.01
 and l_quantity < 24;

Q7

select /*+   TPCH_Q7 PARALLEL(96) */
 supp_nation,
 cust_nation,
 l_year,
 sum(volume) as revenue
from
 (
  select
   n1.n_name as supp_nation,
   n2.n_name as cust_nation,
   extract(year from l_shipdate) as l_year,
   l_extendedprice * (1 - l_discount) as volume
  from
   supplier,
   lineitem,
   orders,
   customer,
   nation n1,
   nation n2
  where
   s_suppkey = l_suppkey
   and o_orderkey = l_orderkey
   and c_custkey = o_custkey
   and s_nationkey = n1.n_nationkey
   and c_nationkey = n2.n_nationkey
   and (
    (n1.n_name = 'FRANCE' and n2.n_name = 'GERMANY')
    or (n1.n_name = 'GERMANY' and n2.n_name = 'FRANCE')
   )
   and l_shipdate between date '1995-01-01' and date '1996-12-31'
 ) as shipping
group by
 supp_nation,
 cust_nation,
 l_year
order by
 supp_nation,
 cust_nation,
 l_year;

Q8

select /*+   TPCH_Q8 PARALLEL(96) */
 o_year,
 sum(case
  when nation = 'BRAZIL' then volume
  else 0
 end) / sum(volume) as mkt_share
from
 (
  select
   extract(year from o_orderdate) as o_year,
   l_extendedprice * (1 - l_discount) as volume,
   n2.n_name as nation
  from
   part,
   supplier,
   lineitem,
   orders,
   customer,
   nation n1,
   nation n2,
   region
  where
   p_partkey = l_partkey
   and s_suppkey = l_suppkey
   and l_orderkey = o_orderkey
   and o_custkey = c_custkey
   and c_nationkey = n1.n_nationkey
   and n1.n_regionkey = r_regionkey
   and r_name = 'AMERICA'
   and s_nationkey = n2.n_nationkey
   and o_orderdate between date '1995-01-01' and date '1996-12-31'
   and p_type = 'ECONOMY ANODIZED STEEL'
 ) as all_nations
group by
 o_year
order by
 o_year;

Q9

select  /*+ TPCH_Q9 PARALLEL(96) */
        nation,
        o_year,
        sum(amount) as sum_profit
from
        (
                select
                        n_name as nation,
                        extract(year from o_orderdate) as o_year,
                        l_extendedprice * (1 - l_discount) - ps_supplycost * l_quantity as amount
                from
                        part,
                        supplier,
                        lineitem,
                        partsupp,
                        orders,
                        nation
                where
                        s_suppkey = l_suppkey
                        and ps_suppkey = l_suppkey
                        and ps_partkey = l_partkey
                        and p_partkey = ps_partkey
                        and o_orderkey = l_orderkey
and s_nationkey = n_nationkey
                        and p_name like '%indian%'
        ) profit
group by
        nation,
        o_year
order by
        nation,
        o_year desc;

Q10

SELECT * FROM (SELECT /*+   TPCH_Q10 PARALLEL(96) */ *
from  ( SELECT c_custkey,
               c_name,
               sum(l_extendedprice * (1 - l_discount)) as revenue,
               c_acctbal,
               n_name,
               c_address,
               c_phone,
               c_comment
       from customer, orders, lineitem, nation
       where c_custkey = o_custkey and
             l_orderkey = o_orderkey and
             o_orderdate >= DATE'1993-10-01' and
             o_orderdate < DATE'1993-10-01' + interval '3' month and
             l_returnflag = 'R' and
             c_nationkey = n_nationkey
       group by c_custkey, c_name, c_acctbal, c_phone, n_name, c_address, c_comment
       order by revenue desc)
) limit 20;

Q11

select /*+   TPCH_Q11 PARALLEL(96) */
 ps_partkey,
 sum(ps_supplycost * ps_availqty) as value
from
 partsupp,
 supplier,
 nation
where
 ps_suppkey = s_suppkey
 and s_nationkey = n_nationkey
 and n_name = 'GERMANY'
group by
 ps_partkey having
  sum(ps_supplycost * ps_availqty) > (
   select
    sum(ps_supplycost * ps_availqty) * 0.0000100000
   from
    partsupp,
    supplier,
    nation
   where
    ps_suppkey = s_suppkey
    and s_nationkey = n_nationkey
    and n_name = 'GERMANY'
  )
order by
 value desc;

