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Start on Cloud

A unified distributed database ready for your transactional, analytical, and AI workloads.

DEPLOY YOUR WAY

OceanBase Cloud

The best way to deploy and scale OceanBase

OceanBase Enterprise

Run and manage OceanBase on your infra

TRY OPEN SOURCE

OceanBase Community Edition

The free, open-source distributed database

OceanBase seekdb

Open source AI native search database

Customer Stories

Real-world success stories from enterprises across diverse industries.

View All
BY USE CASES

Mission-Critical Transactions

Global & Multicloud Application

Elastic Scaling for Peak Traffic

Real-time Analytics

Active Geo-redundancy

Database Consolidation

Comprehensive knowledge hub for OceanBase.

Blog

Live Demos

Training & Certification

Documentation

Official technical guides, tutorials, API references, and manuals for all OceanBase products.

View All
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QUICK START
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OceanBase Database

SQL - V3.2.4Enterprise Edition

  • Documentation Revision History
  • Document Overview
  • Get Started
    • What is OceanBase Database
      • Overview
      • Concepts
      • Compatibility with Oracle
        • Overview
        • SQL data types
        • Built-in functions
        • System views
      • Compatibility with MySQL
      • Management tools
      • Version rules
      • Limitations
    • Deploy OceanBase Database
      • Deployment introduction
      • Deployment process
      • Preparations
        • Prepare servers
        • Server configurations
        • Prepare installation packages
      • HA solution for OceanBase clusters
      • Deploy through the GUI
        • Configure the deployment environment
          • Deploy OAT
          • Verify deployment
          • Configure the clock source
          • Upload installation packages
          • Add a server
          • Initialize a server
        • Deploy OCP
          • Overview
          • Add an OCP configuration file
          • Deploy OCP
          • Verify deployment
        • Deploy the OceanBase cluster
          • (Optional) Configure DNS
          • Add an OBServer to the OCP resource pool
          • Create an OceanBase cluster
        • Deploy ODP
          • Overview
          • Deploy ODP
        • Create an OceanBase tenant
          • View resources available for a business tenant
          • Create a tenant
          • Verify deployment
        • Deploy OMS
          • Overview
          • Add an OMS configuration file
          • Deploy OMS
          • Verify deployment
        • Deploy ODC
          • Overview
          • Add an ODC configuration file
          • Deploy ODC
          • Verify deployment
      • Deploy through the CLI
        • Configure the deployment environment
          • Install oat-cli
          • Use oat-cli to configure the deployment environment
          • Configure the clock source
          • Upload installation packages
          • Configure host information
          • Check the environment before deployment
        • Deploy OCP
          • Overview
          • Generate a configuration file
          • Start deployment
          • Verify deployment
        • Deploy the OceanBase cluster
          • Deploy a single-replica OceanBase cluster
          • Deploy a three-replica OceanBase cluster
        • Deploy ODP
          • Deploy ODP by using the CLI
        • Create an OceanBase tenant
          • View resources available for a business tenant
          • Create a tenant
          • Verify deployment
        • Deploy OMS
          • Overview
          • Modify the configuration file
          • Start deployment
          • Verify deployment
        • Deploy ODC
          • Overview
          • Modify the configuration file
          • Start deployment
          • Verify deployment
    • Data migration
      • Overview
      • Migrate data by using OMS
        • Migrate data by using OMS
        • Migrate data from a MySQL database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database to a MySQL database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from an Oracle database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from an Oracle database to an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database to an Oracle database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from a DB2 LUW database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from a DB2 LUW database to an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database to a DB2 LUW database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database to a DB2 LUW database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from a TiDB database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database by using OMS
        • Migrate data between MySQL tenants of OceanBase Database by using OMS
        • Use OMS to migrate data between Oracle tenants of OceanBase Database
      • Migrate data by using OBLOADER & OBDUMPER
        • Import data by using OBLOADER
        • Export data by using OBDUMPER
      • Migrate data by using SQL scripts
      • Migrate data by using mysqldump
      • Migrate data by using DataX
      • Migrate data by using the OUTFILE statement
    • Database connections and routing
      • Overview
      • Manage ODP
        • ODP management overview
        • Manage ODP clusters
          • Create an ODP cluster
          • Manage ODP cluster parameters
          • Delete an ODP cluster
          • Upgrade all ODPs in an ODP cluster
          • Restart all ODPs in an ODP cluster
          • Manage OceanBase clusters connected to an ODP cluster
          • Monitor ODP cluster performance
        • Manage ODP
          • Add an ODP
          • Start an ODP
          • Refresh ODP configurations
          • Stop an ODP
          • Restart an ODP
          • Delete an ODP
          • Upgrade an ODP
        • ODP startup parameters
      • Database connections
        • Connect to OceanBase Database from OBClient
        • Connect to OceanBase Database from a MySQL client
        • Connect to OceanBase Database through ODC
      • Physical connections
      • Logical connections
        • Query all sessions
        • Query the details of a session
        • Query the metrics of a session
        • Query session variables
        • Terminate a session
      • Driver management
        • Overview
        • OB-ODBC
        • OBCI
        • OceanBase Connector/C
        • OceanBase Connector/J
      • Routing management
        • Table-based routing of ODP
        • SQL parser
        • LDC-based routing
        • ODP routing strategies
          • Read/Write splitting
          • Follower-first read
          • Blocklist mechanism
    • Cluster and multi-tenant management
      • Manage clusters
        • Create a cluster
        • Manage clusters
        • Manage cluster parameters
          • Overview
          • Query cluster-level parameters
          • Modify cluster-level parameters
        • Manage zones in a cluster
          • Overview of zone management
          • Add or delete a zone
          • Add or delete an encrypted zone
          • Start or stop a zone
          • Modify the configurations of a zone
          • Restart a zone
          • Isolate a failed zone
        • Manage OBServer nodes
          • Add an OBServer node
          • View OBServer node status
          • Stop or start an OBServer node
          • Restart an OBServer node
          • Isolate a failed OBServer node
          • Delete an OBServer node
          • Replace an OBServer node
        • View cluster information
        • Overview of cluster tenant management
        • Monitor cluster performance
        • Cluster performance report
        • View resource information of a cluster
      • Configuration management
        • Overview of configuration management
        • Set parameters
        • Set variables
        • Configure general parameters
        • Examples of parameter configuration in a production environment
        • Recommended minimum resource configuration
      • Resource management
        • Overview
        • Create a resource unit
        • Manage resource units
          • View configurations of a resource unit
          • Modify configurations of a resource unit
          • Drop a resource unit
        • Create a resource pool
        • Manage resource pools
          • Allocate a resource pool to a tenant
          • Modify a resource pool
          • Merge resource pools
          • Split a resource pool
          • Remove a resource pool from a tenant
          • Delete a resource pool
        • Query resource allocation
      • Tenant management
        • Overview of tenant management
        • Create a tenant
        • Copy a tenant
        • Manage tenants
          • Query tenant information
          • Modify a tenant
          • Rename a tenant
          • Drop a tenant
        • Manage users and privileges
          • Users and privileges
            • Overview
            • sys tenant
            • Oracle tenants
            • MySQL tenants
          • Oracle mode
            • Create a user
            • Set password complexity
            • Logon failure handling policies
            • View user privileges
            • Modify user privileges
            • Change the password of a user
            • Lock or unlock a user
            • Drop a user
            • Manage roles
              • Overview
              • Create a role
              • Assign a role to another role
              • Assign a role to a user
              • Specify valid or invalid roles for a user
              • View roles
              • Modify a role
              • Revoke a role
              • Drop a role
          • MySQL mode
            • Create a user
            • Set password complexity
            • Handle logon failures
            • View user privileges
            • Modify user privileges
            • Change the password of a user
            • Lock and unlock a user
            • Drop a user
        • Set and view the tenant allowlist
        • View the topology of a tenant
        • View the resource configurations of a tenant
        • Modify the resource configurations of a tenant
        • View the performance metrics of a tenant
        • View tenant sessions
        • Terminate a tenant session
        • Manage tenant parameters
          • Overview
          • Query tenant-level parameters
          • Modify tenant-level parameters
        • Manage tenant variables
      • Manage data storage
        • Minor compaction management
          • Overview
          • Automatically trigger a minor compaction
          • Manually initiate a minor compaction
          • View minor compaction information
          • Modify minor compaction settings
        • Major compaction management
          • Overview
          • Automatically trigger a major compaction
          • Configure scheduled major compactions
          • Manually initiate a major compaction
          • Manually control a major compaction
          • View major compaction information
            • View the major compaction process
            • View disk usage during a major compaction
          • Major compaction timeouts and errors
          • Modify major compaction settings
        • Data compression
          • Overview
          • Data encoding and compression
      • Manage memory
        • Overview
        • Memory structure
        • Set the maximum memory for an OceanBase database
        • Manage internal system memory
        • Manage internal tenant memory
        • Manage the memory of the plan cache
        • Query memory usage information
        • FAQ
      • Manage processes
        • Overview
        • Multi-tenant threads of OceanBase Database
        • FAQ about multi-tenant threads
        • Background threads of OceanBase Database
      • Manage logs
        • Log overview
        • Log generation levels
          • Log generation levels
          • Set a log generation level
        • Log file size and quantity management
          • Use the log file splitting feature
          • Control the number of log files
        • Query logs
          • Query the log of an SQL request
          • Query the log of a previous SQL request by using the SQL Trace feature
    • Database object management
      • Oracle mode
        • Manage tables
          • Overview
          • Create a table
          • Define column constraints
          • Query table definition
          • Modify a table
          • Empty a table
          • Drop a table
        • Manage table groups
          • Overview
          • Statements for table group management
        • Manage indexes
          • Overview
          • Create indexes
          • Query indexes
          • Drop an index
        • Manage views
        • Manage sequences
        • Manage synonyms
        • Manage triggers
          • Overview
          • Create a DML trigger
          • Create an INSTEAD OF trigger
          • Modify and drop a trigger
          • Disable or enable a trigger
          • Query trigger information
        • Manage directory objects
        • Manage DBLinks
      • MySQL mode
        • Manage databases
          • Create a database
          • View databases
          • Modify a database
          • Drop a database
        • Manage tables
          • Overview
          • Create a table
          • Define an auto-increment column
          • Define column constraints
          • Query table definition
          • Modify a table
          • Empty a table
          • Drop a table
        • Manage table groups
          • Overview
          • Statements for table group management
        • Manage indexes
          • Overview
          • Create indexes
          • Query indexes
          • Drop an index
        • Manage views
        • Manage sequences
        • Manage triggers
          • Overview
          • Create a DML trigger
          • Query trigger information
          • Drop a trigger
    • Distributed storage management
      • Overview of data distribution
      • Manage partitions
        • Oracle mode
          • Overview of partitions
          • Create a partitioned table
          • Manage a partitioned table
          • Create a subpartitioned table
          • Manage a subpartitioned table
          • Partition pruning
          • Query data in specified partitions
          • Create an index for a partitioned table
            • Overview of indexes
            • Local indexes
            • Global indexes
          • Create a partitioned table group
          • Add a partitioned table to a table group
          • Manage a partitioned table group
          • Create a subpartitioned table group
          • Add a subpartitioned table to a table group
          • Manage a subpartitioned table group
        • MySQL mode
          • Overview of partitions
          • Create a partitioned table
          • Manage a partitioned table
          • Create a subpartitioned table
          • Manage a subpartitioned table
          • Partition pruning
          • Query data in specified partitions
          • Create an index for a partitioned table
            • Overview of indexes
            • Local indexes
            • Global indexes
          • Create a partitioned table group
          • Add a partitioned table to a table group
          • Manage a partitioned table group
          • Create a subpartitioned table group
          • Add a subpartitioned table to a table group
          • Manage a subpartitioned table group
      • Manage replicas
        • Overview
        • Create a replica
        • Edit a tenant replica in a zone
        • Delete a tenant replica from a zone
      • Manage locality
        • Overview
        • Modify table locality
        • Modify tenant locality
      • Load balancing
        • Overview of load balancing
        • Manage automatic load balancing
        • Manually manage load balancing
          • Manually migrate and switch partition replicas
          • Set load balancing by using table groups
          • Set load balancing by primary zone
    • Performance tuning
      • Overview
      • Performance tools
        • System tools
          • General tool Top
          • CPU tools
          • Memory tools
          • Disk I/O tools
          • Network tools
        • Internal tables
          • gv$sysstat
          • gv$sql_audit
          • __all_virtual_trans_stat
        • Logs
          • slow trans
          • tenant dump
          • Slow queries
        • OCP
          • Monitoring and alerts
          • SQL diagnostics
          • Performance report
          • ASH report
          • Transaction diagnostics
          • Deadlock detection
      • System tuning
        • OS parameter tuning
        • Database parameter tuning
          • CPU parameters
          • I/O parameters
          • Memory-related parameters
          • Network transmission parameters
        • ODP parameter tuning
          • CPU parameters
          • Network transmission parameters
          • Route parameters on nodes
      • Business model tuning
        • Load balancing
        • SQL diagnostics
        • Distributed transactions
      • SQL tuning guide
        • Execution process of SQL queries
        • SQL execution plan
          • Introduction to SQL execution plans
          • Execution plan operators
            • TABLE SCAN
            • TABLE LOOKUP
            • JOIN
            • COUNT
            • GROUP BY
            • WINDOW FUNCTION
            • SUBPLAN FILTER
            • DISTINCT
            • SEQUENCE
            • MATERIAL
            • SORT
            • LIMIT
            • FOR UPDATE
            • SELECT INTO
            • SUBPLAN SCAN
            • UNION
            • INTERSECT
            • EXCEPT/MINUS
            • INSERT
            • DELETE
            • UPDATE
            • MERGE
            • EXCHANGE
            • GI
          • Plan cache
          • Fast parameterization
          • Real-time execution plan display
        • Distributed execution plan
          • Perform distributed execution and parallel queries
          • Generate a distributed plan
          • Schedule distributed execution plans
          • Manage distributed execution plans
          • Execute parallel queries
          • Perform parameter tuning for a parallel query
          • Parallel DML
        • SQL tuning
          • Overview
          • General procedure of SQL tuning
          • Monitor the SQL execution performance
            • gv$sql_audit
            • SQL Trace
            • Plan cache views
            • Examples of SQL performance analysis
              • Use SQL Audit to analyze wait events in a query
              • Analyze SQL queries that cause an abrupt RT jitter
              • View and analyze the shape of an execution plan
              • Analyze slow SQL queries
              • Query SQL traffic distribution and QPS
              • Check whether SQL queries are balanced across servers in a cluster
              • Find the TOP N SQL queries
              • Analyze whether an unusually large number of remote execution requests exist in the system or the execution of an SQL statement
              • Find full table scan SQL statements in a tenant
              • Find the TOP N queries with the longest execution time within a specified period
              • Analyze queries related to distributed plans
              • Check whether the RPC execution count of a distributed subplan is balanced across servers in a cluster
          • Optimizer statistics
            • Overview of statistics
            • Statistics collection methods
              • Overview
              • Histograms
              • Manual statistics collection
              • Automatic statistics collection
            • Statistics management
              • Overview
              • Deletion
              • Setting
              • Import and export
              • Locking and unlocking
              • History management
              • Statistics preference management
            • Examples
          • Query rewrite
            • Overview
            • Rule-based query rewrite
            • Cost-based query rewrite
          • Query optimization
            • Access path
              • Overview
              • Rule-based path selection
              • Cost-based path selection
            • Join algorithms
              • Overview
              • Join algorithms
              • Join order
          • Manage execution plans
            • Optimizer hints
            • Plan binding
            • SQL plan management
        • Glossary
        • General issues in SQL tuning
      • Performance diagnostics
        • Monitor and diagnose the cluster performance
        • Tenant performance diagnostics
        • Monitor ODP performance
        • Monitor host performance
      • Case analysis
      • Performance test (MySQL mode)
        • Sysbench OLTP
        • BenchMarkSQL
        • TPC-H
      • Performance test (Oracle mode)
        • BenchMarkSQL
        • TPC-H
    • Data high availability
      • Flashback
        • Objects supported by the recycle bin
        • Recycle bin for databases, tables, and indexes
        • Recycle bin for tenants
        • Flash back objects from the recycle bin
        • Restore point
        • Use a flashback query to query data of multiple versions
      • Manage physical backup and restore
        • Introduction to physical backup and restore
        • Deploy NFS
        • Data backup for a cluster
          • Perform a backup by using commands
            • Preparations for backup
            • Initiate a log backup
            • Initiate a data backup
          • Perform a backup for a cluster in OCP
          • Backup of a specified path for a tenant
          • Enable backup for clusters based on log splitting
          • Check the backup progress
          • Stop a backup
          • Automatically clear backup data for clusters
          • Manually clear backup data for clusters
          • Stop backup data clearing for clusters
        • Back up data backups
          • Overview
          • Perform a secondary backup for a cluster by using commands
            • Preparations for secondary backup
            • Initiate a secondary log backup
            • Initiate a secondary data backup
          • Perform a secondary backup for clusters in OCP
          • Perform a secondary backup for tenants
          • View the progress of secondary data backup tasks
          • Stop a secondary backup
          • Automatically clear secondary backup data for clusters
          • Manually clear secondary backup data
          • Stop clearing secondary backup data
        • Update access_id and access_key for OSS in the backup destination during backup
        • Verify data
          • Overview
          • Verify backup data in a cluster
          • Verify backup data in a specified path in a cluster
          • Verify backup data in a specified path across clusters
          • View data verification results
        • Restore data
          • Preparations for restore
          • Perform full restore
          • Restore a specified table
          • Restore secondary backup data
          • View the restore progress and results
          • Cancel restore
        • Routine maintenance
          • Query backup parameters
          • Force stop all backup-related tasks
          • Set backup_zone
      • Primary/Standby cluster management
        • Overview
        • Considerations and limitations
        • Deploy the primary and standby clusters
          • Configuration requirements
          • Deploy a primary cluster
          • Check the configurations of the primary cluster
          • Deploy standby clusters in OCP
        • Tenant management
        • Log transfer service
          • Overview
          • Set the log transfer parameter for a standby cluster
          • Configure log compression
        • Protection mode
          • Overview
          • Protection modes and protection levels
          • Switch to another protection mode
        • Role switching
          • Preparations for a switchover
          • Perform a switchover in a command-line tool
          • Perform a switchover in OCP
          • Perform a failover in a command-line tool
            • Preparations for a failover
            • Perform a lossless failover
            • Connect the original primary cluster after a lossless failover
            • Connect other standby clusters after a lossless failover
            • Perform a lossy failover
            • Restore other clusters after a lossy failover
            • Correct the data after a failover
          • Perform a failover in OCP
        • Standby cluster read service
        • Delete a standby cluster
        • Standby cluster disconnection
          • Preparations for disconnection
          • Disconnect a standby cluster
        • Troubleshooting
          • Failover errors
          • Switchover errors
          • Protection mode switching errors
          • Tenant creation for a standby cluster got stuck
          • Data synchronization enablement errors
          • Standby cluster disconnection errors
    • Database security
      • Data storage encryption
        • Overview
        • MySQL mode
          • Enable storage encryption for a new table
          • Enable storage encryption for an existing table
          • Decrypt a table
        • Oracle mode
          • Enable storage encryption for a new table
          • Enable storage encryption for an existing table
          • Decrypt a table
      • Data transmission encryption
        • Overview
        • Transmission encryption of OBServer nodes
        • Transmission encryption of ODPs
      • RPC connection authentication
      • Set row-level access control
      • Audit databases
        • Overview
        • Enable audit
        • Audit user logon operations
        • Audit user operations
        • Audit specified database objects
    • O&M management
      • O&M overview
        • Overview
        • Monitoring
          • View status monitoring information
          • View performance monitoring information
          • Perform SQL diagnostics
        • Alerts
          • Alert configuration
          • Manage alert subscriptions
          • Perform alert management
          • Manage alert items
      • Database upgrade
        • Overview
        • Perform an upgrade
        • Perform a major compaction
        • Check upgrade results
      • Scale-in and scale-out
        • Overview
        • Cluster-level scale-in and scale-out
          • Scale-out
            • Add zones to a cluster
            • Add OBServer nodes to zones
          • Scale-in
            • Delete zones from a cluster
            • Delete OBServer nodes from zones
        • Scale-in and scale-out of tenant resources
          • Modify unit_config
          • Modify UNIT_NUM
      • Resource isolation
        • cgroup-based resource isolation
          • Enable cgroups-based CPU isolation between tenant worker threads
          • Clear cgroup configurations
      • Routine inspections
        • Overview
        • Check the cluster status
        • Check cluster parameters
        • Check the host status
        • Check tenant resource usage
        • Check cluster resource usage
        • Check the OBServer node status
        • Check the NTP offset
        • Check data backup
        • Check the ODP connection status
      • Troubleshooting
        • Overview
        • Issue analysis
          • View alerts
          • View logs
          • View error codes
          • Query views
        • Troubleshoot OBServer node restart failures
        • Troubleshoot unexpected exit of an observer process
        • Troubleshoot bootstrap failures
        • Troubleshoot database connection issues
        • Troubleshoot clock synchronization issues
        • Troubleshoot the absence of a leader
        • Troubleshoot replica migration issues
        • Troubleshoot exhausted tenant MemStore memory
        • Tenant memory overrun
        • Troubleshoot major compaction exceptions
        • Overloaded OBServer nodes
        • Troubleshoot row lock contention
        • Troubleshoot transaction errors
      • Emergency response
        • Overview
        • Analysis, diagnosis, and decision-making process
        • Common emergency response
          • Exceptions caused by hardware
            • Node failures
            • Network jitter
            • ODP faults
            • Other exceptions related to hardware and network
          • Exceptions caused by capacity changes
            • Exceptions of SQL queries
            • High disk I/O on an OBServer node
            • Overloaded NIC on an OBServer node
            • Full occupation of tenant memory
            • Full usage of ODP threads
            • Full usage of OBServer clog disk
            • Full usage of the OBServer data disk
            • Accumulated request queue of a tenant
          • Other cluster exceptions
            • Blocked tenant minor compaction
            • Blocked cluster major compaction
            • sys tenant or RootService exceptions
            • Insufficiency or leakage of system memory
            • Slow query of the queuing table
    • System references
      • System parameters
        • Overview
        • Summary of system parameters
        • Cluster-level parameters
          • all_cluster_list
          • auto_broadcast_location_cache_rate_limit
          • auto_delete_expired_backup
          • auto_leader_switch_interval
          • auto_refresh_location_cache_rate_limit
          • autoinc_cache_refresh_interval
          • backup_backup_archive_log_batch_count
          • backup_backup_archivelog_retry_interval
          • backup_backup_dest
          • backup_backupset_batch_count
          • backup_backup_dest_option
          • backup_backupset_retry_interval
          • backup_concurrency
          • backup_dest
          • backup_dest_option
          • backup_log_archive_option
          • backup_net_limit
          • backup_recovery_window
          • backup_region
          • backup_zone
          • balance_blacklist_failure_threshold
          • balance_blacklist_retry_interval
          • balancer_emergency_percentage
          • balancer_idle_time
          • balancer_log_interval
          • balancer_task_timeout
          • balancer_timeout_check_interval
          • balancer_tolerance_percentage
          • bf_cache_miss_count_threshold
          • bf_cache_priority
          • builtin_db_data_verify_cycle
          • cache_wash_threshold
          • clog_cache_priority
          • clog_disk_usage_limit_percentage
          • clog_disk_utilization_threshold
          • clog_expire_days
          • clog_sync_time_warn_threshold
          • clog_transport_compress_all
          • clog_transport_compress_func
          • cluster
          • cluster_id
          • config_additional_dir
          • cpu_count
          • cpu_quota_concurrency
          • cpu_reserved
          • data_copy_concurrency
          • data_dir
          • data_disk_usage_limit_percentage
          • data_storage_error_tolerance_time
          • data_storage_warning_tolerance_time
          • datafile_disk_percentage
          • datafile_size
          • dead_socket_detection_timeout
          • debug_sync_timeout
          • default_compress
          • default_compress_func
          • default_row_format
          • default_transport_compress_func
          • devname
          • disk_io_thread_count
          • dtl_buffer_size
          • election_blacklist_interval
          • election_cpu_quota
          • enable_async_syslog
          • enable_auto_leader_switch
          • enable_auto_refresh_location_cache
          • enable_ddl
          • enable_election_group
          • enable_global_freeze_trigger
          • enable_log_archive
          • enable_major_freeze
          • enable_manual_merge
          • enable_merge_by_turn
          • enable_ob_ratelimit
          • enable_one_phase_commit
          • enable_perf_event
          • enable_pg
          • enable_rebalance
          • enable_record_trace_id
          • enable_record_trace_log
          • enable_rereplication
          • enable_rich_error_msg
          • enable_rootservice_standalone
          • enable_separate_sys_clog
          • enable_smooth_leader_switch
          • enable_sql_audit