Q12

select /*+   TPCH_Q12 PARALLEL(96) */
 l_shipmode,
 sum(case
  when o_orderpriority = '1-URGENT'
   or o_orderpriority = '2-HIGH'
   then 1
  else 0
 end) as high_line_count,
 sum(case
  when o_orderpriority <> '1-URGENT'
   and o_orderpriority <> '2-HIGH'
   then 1
  else 0
 end) as low_line_count
from
 orders,
 lineitem
where
 o_orderkey = l_orderkey
 and l_shipmode in ('MAIL', 'SHIP')
 and l_commitdate < l_receiptdate
 and l_shipdate < l_commitdate
 and l_receiptdate >= date '1994-01-01'
 and l_receiptdate < date '1994-01-01' + interval '1' year
group by
 l_shipmode
order by
 l_shipmode;

Q13

SELECT  /*+   TPCH_Q13 PARALLEL(96) */ c_count, count(*) as custdist
from ( SELECT c_custkey, count(o_orderkey)  as  c_count
       from customer left join orders on c_custkey = o_custkey and o_comment not like '%special%requests%'
       group by c_custkey ) c_orders
group by c_count
order by custdist desc, c_count desc;

Q14

select /*+   TPCH_Q14 PARALLEL(96) */
 100.00 * sum(case
  when p_type like 'PROMO%'
   then l_extendedprice * (1 - l_discount)
  else 0
 end) / sum(l_extendedprice * (1 - l_discount)) as promo_revenue
from
 lineitem,
 part
where
 l_partkey = p_partkey
 and l_shipdate >= date '1995-09-01'
 and l_shipdate < date '1995-09-01' + interval '1' month;

Q15

create view revenue0 (supplier_no, total_revenue) as
 select
  l_suppkey,
  sum(l_extendedprice * (1 - l_discount))
 from
  lineitem
 where
  l_shipdate >= date '1996-01-01'
  and l_shipdate < date '1996-01-01' + interval '3' month
 group by
  l_suppkey;


select /*+   TPCH_Q15 PARALLEL(96) */
 s_suppkey,
 s_name,
 s_address,
 s_phone,
 total_revenue
from
 supplier,
 revenue0
where
 s_suppkey = supplier_no
 and total_revenue = (
  select
   max(total_revenue)
  from
   revenue0
 )
order by
 s_suppkey;

drop view revenue0;

Q16

select /*+   TPCH_Q16 PARALLEL(96) */
 p_brand,
 p_type,
 p_size,
 count(distinct ps_suppkey) as supplier_cnt
from
 partsupp,
 part
where
 p_partkey = ps_partkey
 and p_brand <> 'Brand#45'
 and p_type not like 'MEDIUM POLISHED%'
 and p_size in (49, 14, 23, 45, 19, 3, 36, 9)
 and ps_suppkey not in (
  select
   s_suppkey
  from
   supplier
  where
   s_comment like '%Customer%Complaints%'
 )
group by
 p_brand,
 p_type,
 p_size
order by
 supplier_cnt desc,
 p_brand,
 p_type,
 p_size;

Q17

select /*+   TPCH_Q17 PARALLEL(96) */
 sum(l_extendedprice) / 7.0 as avg_yearly
from
 lineitem,
 part
where
 p_partkey = l_partkey
 and p_brand = 'Brand#23'
 and p_container = 'MED BOX'
 and l_quantity < (
  select
   0.2 * avg(l_quantity)
  from
   lineitem
  where
   l_partkey = p_partkey
 );

Q18

select /*+  TPCH_Q18  PARALLEL(96) */
 c_name,
 c_custkey,
 o_orderkey,
 o_orderdate,
 o_totalprice,
 sum(l_quantity)
from
 customer,
 orders,
 lineitem
where
 o_orderkey in (
  select
   l_orderkey
  from
   lineitem
  group by
   l_orderkey having
    sum(l_quantity) > 300
 )
 and c_custkey = o_custkey
 and o_orderkey = l_orderkey
group by
 c_name,
 c_custkey,
 o_orderkey,
 o_orderdate,
 o_totalprice
order by
 o_totalprice desc,
 o_orderdate
limit 100;