          • enable_sql_operator_dump
          • enable_sys_unit_standalone
          • enable_syslog_recycle
          • enable_syslog_wf
          • enable_tcp_keepalive
          • enable_unit_balance_resource_weight
          • enable_upgrade_mode
          • fast_recovery_concurrency
          • flush_log_at_trx_commit
          • force_refresh_location_cache_interval
          • force_refresh_location_cache_threshold
          • freeze_trigger_percentage
          • fuse_row_cache_priority
          • gc_wait_archive
          • get_leader_candidate_rpc_timeout
          • global_index_build_single_replica_timeout
          • global_major_freeze_residual_memory
          • global_write_halt_residual_memory
          • high_priority_net_thread_count
          • ignore_replay_checksum_error
          • ignore_replica_checksum_error
          • ilog_index_expire_time
          • index_cache_priority
          • index_clog_cache_priority
          • index_info_block_cache_priority
          • internal_sql_execute_timeout
          • large_query_threshold
          • large_query_worker_percentage
          • leak_mod_to_check
          • lease_time
          • location_cache_cpu_quota
          • location_cache_expire_time
          • location_cache_priority
          • location_cache_refresh_min_interval
          • location_cache_refresh_rpc_timeout
          • location_cache_refresh_sql_timeout
          • location_fetch_concurrency
          • location_refresh_thread_count
          • log_archive_batch_buffer_limit
          • log_archive_checkpoint_interval
          • log_archive_concurrency
          • log_restore_concurrency
          • major_compact_trigger
          • major_freeze_duty_time
          • max_kept_major_version_number
          • max_px_worker_count
          • max_string_print_length
          • max_syslog_file_count
          • memory_chunk_cache_size
          • memory_limit
          • memory_limit_percentage
          • memory_reserved
          • memstore_limit_percentage
          • merge_stat_sampling_ratio
          • merge_thread_count
          • merger_check_interval
          • merger_completion_percentage
          • merger_switch_leader_duration_time
          • merger_warm_up_duration_time
          • micro_block_merge_verify_level
          • migrate_concurrency
          • migration_disable_time
          • min_observer_version
          • minor_compact_trigger
          • minor_deferred_gc_time
          • minor_freeze_times
          • minor_merge_concurrency
          • minor_warm_up_duration_time
          • multiblock_read_gap_size
          • multiblock_read_size
          • mysql_port
          • net_thread_count
          • ob_event_history_recycle_interval
          • ob_ratelimit_stat_period
          • obconfig_url
          • ofs_list
          • partition_table_check_interval
          • partition_table_scan_batch_count
          • plan_cache_evict_interval
          • plan_cache_high_watermark
          • plan_cache_low_watermark
          • px_task_size
          • px_workers_per_cpu_quota
          • rebuild_replica_data_lag_threshold
          • recyclebin_object_expire_time
          • replica_safe_remove_time
          • resource_hard_limit
          • resource_soft_limit
          • restore_concurrency
          • rootservice_async_task_queue_size
          • rootservice_async_task_thread_count
          • rootservice_list
          • rootservice_memory_limit
          • rootservice_ready_check_interval
          • row_compaction_update_limit
          • row_purge_thread_count
          • rpc_port
          • rpc_timeout
          • schema_history_expire_time
          • schema_history_recycle_interval
          • server_balance_cpu_mem_tolerance_percent
          • server_balance_critical_disk_waterlevel
          • server_balance_disk_tolerance_percent
          • server_check_interval
          • server_cpu_quota_max
          • server_cpu_quota_min
          • server_data_copy_in_concurrency
          • server_data_copy_out_concurrency
          • server_permanent_offline_time
          • server_temporary_offline_time
          • sql_audit_memory_limit
          • sql_audit_queue_size
          • ssl_client_authentication
          • ssl_external_kms_info
          • stack_size
          • switchover_process_thread_count
          • sys_bkgd_io_high_percentage
          • sys_bkgd_io_low_percentage
          • sys_bkgd_migration_change_member_list_timeout
          • sys_bkgd_migration_retry_num
          • sys_bkgd_net_percentage
          • sys_cpu_limit_trigger
          • syslog_io_bandwidth_limit
          • syslog_level
          • system_cpu_quota
          • system_memory
          • system_trace_level
          • tableapi_transport_compress_func
          • tablet_size
          • tcp_keepcnt
          • tcp_keepidle
          • tcp_keepintvl
          • tenant_cpu_variation_per_server
          • tenant_groups
          • tenant_task_queue_size
          • token_reserved_percentage
          • trace_log_sampling_interval
          • trace_log_slow_query_watermark
          • trx_2pc_retry_interval
          • trx_force_kill_threshold
          • trx_try_wait_lock_timeout
          • unit_balance_resource_weight
          • use_large_pages
          • user_block_cache_priority
          • user_iort_up_percentage
          • user_row_cache_priority
          • user_tab_col_stat_cache_priority
          • virtual_table_location_cache_expire_time
          • wait_leader_batch_count
          • weak_read_version_refresh_interval
          • workers_per_cpu_quota
          • zone
          • zone_merge_concurrency
          • zone_merge_order
          • zone_merge_timeout
          • ob_esi_rpc_port
          • enable_ob_esi_process
          • ob_esi_session_timeout
          • ob_esi_io_concurrency
          • ob_esi_memory_limit
          • ob_esi_syslog_level
          • ob_esi_max_syslog_file_count
          • sql_login_thread_count
          • diag_syslog_per_error_limit
          • enable_cgroup
          • rpc_client_authentication_method
          • rpc_server_authentication_method
          • max_trx_part_size
        • Tenant-level parameters
          • audit_sys_operations
          • audit_trail
          • clog_max_unconfirmed_log_count
          • clog_persistence_compress_func
          • connection_control_failed_connections_threshold
          • connection_control_min_connection_delay
          • connection_control_max_connection_delay
          • default_progressive_merge_num
          • enable_clog_persistence_compress
          • enable_early_lock_release
          • enable_monotonic_weak_read
          • external_kms_info
          • enable_sql_extension
          • job_queue_processes
          • max_stale_time_for_weak_consistency
          • ob_enable_batched_multi_statement
          • ob_proxy_readonly_transaction_routing_policy
          • ob_ssl_invited_common_names
          • open_cursors
          • plsql_ccflags
          • plsql_code_type
          • plsql_debug
          • plsql_optimize_level
          • plsql_v2_compatibility
          • plsql_warnings
          • sql_work_area
          • tde_method
          • writing_throttling_maximum_duration
          • writing_throttling_trigger_percentage
          • workarea_size_policy
          • ob_query_switch_leader_retry_timeout
      • System variables (MySQL mode)
        • Overview
        • System variable summary
        • auto_increment_cache_size
        • auto_increment_increment
        • auto_increment_offset
        • autocommit
        • binlog_row_image
        • block_encryption_mode
        • character_set_client
        • character_set_connection
        • character_set_database
        • character_set_filesystem
        • character_set_results
        • character_set_server
        • character_set_system
        • collation_connection
        • collation_database
        • collation_server
        • connect_timeout
        • datadir
        • debug_sync
        • default_password_lifetime
        • div_precision_increment
        • error_on_overlap_time
        • explicit_defaults_for_timestamp
        • foreign_key_checks
        • group_concat_max_len
        • identity
        • init_connect
        • interactive_timeout
        • is_result_accurate
        • last_insert_id
        • license
        • lower_case_table_names
        • max_allowed_packet
        • max_sp_recursion_depth
        • max_user_connections
        • net_buffer_length
        • net_read_timeout
        • net_write_timeout
        • nls_calendar
        • nls_characterset
        • nls_comp
        • nls_currency
        • nls_date_format
        • nls_date_language
        • nls_dual_currency
        • nls_iso_currency
        • nls_language
        • nls_length_semantics
        • nls_nchar_characterset
        • nls_nchar_conv_excp
        • nls_numeric_characters
        • nls_sort
        • nls_territory
        • nls_timestamp_format
        • nls_timestamp_tz_format
        • ob_bnl_join_cache_size
        • ob_capability_flag
        • ob_compatibility_mode
        • ob_create_table_strict_mode
        • ob_default_replica_num
        • ob_early_lock_release
        • ob_enable_aggregation_pushdown
        • ob_enable_blk_nestedloop_join
        • ob_enable_hash_group_by
        • ob_enable_index_direct_select
        • ob_enable_jit
        • ob_enable_plan_cache
        • ob_enable_sql_audit
        • ob_enable_trace_log
        • ob_enable_transformation
        • ob_enable_transmission_checksum
        • ob_enable_truncate_flashback
        • ob_global_debug_sync
        • ob_last_schema_version
        • ob_log_level
        • ob_max_parallel_degree
        • ob_org_cluster_id
        • ob_pl_block_timeout
        • ob_plan_cache_evict_high_percentage
        • ob_plan_cache_evict_low_percentage
        • ob_plan_cache_percentage
        • ob_proxy_global_variables_version
        • ob_proxy_partition_hit
        • ob_proxy_set_trx_executed
        • ob_query_timeout
        • ob_read_consistency
        • ob_reserved_meta_memory_percentage
        • ob_route_policy
        • ob_safe_weak_read_snapshot
        • ob_sql_audit_percentage
        • ob_sql_work_area_percentage
        • ob_stmt_parallel_degree
        • ob_tcp_invited_nodes
        • ob_temp_tablespace_size_percentage
        • ob_timestamp_service
        • ob_trace_info
        • ob_trx_idle_timeout
        • ob_trx_lock_timeout
        • ob_trx_timeout
        • optimizer_capture_sql_plan_baselines
        • optimizer_use_sql_plan_baselines
        • parallel_max_servers
        • parallel_servers_target
        • performance_schema
        • plugin_dir
        • query_cache_size
        • query_cache_type
        • read_only
        • recyclebin
        • resource_manager_plan
        • secure_file_priv
        • sql_auto_is_null
        • sql_mode
        • sql_quote_show_create
        • sql_safe_updates
        • sql_select_limit
        • sql_throttle_current_priority
        • sql_throttle_network
        • sql_throttle_priority
        • sql_throttle_rt
        • sql_warnings
        • system_time_zone
        • time_zone
        • timestamp
        • tracefile_identifier
        • transaction_isolation
        • transaction_read_only
        • tx_isolation
        • tx_read_only
        • undo_retention
        • version
        • version_comment
        • wait_timeout
        • validate_password_check_user_name
        • validate_password_length
        • validate_password_mixed_case_count
        • validate_password_number_count
        • validate_password_policy
        • validate_password_special_char_count
        • server_uuid
        • binlog_format
        • binlog_checksum
        • binlog_rows_query_log_events
        • log_bin
        • server_id
        • default_storage_engine
        • max_connections
        • event_scheduler
        • cte_max_recursion_depth
        • regexp_stack_limit
        • regexp_time_limit
      • System variables (Oracle mode)
        • Overview
        • System variable summary
        • auto_increment_cache_size
        • auto_increment_increment
        • auto_increment_offset
        • autocommit
        • binlog_row_image
        • block_encryption_mode
        • character_set_client
        • character_set_connection
        • character_set_database
        • character_set_filesystem
        • character_set_results
        • character_set_server
        • character_set_system
        • collation_connection
        • collation_database
        • collation_server
        • connect_timeout
        • datadir
        • debug_sync
        • default_password_lifetime
        • div_precision_increment
        • error_on_overlap_time
        • explicit_defaults_for_timestamp
        • foreign_key_checks
        • group_concat_max_len
        • identity
        • init_connect
        • interactive_timeout
        • is_result_accurate
        • last_insert_id
        • license
        • lower_case_table_names
        • max_allowed_packet
        • max_sp_recursion_depth
        • max_user_connections
        • net_buffer_length
        • net_read_timeout
        • net_write_timeout
        • nls_calendar
        • nls_characterset
        • nls_comp
        • nls_currency
        • nls_date_format
        • nls_date_language
        • nls_dual_currency
        • nls_iso_currency
        • nls_language
        • nls_length_semantics
        • nls_nchar_characterset
        • nls_nchar_conv_excp
        • nls_numeric_characters
        • nls_sort
        • nls_territory
        • nls_timestamp_format
        • nls_timestamp_tz_format
        • ob_bnl_join_cache_size
        • ob_capability_flag
        • ob_compatibility_mode
        • ob_create_table_strict_mode
        • ob_default_replica_num
        • ob_early_lock_release
        • ob_enable_aggregation_pushdown
        • ob_enable_blk_nestedloop_join
        • ob_enable_hash_group_by
        • ob_enable_index_direct_select
        • ob_enable_jit
        • ob_enable_plan_cache
        • ob_enable_sql_audit
        • ob_enable_trace_log
        • ob_enable_transformation
        • ob_enable_transmission_checksum
        • ob_enable_truncate_flashback
        • ob_global_debug_sync
        • ob_last_schema_version
        • ob_log_level
        • ob_max_parallel_degree
        • ob_org_cluster_id
        • ob_pl_block_timeout
        • ob_plan_cache_evict_high_percentage
        • ob_plan_cache_evict_low_percentage
        • ob_plan_cache_percentage
        • ob_proxy_global_variables_version
        • ob_proxy_partition_hit
        • ob_proxy_set_trx_executed
        • ob_query_timeout
        • ob_read_consistency
        • ob_reserved_meta_memory_percentage
        • ob_route_policy
        • ob_safe_weak_read_snapshot
        • ob_sql_audit_percentage
        • ob_sql_work_area_percentage
        • ob_stmt_parallel_degree
        • ob_tcp_invited_nodes
        • ob_temp_tablespace_size_percentage
        • ob_timestamp_service
        • ob_trace_info
        • ob_trx_idle_timeout
        • ob_trx_lock_timeout
        • ob_trx_timeout
        • optimizer_capture_sql_plan_baselines
        • optimizer_use_sql_plan_baselines
        • parallel_max_servers
        • parallel_servers_target
        • performance_schema
        • plugin_dir
        • query_cache_size
        • query_cache_type
        • read_only
        • recyclebin
        • resource_manager_plan
        • secure_file_priv
        • sql_auto_is_null
        • sql_quote_show_create
        • sql_select_limit
        • sql_throttle_current_priority
        • sql_throttle_network
        • sql_throttle_priority
        • sql_throttle_rt
        • sql_warnings
        • system_time_zone
        • sql_safe_updates
        • time_zone
        • timestamp
        • tracefile_identifier
        • transaction_isolation
        • transaction_read_only
        • tx_isolation
        • tx_read_only
        • undo_retention
        • version
        • version_comment
        • wait_timeout
        • validate_password_check_user_name
        • validate_password_length
        • validate_password_mixed_case_count
        • validate_password_number_count
        • validate_password_policy
        • validate_password_special_char_count