Q19

select /*+   TPCH_Q19 PARALLEL(96) */
 sum(l_extendedprice* (1 - l_discount)) as revenue
from
 lineitem,
 part
where
 (
  p_partkey = l_partkey
  and p_brand = 'Brand#12'
  and p_container in ('SM CASE', 'SM BOX', 'SM PACK', 'SM PKG')
  and l_quantity >= 1 and l_quantity <= 1 + 10
  and p_size between 1 and 5
  and l_shipmode in ('AIR', 'AIR REG')
  and l_shipinstruct = 'DELIVER IN PERSON'
 )
 or
 (
  p_partkey = l_partkey
  and p_brand = 'Brand#23'
  and p_container in ('MED BAG', 'MED BOX', 'MED PKG', 'MED PACK')
  and l_quantity >= 10 and l_quantity <= 10 + 10
  and p_size between 1 and 10
  and l_shipmode in ('AIR', 'AIR REG')
  and l_shipinstruct = 'DELIVER IN PERSON'
 )
 or
 (
  p_partkey = l_partkey
  and p_brand = 'Brand#34'
  and p_container in ('LG CASE', 'LG BOX', 'LG PACK', 'LG PKG')
  and l_quantity >= 20 and l_quantity <= 20 + 10
  and p_size between 1 and 15
  and l_shipmode in ('AIR', 'AIR REG')
  and l_shipinstruct = 'DELIVER IN PERSON'
 );

Q20

select /*+   TPCH_Q20 PARALLEL(96) */
 s_name,
 s_address
from
 supplier,
 nation
where
 s_suppkey in (
  select
   ps_suppkey
  from
   partsupp
  where
   ps_partkey in (
    select
     p_partkey
    from
     part
    where
     p_name like 'forest%'
   )
   and ps_availqty > (
    select
     0.5 * sum(l_quantity)
    from
     lineitem
    where
     l_partkey = ps_partkey
     and l_suppkey = ps_suppkey
     and l_shipdate >= date '1994-01-01'
     and l_shipdate < date '1994-01-01' + interval '1' year
   )
 )
 and s_nationkey = n_nationkey
 and n_name = 'CANADA'
order by
 s_name;

Q21

select * from (
select /*+ PARALLEL(96) */
        s_name,
        count(*) as numwait
from
        supplier,
        lineitem l1,
        orders,
        nation
where
        s_suppkey = l1.l_suppkey
        and o_orderkey = l1.l_orderkey
        and o_orderstatus = 'F'
        and l1.l_receiptdate > l1.l_commitdate
        and exists (
                select
                        *
                from
                        lineitem l2
                where
                        l2.l_orderkey = l1.l_orderkey
                        and l2.l_suppkey <> l1.l_suppkey
        )
        and not exists (
                select
                        *
from
                        lineitem l3
                where
                        l3.l_orderkey = l1.l_orderkey
                        and l3.l_suppkey <> l1.l_suppkey
                        and l3.l_receiptdate > l3.l_commitdate
        )
        and s_nationkey = n_nationkey
        and n_name = 'CHINA'
group by
        s_name
order by
        numwait desc,
        s_name
)
limit 100;

Q22

select /*+   TPCH_Q22 PARALLEL(96) */
 cntrycode,
 count(*) as numcust,
 sum(c_acctbal) as totacctbal
from
 (
  select
   substring(c_phone from 1 for 2) as cntrycode,
   c_acctbal
  from
   customer
  where
   substring(c_phone from 1 for 2) in
    ('13', '31', '23', '29', '30', '18', '17')
   and c_acctbal > (
    select
     avg(c_acctbal)
    from
     customer
    where
     c_acctbal > 0.00
     and substring(c_phone from 1 for 2) in
      ('13', '31', '23', '29', '30', '18', '17')
   )
   and not exists (
    select
     *
    from
     orders
    where
     o_custkey = c_custkey
   )
 ) as custsale
group by
 cntrycode
order by
 cntrycode;

Test result

Query TPCH_100G (unit: s)
Q1 2.91
Q2 0.93
Q3 1.95
Q4 1.05
Q5 4.74
Q6 0.57
Q7 2.85
Q8 2.13
Q9 7.86
Q10 2.58
Q11 1.11
Q12 1.74
Q13 5.07
Q14 0.75
Q15 2.01
Q16 2.58
Q17 1.14
Q18 1.56
Q19 1.62
Q20 1.92
Q21 12.06
Q22 1.53
Total 60.66

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