        • event_scheduler
      • System views (MySQL mode)
        • Overview
        • Dictionary views
          • Overview
          • mysql.help_topic
          • mysql.help_category
          • mysql.help_keyword
          • mysql.help_relation
          • mysql.db
          • mysql.proc
          • mysql.time_zone
          • mysql.time_zone_name
          • mysql.time_zone_transition
          • mysql.time_zone_transition_type
          • mysql.user
          • information_schema.CHARACTER_SETS
          • information_schema.CHECK_CONSTRAINTS
          • information_schema.COLLATIONS
          • information_schema.COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY
          • information_schema.COLUMNS
          • information_schema.DBA_OUTLINES
          • information_schema.ENGINES
          • information_schema.GLOBAL_STATUS
          • information_schema.GLOBAL_VARIABLES
          • information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
          • information_schema.PARAMETERS
          • information_schema.PARTITIONS
          • information_schema.PROCESSLIST
          • information_schema.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS
          • information_schema.ROUTINES
          • information_schema.SCHEMATA
          • information_schema.SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES
          • information_schema.SESSION_STATUS
          • information_schema.SESSION_VARIABLES
          • information_schema.STATISTICS
          • information_schema.TABLES
          • information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
          • information_schema.TABLE_PRIVILEGES
          • information_schema.USER_PRIVILEGES
          • information_schema.USER_RECYCLEBIN
          • information_schema.VIEWS
          • information_schema.CONNECTION_CONTROL_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_ARCHIVELOG_SUMMARY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_JOB_DETAILS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_SET_DETAILS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_SET_EXPIRED
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_ARCHIVELOG_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_CLEAN_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_TASK_CLEAN_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_RESTORE_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_RESTORE_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_CKPT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_VALIDATION_JOB
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_VALIDATION_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TENANT_BACKUP_VALIDATION_TASK
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_VALIDATION_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUP_ARCHIVELOG_SUMMARY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPSET_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPSET_TASK
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPSET_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPSET_JOB
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_SET_OBSOLETE
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_ARCHIVELOG
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUP_ARCHIVELOG
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPPIECE_JOB
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPPIECE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPPIECE_TASK
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPPIECE_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_PIECE_FILES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_SET_FILES
          • information_schema.ST_GEOMETRY_COLUMNS
          • information_schema.ST_SPATIAL_REFERENCE_SYSTEMS
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_PLANS
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_PLAN_DIRECTIVES
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_GROUP_MAPPINGS
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUPS
        • Performance views
          • Overview
          • gv$plan_cache_stat
          • gv$plan_cache_plan_stat
          • gv$session_event
          • gv$session_wait
          • gv$session_wait_history
          • gv$system_event
          • gv$sesstat
          • gv$sysstat
          • gv$sql_audit
          • gv$latch
          • gv$memory
          • gv$memstore
          • gv$memstore_info
          • gv$plan_cache_plan_explain
          • gv$obrpc_outgoing
          • gv$obrpc_incoming
          • gv$sql
          • gv$sql_plan_monitor
          • gv$outline
          • gv$concurrent_limit_sql
          • gv$sql_plan_statistics
          • gv$server_memstore
          • gv$unit_load_balance_event_history
          • gv$tenant
          • gv$database
          • gv$table
          • gv$unit
          • gv$partition
          • gv$lock_wait_stat
          • gv$session_longops
          • gv$tenant_memstore_allocator_info
          • gv$minor_merge_info
          • gv$tenant_px_worker_stat
          • gv$partition_audit
          • gv$ps_stat
          • gv$ps_item_info
          • gv$sql_workarea
          • gv$sql_workarea_histogram
          • gv$ob_sql_workarea_memory_info
          • gv$server_schema_info
          • gv$merge_info
          • gv$lock
          • gv$sstable
          • gv$ob_trans_table_status
          • gv$tenant_memory_info
          • v$statname
          • v$event_name
          • v$session_event
          • v$session_wait
          • v$session_wait_history
          • v$sesstat
          • v$sysstat
          • v$system_event
          • v$memory
          • v$memstore
          • v$memstore_info
          • v$plan_cache_stat
          • v$plan_cache_plan_stat
          • v$plan_cache_plan_explain
          • v$sql_audit
          • v$obrpc_outgoing
          • v$obrpc_incoming
          • v$sql
          • v$sql_plan_monitor
          • v$sql_plan_statistics
          • v$unit
          • v$partition
          • v$lock_wait_stat
          • v$session_longops
          • v$latch
          • v$tenant_memstore_allocator_info
          • v$tenant_px_worker_stat
          • v$partition_audit
          • v$ob_cluster
          • v$ob_standby_status
          • v$ob_cluster_stats
          • v$ob_cluster_event_history
          • v$ps_stat
          • v$ps_item_info
          • v$sql_workarea
          • v$sql_workarea_active
          • v$sql_workarea_histogram
          • v$ob_sql_workarea_memory_info
          • v$ob_timestamp_service
          • v$server_schema_info
          • v$merge_info
          • v$lock
          • v$sql_monitor_statname
          • v$restore_point
          • v$ob_cluster_failover_info
          • v$encrypted_tables
          • v$encrypted_tablespaces
          • v$sstable
          • v$ob_trans_table_status
          • v$ob_all_clusters
          • v$tenant_memory_info
          • GV$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
          • V$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
          • V$RSRC_PLAN
      • System views (Oracle mode)
        • Overview
        • Dictionary views
          • Overview
          • ALL_ALL_TABLES
          • ALL_ARGUMENTS
          • ALL_COL_COMMENTS
          • ALL_COLL_TYPES
          • ALL_COL_PRIVS
          • ALL_CONSTRAINTS
          • ALL_CONS_COLUMNS
          • ALL_DEF_AUDIT_OPTS
          • ALL_DEPENDENCIES
          • ALL_DIRECTORIES
          • ALL_ERRORS
          • ALL_INDEXES
          • ALL_IND_COLUMNS
          • ALL_IND_EXPRESSIONS
          • ALL_IND_PARTITIONS
          • ALL_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
          • ALL_METHOD_PARAMS
          • ALL_OBJECTS
          • ALL_PART_COL_STATISTICS
          • ALL_PART_HISTOGRAMS
          • ALL_PART_INDEXES
          • ALL_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • ALL_PART_TABLES
          • ALL_PROCEDURES
          • ALL_PROFILES
          • ALL_SCHEDULER_JOB_ARGS
          • ALL_SCHEDULER_PROGRAM_ARGS
          • ALL_SEQUENCES
          • ALL_SOURCE
          • ALL_SUBPART_COL_STATISTICS
          • ALL_SUBPART_HISTOGRAMS
          • ALL_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
          • ALL_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • ALL_SYNONYMS
          • ALL_TABLES
          • ALL_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
          • ALL_TAB_COLS
          • ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
          • ALL_TAB_COMMENTS
          • ALL_TAB_HISTOGRAMS
          • ALL_TAB_PARTITIONS
          • ALL_TAB_PRIVS
          • ALL_TAB_STATISTICS
          • ALL_TAB_STATS_HISTORY
          • ALL_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
          • ALL_TRIGGERS
          • ALL_TYPES
          • ALL_TYPE_ATTRS
          • ALL_TYPE_METHODS
          • ALL_USERS
          • ALL_VIEWS
          • AUDIT_ACTIONS
          • DBA_ALL_TABLES
          • DBA_ARGUMENTS
          • DBA_AUDIT_EXISTS
          • DBA_AUDIT_OBJECT
          • DBA_AUDIT_SESSION
          • DBA_AUDIT_STATEMENT
          • DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL
          • DBA_COLL_TYPES
          • DBA_COL_COMMENTS
          • DBA_COL_PRIVS
          • DBA_CONSTRAINTS
          • DBA_CONS_COLUMNS
          • DBA_ERRORS
          • DBA_INDEXES
          • DBA_IND_COLUMNS
          • DBA_IND_EXPRESSIONS
          • DBA_IND_PARTITIONS
          • DBA_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
          • DBA_METHOD_PARAMS
          • DBA_OBJECTS
          • DBA_OBJ_AUDIT_OPTS
          • DBA_PART_INDEXES
          • DBA_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • DBA_PART_TABLES
          • DBA_PROCEDURES
          • DBA_PROFILES
          • DBA_ROLES
          • DBA_ROLE_PRIVS
          • DBA_SCHEDULER_JOB_ARGS
          • DBA_SCHEDULER_JOBS
          • DBA_SCHEDULER_PROGRAM
          • DBA_SCHEDULER_PROGRAM_ARGS
          • DBA_SEGMENTS
          • DBA_SEQUENCES
          • DBA_SOURCE
          • DBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS
          • DBA_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
          • DBA_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • DBA_SYNONYMS
          • DBA_SYS_PRIVS
          • DBA_TABLES
          • DBA_TABLESPACES
          • DBA_TAB_COLS
          • DBA_TAB_COLUMNS
          • DBA_TAB_COMMENTS
          • DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS
          • DBA_TAB_PRIVS
          • DBA_TAB_STATS_HISTORY
          • DBA_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
          • DBA_TRIGGERS
          • DBA_TYPES
          • DBA_TYPE_ATTRS
          • DBA_TYPE_METHODS
          • DBA_USERS
          • DBA_VIEWS
          • DBA_JOBS_RUNNING
          • DBA_JOBS
          • DBA_RECYCLEBIN
          • DBA_DEPENDENCIES
          • DBA_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUPS
          • DBA_RSRC_GROUP_MAPPINGS
          • DBA_RSRC_PLANS
          • DBA_RSRC_PLAN_DIRECTIVES
          • DBA_DIRECTORIES
          • DBA_PART_COL_STATISTICS
          • DBA_PART_HISTOGRAMS
          • DBA_SUBPART_COL_STATISTICS
          • DBA_SUBPART_HISTOGRAMS
          • DBA_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
          • DBA_TAB_HISTOGRAMS
          • DBA_TAB_STATISTICS
          • DICT
          • DICTIONARY
          • NLS_DATABASE_PARAMETERS
          • NLS_INSTANCE_PARAMETERS
          • NLS_SESSION_PARAMETERS
          • ROLE_ROLE_PRIVS
          • ROLE_SYS_PRIVS
          • ROLE_TAB_PRIVS
          • STMT_AUDIT_OPTION_MAP
          • TENANT_VIRTUAL_GLOBAL_VARIABLE
          • TENANT_VIRTUAL_SESSION_VARIABLE
          • USER_ALL_TABLES
          • USER_ARGUMENTS
          • USER_AUDIT_OBJECT
          • USER_AUDIT_SESSION
          • USER_AUDIT_STATEMENT
          • USER_AUDIT_TRAIL
          • USER_COLL_TYPES
          • USER_COL_COMMENTS
          • USER_COL_PRIVS
          • USER_CONSTRAINTS
          • USER_CONS_COLUMNS
          • USER_ERRORS
          • USER_INDEXES
          • USER_IND_COLUMNS
          • USER_IND_EXPRESSIONS
          • USER_IND_PARTITIONS
          • USER_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
          • USER_OBJECTS
          • USER_PART_INDEXES
          • USER_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • USER_PART_TABLES
          • USER_PROCEDURES
          • USER_PROFILES
          • USER_ROLE_PRIVS
          • USER_SEGMENTS
          • USER_SEQUENCES
          • USER_SOURCE
          • USER_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
          • USER_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • USER_SYNONYMS
          • USER_SYS_PRIVS
          • USER_TAB_STATS_HISTORY
          • USER_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
          • USER_TRIGGERS
          • USER_TABLES
          • USER_TABLESPACES
          • USER_TAB_COLS
          • USER_TAB_COLUMNS
          • USER_TAB_COMMENTS
          • USER_TAB_PARTITIONS
          • USER_TAB_PRIVS
          • USER_TYPES
          • USER_TYPE_ATTRS
          • USER_TYPE_METHODS
          • USER_JOBS
          • USER_VIEWS
          • USER_RECYCLEBIN
          • USER_DEPENDENCIES
          • USER_PART_COL_STATISTICS
          • USER_PART_HISTOGRAMS
          • USER_SUBPART_COL_STATISTICS
          • USER_SUBPART_HISTOGRAMS
          • USER_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
          • USER_TAB_HISTOGRAMS
          • USER_TAB_STATISTICS
          • DBA_CONTEXT
        • Performance views
          • Overview
          • GV$CONCURRENT_LIMIT_SQL
          • GV$DBLINK
          • GV$GLOBAL_TRANSACTION
          • GV$INSTANCE
          • GV$LOCK
          • GV$MEMORY
          • GV$MEMSTORE
          • GV$MEMSTORE_INFO
          • GV$OB_SQL_WORKAREA_MEMORY_INFO
          • GV$OPEN_CURSOR
          • GV$OUTLINE
          • GV$PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_EXPLAIN
          • GV$PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_STAT
          • GV$PLAN_CACHE_STAT
          • GV$PS_ITEM_INFO
          • GV$PS_STAT
          • GV$SERVER_MEMSTORE
          • GV$SESSION_WAIT
          • GV$SESSION_WAIT_HISTORY
          • GV$SESSTAT
          • GV$SQL_AUDIT
          • GV$SQL_WORKAREA
          • GV$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE
          • GV$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM
          • GV$SYSSTAT
          • GV$SYSTEM_EVENT
          • GV$SSTABLE
          • GV$TENANT_MEMORY_INFO
          • V$DBLINK
          • V$ENCRYPTED_TABLES
          • V$ENCRYPTED_TABLESPACES
          • V$GLOBAL_TRANSACTION
          • V$INSTANCE
          • V$LOCK
          • V$MEMORY
          • V$MEMSTORE
          • V$MEMSTORE_INFO
          • V$NLS_PARAMETERS
          • V$OB_SQL_WORKAREA_MEMORY_INFO
          • V$OPEN_CURSOR
          • V$PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_EXPLAIN
          • V$PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_STAT
          • V$PLAN_CACHE_STAT
          • V$PS_ITEM_INFO
          • V$PS_STAT
          • V$RESTORE_POINT
          • V$RSRC_PLAN
          • V$SESSION_WAIT
          • V$SESSION_WAIT_HISTORY
          • V$SESSTAT
          • V$SQL_AUDIT
          • V$SQL_MONITOR_STATNAME
          • V$SQL_WORKAREA
          • V$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE
          • V$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM
          • V$SSTABLE
          • V$SYSSTAT
          • V$SYSTEM_EVENT
          • V$TIMEZONE_NAMES
          • V$TENANT_MEMORY_INFO
          • V$VERSION
          • GV$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
          • V$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
          • V$GLOBALCONTEXT
      • Error codes (MySQL mode)
        • Overview
        • 0001 to 3999
        • 4000 to 4499
        • 4500 to 4999
        • 5000 to 5999
        • 6000 to 6999
        • 7000 to 7999
        • 8000 to 8999
        • 9000 to 9499
        • 9500 to 9999
        • 22998, 30926, 38104, and 38105
      • Error codes (Oracle mode)
        • Overview
        • ORA-00000 to ORA-00999
        • ORA-01000 to ORA-01499
        • ORA-01500 to ORA-01999
        • ORA-02000 to ORA-04999
        • ORA-05000 to ORA-10000
        • ORA-10000 to ORA-19999
        • ORA-20000 to ORA-29999
        • ORA-30000 to ORA-49999
        • ORA-50000 to ORA-99999
        • PLS-00000 to PLS-00999
      • Reserved keywords (MySQL mode)
      • Reserved keywords (Oracle mode)
  • Develop
    • Developer guide (MySQL mode)
      • Connect to OceanBase Database
        • Overview
        • Connect to an OceanBase Database tenant by using a MySQL client
        • Connect to an OceanBase Database tenant by using OBClient
        • Connect to OceanBase Database by using ODC
      • Application development
        • Java
          • Java APIs
          • Connect Java applications to OceanBase Database
        • Python applications
        • Connect C applications to OceanBase Database
      • Create and manage database objects
        • About DDL statements
        • View the currently connected database
        • Change the password of a user
        • Data type
          • Common data types
          • Unsupported data types
        • Create database objects by using ODC
          • Create a table in ODC
          • Create a view in ODC
          • Create a function in ODC
          • Create a stored procedure in ODC
        • Create and manage tables
          • About tables
          • Create a table
          • About auto-increment columns
          • About types of column constraints
          • About table structure modification
          • About table clearing
          • About table dropping
          • Flash back a dropped table
          • About table privileges
        • Create and manage partition tables
          • About partitioned tables
          • Create a partitioned table
          • Manage a partitioned table
          • Create a subpartitioned table
          • Manage a subpartitioned table
          • Partition routing
          • Indexes on partitioned tables
          • Suggestions on using partitioned tables
        • Create and manage indexes
          • Overview
          • Create an index
          • Drop an index
        • Create and manage table groups
          • Overview
          • Create table groups
            • Create a non-partitioned table group
            • Create a subpartitioned table group
          • Specify a table group when creating a table
          • View information about a table group
          • Add a table to a table group
          • Drop a table group
        • Create and manage views
          • About views
          • Create a view
          • Modify a view
          • Drop a view
        • Create and manage sequences
          • About sequences
          • Create a sequence
          • Modify a sequence
          • Drop a sequence
        • Create and manage triggers
          • About triggers
          • Create a trigger
          • Drop a trigger
      • Query
        • Overview of queries
        • Run queries in ODC
        • Single-table queries
        • WHERE queries
        • ORDER BY queries
        • GROUP BY queries
        • Use the LIMIT clause in queries
        • Multi-table join queries
          • Multi-table join queries
          • INNER JOIN queries
          • OUTER JOIN queries
          • Subqueries
        • Use operators and functions in a query
          • Use arithmetic operators in queries
          • Use numerical functions in queries
          • Use string concatenation functions in queries
          • Use string functions in queries
          • Use date and time functions in queries
          • Use type conversion functions in queries
          • Use aggregate functions in queries
          • Use NULL-related functions in queries
          • Use the CASE conditional operator in queries
          • Use the SELECT FOR UPDATE statement to lock query results
        • Execution plan
          • View an execution plan
          • Understand an execution plan
        • Use SQL hints in queries
        • Variables of query timeout
      • DML statements and transactions
        • DML statements
          • About DML statements
          • About the INSERT statement
          • UPDATE statements
          • About the DELETE statement
          • About the REPLACE INTO statement
        • Transactions
          • About transaction control statements
          • Start a transaction
          • Transaction savepoints
          • Commit a transaction
          • Roll back a transaction
          • About transaction timeout
    • Developer guide (Oracle mode)
      • Connect to OceanBase Database
        • Overview
        • Connect to an OceanBase Database tenant by using OBClient
        • Connect to OceanBase Database by using ODC
      • Application development
        • Java
          • OceanBase Connector/J
          • Java APIs
          • Connect Java applications to OceanBase Database
        • Python
          • OceanBase Connector/J in Python
          • Python APIs
          • Connect Python applications to OceanBase Database
        • C
          • OBCI
          • OBCI APIs
          • Connect C applications to OceanBase Database
      • Create and manage database objects
        • DDL statements
        • View the currently connected database
        • Change the password of a user
        • Create database objects by Using ODC
          • Create tables, views, functions, and stored procedures in ODC
          • Create a trigger in ODC
          • Create a sequence in ODC
          • Create a program package in ODC
          • Create a synonym in ODC
          • Create a type in ODC
        • Data type
          • Data types
          • Unsupported data types
        • Create and manage tables
          • Overview
          • Create a table
          • Define an auto-increment column by using the SEQUENCE keyword
          • Types of column constraints
          • Modify the structure of a table
          • Clear a table
          • Drop a table
          • Flash back a dropped table
          • Table privileges
        • Create and manage partition tables
          • Overview
          • Create a partitioned table
          • Manage a partitioned table
          • Create a subpartitioned table
          • Manage a subpartitioned table
          • Partition routing
          • Indexing on partitioned tables
          • Recommendations for using partitioned tables
        • Create and manage indexes
          • Drop an index
          • Overview
          • Create an index
        • Create and manage table groups
          • Overview
          • Create table groups
            • Create a non-partitioned table group
            • Create a subpartitioned table group
          • Specify a table group when creating a table
          • View information about a table group
          • Add a table to a table group
          • Drop a table group
        • Create and manage views
          • About views
          • Create a view
          • Modify a view
          • Drop a view
        • Create and manage sequences
          • Overview
          • Create a sequence
          • Modify a sequence
          • Drop a sequence
        • Create and manage synonyms
          • Overview
          • Create a synonym
          • Drop a synonym
        • Create and manage triggers
          • Overview
          • Create a trigger
          • Modify a trigger
          • Drop a trigger
          • Enable or disable a trigger
      • Query
        • About queries
        • Run queries in ODC
        • Single-table queries
        • Conditional queries
        • ORDER BY queries
        • GROUP BY queries
        • Use Row_Limiting_Clause in queries
        • Multi-table join queries
          • Multi-table join queries
          • INNER JOIN queries
          • OUTER JOIN queries
          • Subqueries
        • Use operators and functions in a query
          • Use arithmetic operators in queries
          • Use numerical functions in queries
          • Use string connectors in queries
          • Use string functions in queries
          • Use datetime functions in queries
          • Use type conversion functions in queries
          • Use aggregate functions in queries
          • Use NULL-related functions in queries
          • Use CASE functions in queries
          • Use the SELECT FOR UPDATE statement to lock query results
        • Execution plan
          • View execution plans of queries
          • Understand execution plans
        • Use SQL hints in queries
        • About query timeout variables
      • DML statements and transactions
        • DML statements
          • About DML statements
          • About the INSERT statement
          • About the UPDATE statement
          • About the MERGE statement
          • About the DELETE statement
        • Transactions
          • About transaction control statements
          • Start a transaction
          • Transaction savepoints
          • Commit a transaction
          • Roll back a transaction
          • About transaction timeout
    • Data migration
      • About data migration and synchronization
      • Migrate data by using OMS
      • Export and import data by using ODC
        • Overview
        • Export and import file formats
        • Batch export and import
        • Single table export and import
      • Migrate data by using SQL scripts
        • Common SQL scripts for data migration
        • Export data by using OUTFILE statements
        • Export data by using the LOAD DATA statement
      • Migrate data by using mysqldump
      • Migrate data by using OBLOADER & OBDUMPER
        • Import data by using OBLOADER
        • Export data by using OBDUMPER
      • Migrate data by using DataX
        • DataX
        • Examples of using DataX in OceanBase Database
    • Design conventions and constraints
      • Object naming conventions
        • Overview
        • Tenant naming conventions
        • User naming conventions
        • Table naming conventions
        • Field naming conventions
        • Other naming conventions
      • Object structure conventions
        • Field design
        • Table structure design
        • Partitioned table design
        • Index design
        • Other structural designs
      • Character set specifications
      • Database connection specifications
      • Best practices for database design
        • Configuration example (database connection pool)
          • Overview of database connection pool configuration
          • Example of configuring a Tomcat connection pool
          • Example of configuring a C3P0 connection pool
          • Example of configuring a Proxool connection pool
          • Example of configuring a HiKariCP connection pool
          • Example of configuring a DBCP connection pool
          • CommonPool configuration example
          • Example of configuring a JDBC connection pool
        • Development framework connection example
          • SpringBoot connection example
          • SpringBatch connection example
          • SpringJDBC connection example
          • SpringJPA connection example
          • Hibernate connection example
          • MyBatis connection example
        • Use of table comments
        • ORM conventions
        • Exception handling
    • SQL syntax
      • System tenant
        • Overview
        • ALTER SYSTEM
          • BACKUP
          • BALANCE TASK
          • BOOTSTRAP
          • CANCEL MIGRATE UNIT
          • CHANGE TENANT
          • CLUSTER
          • CONVERT
          • DELETE BACKUPSET
          • DELETE OBSOLETE BACKUP
          • FAILOVER
          • FLUSH PLAN CACHE
          • JOB
          • MERGE
          • MIGRATE UNIT
          • PARAMETER
          • REFRESH
          • REPLICA
          • RESTORE
          • ROOTSERVICE
          • SERVER
          • SET STANDBY CLUSTER
          • SWITCHOVER
          • THROTTLE
          • UPGRADE
          • VALIDATE
          • ZONE
        • ALTER RESOURCE POOL
        • ALTER RESOURCE UNIT
        • ALTER TENANT
        • CREATE RESOURCE POOL
        • CREATE RESOURCE UNIT
        • CREATE TENANT
        • DROP RESOURCE POOL
        • DROP RESOURCE UNIT
        • DROP TENANT
        • SET DECRYPTION
        • SET ENCRYPTION
      • User tenants (MySQL mode)
        • Elements
          • Data type
            • Overview
            • Numeric data types
              • Overview
              • Integer data types
              • Fixed-point data types
              • Floating-point data types
              • Bit value data type
            • Date and time data types
              • Overview
              • DATE, DATETIME, and TIMESTAMP types
              • TIME type
              • YEAR type
            • Character data types
              • Overview
              • CHAR and VARCHAR
              • BINARY and VARBINARY
            • BLOB and TEXT data types
              • Overview
              • BLOB types
              • TEXT types
            • ENUM data type
            • SET data type
            • JSON data types
              • Overview
              • Create a JSON value
              • Query and modify JSON values
              • Convert a JSON data type
            • Spatial data types
              • Overview
              • SRS
              • Create a spatial column
              • Create a spatial index
              • Spatial data formats
          • Expressions
            • Overview
            • Expression syntax
            • Convert data types in expression evaluation
          • Character sets and collations
            • Overview
            • Character sets
            • Collations
            • Database-level character sets and collations
            • Table-level character sets and collations
            • Column-level character sets and collations
            • Character sets and collations for character expressions
            • Character sets and collations for client connection
          • Literals
            • Overview
            • Strings
            • Numbers
            • Datetime values
            • Bit values
            • Boolean values
            • NULLs
          • Schema object names
          • User-defined variables
          • Comments
        • Operators
          • Overview
          • Operator precedence
          • Arithmetic operators
          • Bitwise operators
          • Comparison operators
          • Logical operators
          • Assignment operators
          • Date and time operators
          • Concatenation operators
          • BINARY operator
          • CASE conditional operator
        • Sequence pseudocolumns
        • Functions
          • Overview
          • Single-row functions
            • Date and time functions
              • ADDDATE
              • CONVERT_TZ
              • CURDATE
              • CURRENT_DATE
              • CURRENT_TIME
              • CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
              • CURTIME
              • DATE
              • DATE_ADD
              • DATE_FORMAT
              • DATE_SUB
              • DATEDIFF
              • DAYOFMONTH
              • DAYOFWEEK
              • DAYOFYEAR
              • EXTRACT
              • FROM_DAYS
              • FROM_UNIXTIME
              • GET_FORMAT
              • HOUR
              • LAST_DAY
              • LOCALTIME
              • LOCALTIMESTAMP
              • MAKEDATE
              • MAKETIME
              • MICROSECOND
              • MINUTE
              • MONTH
              • MONTHNAME
              • NOW
              • PERIOD_ADD
              • PERIOD_DIFF
              • QUARTER
              • SEC_TO_TIME
              • SECOND
              • STR_TO_DATE
              • SUBDATE
              • SUBTIME
              • SYSDATE
              • TIME
              • TIME_FORMAT
              • TIME_TO_SEC
              • TIME_TO_USEC
              • TIMEDIFF
              • TIMESTAMP
              • TIMESTAMPADD
              • TIMESTAMPDIFF
              • TO_DAYS
              • TO_SECONDS
              • UNIX_TIMESTAMP
              • USEC_TO_TIME
              • UTC_DATE
              • UTC_TIME
              • UTC_TIMESTAMP
              • WEEK
              • WEEKDAY
              • WEEKOFYEAR
              • YEARWEEK
              • YEAR
              • DAY
            • String functions
              • ASCII
              • BIN
              • BIT_LENGTH
              • CHAR
              • CHAR_LENGTH
              • CONCAT
              • CONCAT_WS
              • EXPORT_SET
              • ELT
              • FIELD
              • FIND_IN_SET
              • FORMAT
              • HEX
              • INSERT
              • INSTR
              • INT2IP
              • IP2INT
              • LCASE
              • LEFT
              • LENGTH
              • LOCATE
              • LOWER
              • LPAD
              • LTRIM
              • MAKE_SET
              • MID
              • OCT
              • ORD
              • POSITION
              • QUOTE
              • REGEXP
              • REGEXP_INSTR
              • REGEXP_LIKE
              • REGEXP_REPLACE
              • REGEXP_SUBSTR
              • REPEAT
              • REPLACE
              • REVERSE
              • RIGHT
              • RLIKE
              • RPAD
              • RTRIM
              • SPACE
              • STRCMP
              • SUBSTR
              • SUBSTRING
              • SUBSTRING_INDEX
              • TRIM
              • UCASE
              • UNHEX
              • UPPER
              • WEIGHT_STRING
              • TO_BASE64
              • FROM_BASE64
            • Conversion functions
              • CAST
              • CONVERT
            • Mathematical functions
              • ABS
              • ACOS
              • ASIN
              • ATAN
              • ATAN2
              • BIT_COUNT
              • CEIL
              • CEILING
              • CONV
              • COS
              • COT
              • CRC32
              • DEGREES
              • EXP
              • FLOOR
              • LN
              • LOG
              • LOG10
              • LOG2
              • MOD
              • NEG
              • PI
              • POW
              • POWER
              • RADIANS
              • RAND
              • ROUND
              • SIGN
              • SIN
              • SQRT
              • TAN
              • TRUNCATE
            • Comparison functions
              • GREATEST
              • INTERVAL
              • ISNULL
              • LEAST
            • Process control functions
              • IF
              • IFNULL
              • NULLIF
              • ORA_DECODE
          • Aggregate functions
            • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
            • AVG
            • BIT_AND
            • BIT_OR
            • BIT_XOR
            • COUNT
            • GROUP_CONCAT
            • GROUPING
            • MAX
            • MIN
            • STD
            • STDDEV
            • STDDEV_POP
            • STDDEV_SAMP
            • SUM
            • VAR_POP
            • VAR_SAMP
            • VARIANCE
          • Analytic functions
            • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
            • AVG
            • COUNT
            • CUME_DIST
            • DENSE_RANK
            • FIRST_VALUE
            • LAG
            • LAST_VALUE
            • LEAD
            • MAX
            • MIN
            • NTH_VALUE
            • NTILE
            • PERCENT_RANK
            • RANK
            • ROW_NUMBER
            • STD
            • STDDEV
            • STDDEV_POP
            • STDDEV_SAMP
            • SUM
            • VAR_POP
            • VAR_SAMP
            • VARIANCE
          • Encryption functions
            • AES_DECRYPT
            • AES_ENCRYPT
            • MD5
          • Information functions
            • BENCHMARK
            • CHARSET
            • COERCIBILITY
            • COLLATION
            • CONNECTION_ID
            • CURRENT_USER
            • DATABASE
            • FOUND_ROWS
            • LAST_INSERT_ID
            • SCHEMA
            • ROW_COUNT
            • SESSION_USER
            • SYSTEM_USER
            • USER
            • VERSION
            • OB_VERSION
          • JSON functions
            • Functions that create JSON values
              • JSON_ARRAY
              • JSON_OBJECT
              • JSON_QUOTE
            • Functions that search JSON values
              • JSON_CONTAINS
              • JSON_CONTAINS_PATH
              • JSON_EXTRACT
              • JSON_KEYS
              • JSON_OVERLAPS
              • JSON_SEARCH
              • JSON_VALUE
              • MEMBER OF
            • Functions that modify JSON values
              • JSON_ARRAY_APPEND
              • JSON_ARRAY_INSERT
              • JSON_INSERT
              • JSON_MERGE
              • JSON_MERGE_PATCH
              • JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE
              • JSON_REMOVE
              • JSON_REPLACE
              • JSON_SET
              • JSON_UNQUOTE
            • Functions that return JSON text attributes
              • JSON_DEPTH
              • JSON_LENGTH
              • JSON_TYPE
              • JSON_VALID
            • JSON utility functions
              • JSON_PRETTY
              • JSON_STORAGE_SIZE
            • JSON aggregate functions
              • JSON_ARRAYAGG
              • JSON_OBJECTAGG
          • Other functions
            • ANY_VALUE
            • COALESCE
            • DEFAULT
            • INET_ATON
            • INET_NTOA
            • INET6_ATON
            • INET6_NTOA
            • IS_IPV4
            • IS_IPV4_COMPAT
            • IS_IPV4_MAPPED
            • IS_IPV6
            • NVL
            • SLEEP
            • UUID
            • UUID_SHORT
            • VALUES
          • Spatial functions
            • Create a geometric function
            • Spatial operation functions
            • Spatial relation functions
            • Geometry property functions
            • Geometric format conversion functions
        • Queries and subqueries
          • Overview
          • Subqueries
          • JOIN
        • SQL statements
          • General syntax
          • CTE
          • ALTER DATABASE
          • ALTER OUTLINE
          • ALTER SEQUENCE
          • ALTER TABLE
          • ALTER TABLEGROUP
          • ALTER USER
          • ALTER VIEW
          • ANALYZE
          • CREATE DATABASE
          • CREATE INDEX
          • CREATE OUTLINE
          • CREATE RESTORE POINT
          • CREATE SEQUENCE
          • CREATE TABLE
          • CREATE TABLEGROUP
          • CREATE USER
          • CREATE VIEW
          • DEALLOCATE PREPARE
          • DELETE
          • DESCRIBE
          • DROP DATABASE
          • DROP INDEX
          • DROP OUTLINE
          • DROP RESTORE POINT
          • DROP TABLE
          • DROP TABLEGROUP
          • DROP SEQUENCE
          • DROP USER
          • DROP VIEW
          • EXECUTE
          • EXPLAIN
          • FLASHBACK
          • GRANT
          • HELP
          • INSERT
          • KILL
          • LOAD DATA
          • OPTIMIZE
          • PREPARE
          • PURGE
          • PURGE RECYCLEBIN
          • RENAME TABLE
          • RENAME USER
          • REPLACE
          • REVOKE
          • SAVEPOINT
          • SCHEMA
          • SELECT
            • SELECT
            • JOIN clause
            • OVER clause
            • UNION clause
          • SELECT INTO
          • SET
          • SET CHARSET
          • SET NAMES
          • SET PASSWORD
          • SET TRANSACTION
          • SHOW
          • TRANSACTION
          • TRUNCATE TABLE
          • UPDATE
          • USE
      • User tenants (Oracles mode)
        • SQL overview
        • Pseudocolumns
          • Overview
          • Hierarchical query pseudocolumns
          • Sequence pseudocolumns
          • ORA_ROWSCN pseudocolumn
          • ROWNUM pseudocolumn
          • ROWID pseudocolumn
        • Elements
          • Built-in data types
            • Overview of built-in data types
            • Character data types
              • Overview of character data types
              • CHAR data type
              • NCHAR data type
              • NVARCHAR2 data type
              • VARCHAR2 data type
              • VARCHAR data type
            • Numeric data types
              • Overview
              • NUMBER data type
              • FLOAT data type
              • Floating-point numbers
              • Precedence of numeric data types
            • Date, time, and interval data types
              • Overview of datetime and interval data types
              • DATE data type
              • TIMESTAMP data type
              • TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE date type
              • TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE data type
              • INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH data type
              • INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND data type
              • Calculation of dates, timestamps, and intervals
            • RAW data type
            • Large object data types
              • Overview
              • BLOB data type
              • CLOB data type
            • Rowid data types
            • User-defined data types
          • Comparison rules of data types
            • Overview
            • Numeric value comparison rules
            • Date value comparison rules
            • Character value comparison rules
            • Data type precedence
            • Data type conversion rules
            • Security considerations for data conversion
          • Literals
            • Overview
            • Text literals
            • Numeric literals
            • Datetime literals
              • Date literals
              • Timestamp literals
            • Interval literals
          • Format models
            • Overview
            • Number format models
            • Datetime format models
            • RR datetime format element
            • String-to-date conversion rules
          • Null values
            • Overview of nulls
            • Nulls in SQL functions
            • Nulls in comparison conditions
            • Nulls in conditional expressions
          • Comments
            • Overview
            • Comments within SQL statements
            • Comments on schema and nonschema objects
            • Hint
              • Overview of hints
              • Lists of hints
                • Hints related to access path
                • Hints related to join orders
                • Hints related to joins
                • Hints related to parallel execution
                • Hints related to query strategy
                • Hints related to query conversion
                • Other hints
          • Database objects
            • Schema objects
            • Non-schema objects
          • Database naming conventions
            • Overview
            • Database object names and qualifiers
            • Suggestions on schema object names
          • Methods of referencing database objects
            • Overview
            • Reference schema objects
            • Reference objects in a remote database
              • Create database links
              • Reference database links
            • Reference partition tables and indexes
            • Reference an attribute or method of an object type
        • Operators
          • Overview of operators
          • Operator precedence
          • Arithmetic operators
          • Concatenation operator
          • Hierarchical query operators
          • Set operators
          • COLLATE operator
        • Functions
          • Function overview
          • Single-row functions
            • Numeric functions
              • ABS
              • ACOS
              • ASIN
              • ATAN
              • ATAN2
              • BITAND
              • CEIL
              • COS
              • COSH
              • EXP
              • FLOOR
              • LN
              • LOG
              • MOD
              • NANVL
              • POWER
              • REMAINDER
              • ROUND
              • SIGN
              • SIN
              • SINH
              • SQRT
              • TAN
              • TANH
              • TRUNC
              • WIDTH_BUCKET
            • String functions that return strings
              • CHR
              • CONCAT
              • INITCAP
              • LOWER
              • LPAD
              • LTRIM
              • NLS_LOWER
              • NLS_UPPER
              • REGEXP_REPLACE
              • REGEXP_SUBSTR
              • REPLACE
              • RPAD
              • RTRIM
              • SUBSTR
              • TRANSLATE
              • TRANSLATE ... USING
              • TRIM
              • UPPER
            • String functions that return numbers
              • ASCII
              • INSTR
              • LENGTH
              • REGEXP_COUNT
              • REGEXP_INSTR
            • Datetime functions
              • ADD_MONTHS
              • CURRENT_DATE
              • CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
              • DBTIMEZONE
              • EXTRACT (datetime)
              • FROM_TZ
              • LAST_DAY
              • LOCALTIMESTAMP
              • MONTHS_BETWEEN
              • NEXT_DAY
              • NUMTODSINTERVAL
              • NUMTOYMINTERVAL
              • ROUND (date)
              • SESSIONTIMEZONE
              • SYS_EXTRACT_UTC
              • SYSDATE
              • SYSTIMESTAMP
              • TO_CHAR (datetime)
              • TO_DSINTERVAL
              • TO_TIMESTAMP
              • TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ
              • TO_YMINTERVAL
              • TRUNC (date)
              • TZ_OFFSET
            • General comparison functions
              • GREATEST
              • LEAST
            • Conversion functions
              • ASCIISTR
              • CAST
              • CHARTOROWID
              • CONVERT
              • HEXTORAW
              • NUMTODSINTERVAL
              • NUMTOYMINTERVAL
              • RAWTOHEX
              • ROWIDTOCHAR
              • ROWIDTONCHAR
              • TO_BINARY_DOUBLE
              • TO_BINARY_FLOAT
              • TO_BLOB
              • TO_CHAR (character)
              • TO_CHAR (datetime)
              • TO_CHAR (number)
              • TO_CLOB
              • TO_DATE
              • TO_DSINTERVAL
              • TO_MULTI_BYTE
              • TO_NUMBER
              • TO_NCHAR (character)
              • TO_NCHAR (datetime)
              • TO_NCHAR (number)
              • TO_SINGLE_BYTE
              • TO_TIMESTAMP
              • TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ
              • TO_YMINTERVAL
              • UNISTR
            • Encoding and decoding functions
              • DECODE
              • DUMP
              • ORA_HASH
              • VSIZE
            • Null value-related functions
              • COALESCE
              • LNNVL
              • NANVL
              • NULLIF
              • NVL
              • NVL2
            • Environment and identifier functions
              • SYS_CONTEXT
              • SYS_GUID
              • UID
              • USER
              • USERENV
              • OB_VERSION
            • Hierarchical functions
              • SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH
            • XML functions
              • XMLAGG
              • XMLATTRIBUTES
              • XMLELEMENT
              • XMLPARSE
          • Aggregate functions
            • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
            • AVG
            • CORR
            • COUNT
            • COVAR_POP
            • COVAR_SAMP
            • CUME_DIST
            • DENSE_RANK
            • GROUPING
            • KEEP
            • LISTAGG
            • MAX
            • MEDIAN
            • MIN
            • PERCENT_RANK
            • PERCENTILE_CONT
            • PERCENTILE_DISC
            • RANK
            • REGR_ (Linear Regression) Functions
            • ROLLUP
            • STDDEV
            • STDDEV_POP
            • STDDEV_SAMP
            • SUM
            • VAR_POP
            • VAR_SAMP
            • VARIANCE
            • WMSYS.WM_CONCAT/WM_CONCAT
          • Analytic functions
            • Analytic functions
            • AVG
            • CORR
            • COUNT
            • COVAR_POP
            • COVAR_SAMP
            • CUME_DIST
            • DENSE_RANK
            • FIRST_VALUE
            • KEEP
            • LAG
            • LAST_VALUE
            • LEAD
            • LISTAGG
            • MAX
            • MEDIAN
            • MIN
            • NTILE
            • NTH_VALUE
            • PERCENT_RANK
            • PERCENTILE_CONT
            • PERCENTILE_DISC
            • RANK
            • RATIO_TO_REPORT
            • REGR_ (Linear Regression) Functions
            • ROW_NUMBER
            • STDDEV
            • STDDEV_POP
            • STDDEV_SAMP
            • SUM
            • VAR_POP
            • VAR_SAMP
            • VARIANCE
            • WMSYS.WM_CONCAT/WM_CONCAT
        • Expressions
          • Overview
          • Simple expressions
          • Compound expressions
          • Case expressions
          • Column expressions
          • CURSOR expressions
          • Datetime expressions
          • Function expressions
          • Interval expressions
          • Scalar subquery expressions
          • Type constructor expressions
          • Expression list
        • Conditions
          • Overview of SQL conditions
          • Condition precedence
          • Comparison conditions
          • Floating-point conditions
          • Logical conditions
          • Pattern-matching conditions
          • Null conditions
          • Compound conditions
          • BETWEEN condition
          • EXISTS condition
          • IN condition
        • Queries and subqueries
          • Overview of queries and subqueries
          • Simple query
          • Hierarchical query
          • Compound queries
          • Join queries
          • Subquery
          • DUAL table query
        • SQL statements
          • DDL
            • ALTER INDEX
            • ALTER KEYSTORE
            • ALTER OUTLINE
            • ALTER PROFILE
            • ALTER ROLE
            • ALTER SEQUENCE
            • ALTER SESSION
            • ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH PLAN CACHE
            • ALTER SYSTEM PARAMETER
            • ALTER TABLE
            • ALTER TABLEGROUP
            • ALTER USER
            • CREATE DIRECTORY
            • CREATE DATABASE LINK
            • CREATE INDEX
            • CREATE KEYSTORE
            • CREATE OUTLINE
            • CREATE PROFILE
            • CREATE RESTORE POINT
            • CREATE ROLE
            • CREATE SEQUENCE
            • CREATE SYNONYM
            • CREATE TABLE
            • CREATE TABLEGROUP
            • CREATE TABLESPACE
            • CREATE USER
            • CREATE VIEW
            • DROP DIRECTORY
            • DROP DATABASE LINK
            • DROP INDEX
            • DROP OUTLINE
            • DROP PROFILE
            • DROP RESTORE POINT
            • DROP ROLE
            • DROP SEQUENCE
            • DROP SYNONYM
            • DROP TABLE
            • DROP TABLEGROUP
            • DROP TABLESPACE
            • DROP USER
            • DROP VIEW
            • RENAME
            • TRUNCATE TABLE
          • DML
            • DELETE
            • INSERT
            • MERGE
            • PURGE
            • SELECT
              • SIMPLE SELECT
              • Set-based SELECT
              • WITH clause
            • UPDATE
          • DCL
            • ANALYZE
            • AUDIT
            • COMMENT
            • COMMIT
            • EXPLAIN
            • FLASHBACK TABLE BEFORE DROP
            • GRANT
            • KILL
            • REVOKE
            • ROLLBACK
            • SAVEPOINT
            • SET NAMES
            • SET PASSWORD
            • SET ROLE
            • SET VARIABLE
            • SHOW
            • SHRINK
            • TRANSACTION
    • PL reference
      • What is PL?
        • Overview
        • Main features of PL
        • PL architecture
      • PL reference (MySQL mode)
        • Syntax of PL stored programs
        • Stored programs
          • Overview
          • Variables in stored programs
          • Stored procedures
          • Stored functions
          • Triggers
          • Access control and account management
          • Limitations on stored programs
        • Cursors
          • Overview
          • Cursor execution process
          • Limitations on server cursors
        • Conditional control statements
          • CASE
          • IF
          • ITERATE
          • LEAVE
          • LOOP
          • REPEAT
          • RETURN
          • WHILE
        • Data manipulation statements
          • CALL
          • DO
        • Data definition statements
          • CREATE FUNCTION
          • CREATE PROCEDURE
          • CREATE TRIGGER
          • DROP FUNCTION
          • DROP PROCEDURE
          • DROP TRIGGER
        • Database management statements
          • SHOW CREATE FUNCTION
          • SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE
          • SHOW CREATE TRIGGER
          • SHOW FUNCTION STATUS
          • SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS
          • SHOW TRIGGERS
        • Dictionary view
          • INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARAMETERS
          • INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES
          • INFORMATION_SCHEMA TRIGGERS
        • Exception handling
          • Overview
          • DECLARE ... CONDITION
          • DECLARE ... HANDLER
          • GET DIAGNOSTICS
          • RESIGNAL
          • SIGNAL
          • Effective scope of an exception handler
          • Diagnostics area
          • Exception handling and OUT/INOUT parameters
          • Limitations on exception handling
        • PL packages
          • DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER
            • Overview
            • CREATE_CONSUMER_GROUP
            • CREATE_PLAN
            • CREATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
            • DELETE_CONSUMER_GROUP
            • DELETE_PLAN
            • DELETE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
            • SET_CONSUMER_GROUP_MAPPING
            • UPDATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
          • DBMS_STATS
            • Overview
            • DELETE_COLUMN_STATS
            • DELETE_TABLE_STATS
            • EXPORT_COLUMN_STATS
            • EXPORT_TABLE_STATS
            • FLUSH_DATABASE_MONITORING_INFO
            • GATHER_TABLE_STATS
            • IMPORT_COLUMN_STATS
            • IMPORT_TABLE_STATS
            • LOCK_PARTITION_STATS
            • LOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
            • LOCK_TABLE_STATS
            • SET_COLUMN_STATS
            • SET_TABLE_STATS
            • UNLOCK_PARTITION_STATS
            • UNLOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
            • UNLOCK_TABLE_STATS
        • Reserved and non-reserved PL keywords
      • PL reference (Oracle mode)
        • Language basics
          • Character sets
          • Lexical units
          • Declaration
          • Reference identifiers
          • Scope and visibility of identifiers
          • Assign values
          • Expressions
          • PL blocks
          • Subprograms
          • Error-reporting functions
        • Data types
          • Overview
          • SQL data types
          • LOB data types
          • BOOLEAN type
          • User-defined subtypes
          • PLS_INTEGER and BINARY_INTEGER
          • Arrays
        • Flow control
          • Overview
          • Conditional control
          • Loop control
          • Sequential control
        • Collections and records
          • Overview
          • Collections
          • Associative arrays
          • Varrays
          • Nested tables
          • Collection constructor function
          • Collection methods
            • Overview of collection methods
            • DELETE method
            • TRIM method
            • EXTEND method
            • EXISTS method
            • FIRST and LAST methods
            • COUNT method
            • LIMIT method
            • PRIOR and NEXT methods
          • Records
          • Insert records into a table and update a table by using records
          • Create and call a subprogram with record type parameters
        • Static SQL
          • Overview
          • Cursors
            • Overview
            • Cursor attributes
            • Implicit cursors
            • Explicit cursors
            • Cursor variables
            • Traverse cursor data by using the FOR loop
            • Modify and drop a cursor
          • Transaction processing and control
          • Autonomous transactions
            • Overview
            • Control autonomous transactions
            • Autonomous triggers
        • Dynamic SQL
          • Overview
          • Execute dynamic SQL statements
          • DBMS_SQL system package
        • Stored procedures and functions
          • Overview
          • Create a stored procedure
          • Create a function
          • Manage stored procedures and functions
          • Privilege control
          • User-defined aggregate functions
            • Overview
            • Interface for user-defined aggregate functions
            • Create user-defined aggregate functions
            • Use user-defined aggregate functions
        • Triggers
          • Overview
          • Create a DML trigger
          • Modify and drop a trigger
          • Disable or enable a trigger
          • Query trigger information
          • INSTEAD OF DML trigger
        • Packages
          • Overview
          • Create a program package
          • Overloaded programs in a package
          • Manage program packages
          • Definition of the PL environment by the STANDARD package
        • Exception handling
          • Overview
          • Compile-Time alerts
          • Exception types
          • Exception handling processes
        • DDL operations on stored PL units
          • Overview
          • ALTER FUNCTION
          • ALTER PACKAGE
          • ALTER PROCEDURE
          • ALTER TRIGGER
          • ALTER TYPE
          • CREATE FUNCTION
          • CREATE PACKAGE
          • CREATE PACKAGE BODY
          • CREATE PROCEDURE
          • CREATE TRIGGER
          • CREATE TYPE
          • CREATE TYPE BODY
          • DROP FUNCTION
          • DROP PACKAGE
          • DROP PROCEDURE
          • DROP TRIGGER
          • DROP TYPE
          • DROP TYPE BODY
        • PL packages
          • Overview
          • DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO
            • Overview
            • READ_CLIENT_INFO
            • READ_MODULE
            • SET_ACTION
            • SET_CLIENT_INFO
            • SET_MODULE
          • DBMS_CRYPTO
            • Overview
            • ENCRYPT
            • DECRYPT
            • HASH
          • DBMS_DEBUG
            • Overview
            • ATTACH_SESSION
            • CONTINUE
            • DEBUG_ON
            • DEBUG_OFF
            • DETACH_SESSION
            • DELETE_BREAKPOINT
            • DISABLE_BREAKPOINT
            • ENABLE_BREAKPOINT
            • GET_VALUE
            • GET_VALUES
            • GET_RUNTIME_INFO
            • GET_TIMEOUT_BEHAVIOUR
            • INITIALIZE
            • PROBE_VERSION
            • PRINT_BACKTRACE
            • SET_TIMEOUT
            • SET_TIMEOUT_BEHAVIOUR
            • SET_BREAKPOINT
            • SHOW_BREAKPOINTS
          • DBMS_DESCRIBE
            • Overview
            • DESCRIBE_PROCEDURE
          • DBMS_JOB
            • Overview
            • BROKEN
            • CHANGE
            • ZONE
            • INTERVAL
            • NEXT_DATE
            • REMOVE
            • RUN
            • SUBMIT
            • USER_EXPORT
            • WHAT
          • DBMS_LOB
            • Overview
            • APPEND
            • CLOSE
            • COMPARE
            • COPY
            • CREATETEMPORARY
            • ERASE
            • FREETEMPORARY
            • GETLENGTH
            • ISOPEN
            • INSTR
            • OPEN
            • READ
            • SUBSTR
            • TRIM
            • WRITE
            • WRITEAPPEND
          • DBMS_LOCK
            • Overview
            • SLEEP
          • DBMS_METADATA
            • Overview
            • GET_DDL
          • DBMS_OUTPUT
            • Overview
            • DISABLE
            • ENABLE
            • GET_LINE
            • GET_LINES
            • NEW_LINE
            • PUT
            • PUT_LINE
          • DBMS_PLAN_CACHE
            • Overview
            • PURGE
          • DBMS_RANDOM
            • Overview
            • INITIALIZE
            • NORMAL
            • RANDOM
            • SEED
            • STRING
            • TERMINATE
            • VALUE
          • DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER
            • Overview
            • CREATE_CONSUMER_GROUP
            • CREATE_PLAN
            • CREATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
            • DELETE_CONSUMER_GROUP
            • DELETE_PLAN
            • DELETE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
            • SET_CONSUMER_GROUP_MAPPING
            • UPDATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
          • DBMS_SCHEDULER
            • Overview
            • CREATE_JOB
            • CREATE_PROGRAM
            • DEFINE_PROGRAM_ARGUMENT
            • DISABLE
            • DROP_JOB
            • DROP_PROGRAM
            • ENABLE
            • GENERATE_JOB_NAME
            • RUN_JOB
            • SET_ATTRIBUTE
            • SET_JOB_ARGUMENT_VALUE
          • DBMS_SESSION
            • Overview
            • CLEAR_ALL_CONTEXT
            • CLEAR_CONTEXT
            • CLEAR_IDENTIFIER
            • SET_CONTEXT
            • SET_IDENTIFIER
          • DBMS_SQL
            • Overview
            • BIND_VARIABLE
            • CLOSE_CURSOR
            • COLUMN_VALUE
            • DEFINE_COLUMN
            • DEFINE_ARRAY
            • DESCRIBE_COLUMNS
            • EXECUTE
            • EXECUTE_AND_FETCH
            • FETCH_ROWS
            • IS_OPEN
            • OPEN_CURSOR
            • PARSE
          • DBMS_STATS
            • Overview
            • DELETE_COLUMN_STATS
            • DELETE_TABLE_STATS
            • EXPORT_COLUMN_STATS
            • EXPORT_TABLE_STATS
            • FLUSH_DATABASE_MONITORING_INFO
            • GATHER_TABLE_STATS
            • IMPORT_COLUMN_STATS
            • IMPORT_TABLE_STATS
            • LOCK_PARTITION_STATS
            • LOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
            • LOCK_TABLE_STATS
            • SET_COLUMN_STATS
            • SET_TABLE_STATS
            • UNLOCK_PARTITION_STATS
            • UNLOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
            • UNLOCK_TABLE_STATS
          • DBMS_UTILITY
            • Overview
            • ACTIVE_INSTANCES
            • COMMA_TO_TABLE
            • CURRENT_INSTANCE
            • DB_VERSION
            • FORMAT_CALL_STACK
            • FORMAT_ERROR_BACKTRACE
            • FORMAT_ERROR_STACK
            • GET_ENDIANNESS
            • GET_HASH_VALUE
            • GET_PARAMETER_VALUE
            • GET_SQL_HASH
            • GET_TIME
            • IS_BIT_SET
            • IS_CLUSTER_DATABASE
            • NAME_RESOLVE
            • NAME_TOKENIZE
            • OLD_CURRENT_SCHEMA
            • OLD_CURRENT_USER
            • PORT_STRING
            • TABLE_TO_COMMA
          • DBMS_XA
            • Overview
            • DBMS_XA constants
            • DBMS_XA_XID object type
            • DIST_TXN_SYNC
            • XA_COMMIT
            • XA_END
            • XA_FORGET
            • XA_GETLASTOER
            • XA_PREPARE
            • XA_RECOVER
            • XA_ROLLBACK
            • XA_SETTIMEOUT
            • XA_START
          • ODCICONST
            • Overview
            • ODCIArgDesc.ArgType
            • ODCIEnv.CallProperty
            • ODCIEnv.Envflags
            • ODCIIndexAlter
            • ODCIIndexAlter parameter alter_option
            • ODCIIndexInfo.IndexInfoFlags
            • ODCIIndexInfo.IndexParaDegree
            • ODCIPredInfo.Flags
            • ODCIQueryInfo.Flags
            • ODCIStatsOptions.Flags
            • ODCIStatsOptions.Options
            • Return Status
            • ScnFlg
          • UTL_FILE
            • Overview
            • FCLOSE
            • FFLUSH
            • FOPEN
            • FGETPOS
            • FREMOVE
            • FRENAME
            • FSEEK
            • NEW_LINE
            • GET_LINE
            • PUT
            • PUT_LINE
          • UTL_ENCODE
            • Overview
            • BASE64_DECODE
            • BASE64_ENCODE
          • UTL_I18N
            • Overview
            • RAW_TO_CHAR
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Case analysis

Last Updated:2023-10-24 09:23:03  Updated
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What is on this page
Background
Symptom
Deploy the environment
ODP
OBServer
Physical server
Troubleshooting
Check the external environment
Allocate and deploy resources
Configure the system
Check the transaction model
Analyze slow SQL queries

folded

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Background

This topic describes typical performance issues that may occur in the stress testing of OceanBase Database and provides corresponding solutions to them. Performance issues vary by the actual testing and production environments. We recommend that you analyze performance issues based on the actual environment by taking various optimization measures after handling the typical issues listed in this topic.

Based on an actual offline BMSQL stress testing environment, this topic describes the performance tuning process step by step based on end-to-end analysis. The process involves the following steps:

  1. Deploy the environment.

  2. Check the external environment, including the network, disks, and NIC soft interrupts.

  3. Allocate and deploy resources.

  4. Configure the system.

  5. Check the transaction model.

  6. Analyze slow SQL queries.

Symptom

--The performance is not as expected from the perspective of the client.

17:18:30,859 [main] INFO   jTPCC : Term-00, resultDirectory=null
17:18:30,859 [main] INFO   jTPCC : Term-00, osCollectorScript=null
17:18:30,859 [main] INFO   jTPCC : Term-00,
17:18:31,125 [main] INFO   jTPCC : Term-00, C value for C_LAST during load: 73
17:18:31,125 [main] INFO   jTPCC : Term-00, C value for C_LAST this run:    138
17:18:31,125 [main] INFO   jTPCC : Term-00,
Term-00, Running Average tpmTOTAL: 138777.38    Current tpmTOTAL: 1522932    Memory Usage: 630MB / 3786MB

--The observer process uses most of the CPU resources.
top - 17:19:08 up 47 days, 17:07,  3 users,  load average: 22.43, 7.27, 3.81
Tasks: 1421 total,   2 running, 1419 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
%Cpu(s): 29.7 us,  6.8 sy,  0.0 ni, 62.3 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  1.1 si,  0.0 st
KiB Mem : 79179116+total, 38146384+free, 28456528+used, 12576206+buff/cache
KiB Swap:        0 total,        0 free,        0 used. 49913868+avail Mem

   PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND
 45497 test  20   0  101.7g  90.8g  68400 S  1329 12.0   2737:33 /home/test/obdocker.z3.obs0/bin/observer
 43217 test   0   94.8g  84.7g  72004 S  1257 11.2   2384:24 /home/test/obdocker.z2.obs0/bin/observer
 40579 test  20   0   91.8g  81.9g  76912 S  1374 10.8   2574:45 /home/test/obdocker.z1.obs0/bin/observer

Deploy the environment

ODP

Deploy a single ODP. The NIC bandwidth is 2000 Mbit/s. The IP address is 100.88.105.196.

OBServer

Evenly distribute three OBServer nodes in three zones, one for each zone. Deploy the leaders across these OBServer nodes. Run three observer processes in a 96c environment, and each process is bound to 16 physical cores to simulate the performance of a small 16-core server. The IP address of the physical server is xx.xx.xx.197.

Physical server

$lscpu
Architecture:          x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):        32-bit, 64-bit
Byte order:            Little Endian
CPU(s):                96
On-line CPU(s) list:   0-95
Thread(s) per core:    2
Core(s) per socket:    24
Socket(s):             2
NUMA node(s):          1
Vendor ID:             GenuineIntel
CPU family:            6
Model:                 85
Model name:            Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum 8163 CPU @ 2.50GHz
Stepping:              4
CPU MHz:               2499.804
CPU max MHz:           3100.0000
CPU min MHz:           1000.0000
BogoMIPS:              4998.90
Virtualization:        VT-x
Hypervisor vendor:     vertical
Virtualization type:   full
L1d cache:             32K
L1i cache:             32K
L2 cache:              1024K
L3 cache:              33792K
NUMA node0 CPU(s):     0-95
Flags:                 fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc aperfmperf eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 ssse3 fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid dca sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch ida arat epb pln pts dtherm tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm cqm mpx avx512f avx512dq rdseed adx smap clflushopt avx512cd avx512bw avx512vl xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves cqm_llc cqm_occup_llc

Troubleshooting

Check the external environment

Network latency between the ODP and the OBServer nodes

$ping xx.xx.xx.196
PING xx.xx.xx.196 (xx.xx.xx.196) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from xx.xx.xx.196: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=1.07 ms
64 bytes from xx.xx.xx.196: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=1.06 ms
64 bytes from xx.xx.xx.196: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=1.06 ms
64 bytes from xx.xx.xx.196: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=1.06 ms
64 bytes from xx.xx.xx.196: icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=1.07 ms
64 bytes from xx.xx.xx.196: icmp_seq=6 ttl=64 time=1.07 ms
64 bytes from xx.xx.xx.196: icmp_seq=7 ttl=64 time=1.07 ms

According to the test results, the network communication delay between the ODP and the OBServer nodes is relatively large. Further analysis on TC-related configurations shows that a network delay of 1 ms is configured on 197, as shown in the following code:

$tc qdisc list
qdisc mq 0: dev eth0 root
qdisc mq 0: dev eth1 root
qdisc netem 8004: dev bond0 root refcnt 17 limit 1000 delay 1.0ms

Note: The stress testing client may be subject to the CPU and network resource limits and become a bottleneck. Therefore, we need to check the environment.

Disk environment check

$ll
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 test users 55 Oct 23 22:31 clog -> /data/0/test/obdocker.z1.obs0.test/store/clog
lrwxrwxrwx 1 test users 55 Oct 23 22:31 ilog -> /data/0/test/obdocker.z1.obs0.test/store/ilog
lrwxrwxrwx 1 test users 55 Oct 23 22:31 slog -> /data/0/test/obdocker.z1.obs0.test/store/slog
lrwxrwxrwx 1 test users 53 Oct 23 22:31 sort_dir -> /data/1/test/obdocker.z1.obs0.test/sort_dir
lrwxrwxrwx 1 test users 52 Oct 23 22:31 sstable -> /data/1/test/obdocker.z1.obs0.test/sstable

[test@i39g15302.eu95sqa /home/test/obdocker.z1.obs0/store]
$df /data/0/test/obdocker.z1.obs0.test/store/clog
Filesystem            1K-blocks      Used  Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg0-data 7497910272 478950752 7018959520   7% /data/0

[test@i39g15302.eu95sqa /home/test/obdocker.z1.obs0/store]
$df /data/1/test/obdocker.z1.obs0.test/sstable
Filesystem            1K-blocks       Used  Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg1-data 7497910272 4947433384 2550476888  66% /data/1

$df
Filesystem            1K-blocks       Used  Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3              51343996   33182756   15523416  69% /
devtmpfs              395884508          0  395884508   0% /dev
tmpfs                 395895592      66592  395829000   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs                 395895592       1724  395893868   1% /run
tmpfs                 395895592          0  395895592   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda2                999320     138896     791612  15% /boot
/dev/sda5             174995444  110602948   55433520  67% /home
/dev/mapper/vg5-data 7497910272  524321076 6973589196   7% /data/5
/dev/mapper/vg2-data 7497910272 1250971888 6246938384  17% /data/2
/dev/mapper/vg4-data 7497910272  118638368 7379271904   2% /data/4
/dev/mapper/vg0-data 7497910272  478950780 7018959492   7% /data/0
/dev/mapper/vg1-data 7497910272 4947433384 2550476888  66% /data/1
/dev/mapper/vg3-data 7497910272  531505784 6966404488   8% /data/3

$ll /dev/mapper/vg0-data
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Sep  8 00:12 /dev/mapper/vg0-data -> ../dm-0

$ll /dev/mapper/vg1-data
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Sep  8 00:12 /dev/mapper/vg1-data -> ../dm-1

The monitoring statistics of dm-0 shows a moderately high await value, which seems normal.

Time           ------------------------------------------------------------------dm-0------------------------------------------------------------------
Time            rrqms   wrqms   %rrqm   %wrqm      rs      ws   rsecs   wsecs  rqsize  rarqsz  warqsz  qusize   await  rawait  wawait   svctm    util
25/10/21-14:29   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    1.97    4.1K   15.73   69.6K    8.57    4.00    8.57    0.00    0.03    0.08    0.03    0.02    8.02
25/10/21-14:30   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    2.00    4.1K   16.00   70.8K    8.55    4.00    8.56    0.00    0.03    0.09    0.03    0.02    7.79
25/10/21-14:31   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    2.00    4.0K   16.00   69.4K    8.66    4.00    8.66    0.00    0.03    0.07    0.03    0.02    8.34
25/10/21-14:32   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    1.97    4.1K   15.73   69.9K    8.57    4.00    8.57    0.00    0.03    0.07    0.03    0.02    9.01
25/10/21-14:33   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    2.00    4.0K   16.00   69.5K    8.63    4.00    8.63    0.00    0.03    0.12    0.03    0.02    9.25
25/10/21-14:34   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    2.00    3.9K   16.00   68.7K    8.69    4.00    8.70    0.00    0.03    0.08    0.03    0.02    9.69
25/10/21-14:35   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    2.00    4.0K   16.00   68.7K    8.68    4.00    8.68    0.00    0.03    0.07    0.03    0.02   10.09
25/10/21-14:36   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    1.97    4.0K   15.73   68.8K    8.63    4.00    8.64    0.00    0.03    0.13    0.03    0.02    9.85
25/10/21-14:37   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    2.00    3.9K   16.00   68.0K    8.67    4.00    8.67    0.00    0.03    0.10    0.03    0.02    9.75
25/10/21-14:38   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    2.00    3.9K   16.00   68.0K    8.73    4.00    8.73    0.00    0.04    0.07    0.04    0.02    9.54
25/10/21-14:39   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    2.00    3.9K   16.00   68.1K    8.73    4.00    8.73    0.00    0.04    0.09    0.04    0.02    9.64
25/10/21-14:40   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    1.97    3.9K   15.73   68.4K    8.68    4.00    8.68    0.00    0.04    0.09    0.04    0.02    9.60
25/10/21-14:41   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    2.00    3.8K   16.00   66.1K    8.61    4.00    8.61    0.00    0.03    0.10    0.03    0.02    9.63
25/10/21-14:42   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    4.28    3.7K  308.27   63.2K    8.55   35.98    8.52    0.00    0.03    0.16    0.03    0.03    9.51
25/10/21-14:43   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    1.97    4.1K   15.73   70.7K    8.69    4.00    8.69    0.00    0.03    0.08    0.03    0.02   10.39
25/10/21-14:44   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    2.00    4.1K   16.00   70.6K    8.71    4.00    8.72    0.00    0.03    0.13    0.03    0.03   10.40
25/10/21-14:45   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    2.00    4.1K   16.00   70.8K    8.70    4.00    8.70    0.00    0.03    0.12    0.03    0.03   10.61
25/10/21-14:46   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    2.00    4.0K   16.00   70.2K    8.67    4.00    8.67    0.00    0.03    0.10    0.03    0.02    9.99
25/10/21-14:47   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    1.97    4.0K   15.73   70.2K    8.68    4.00    8.68    0.00    0.03    0.07    0.03    0.02    9.92

The monitoring statistics of dm-1 shows a moderately high await value, which seems normal.

Time           ------------------------------------------------------------------dm-1------------------------------------------------------------------
Time            rrqms   wrqms   %rrqm   %wrqm      rs      ws   rsecs   wsecs  rqsize  rarqsz  warqsz  qusize   await  rawait  wawait   svctm    util
25/10/21-14:24   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00
25/10/21-14:25   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00  434.95    0.00   16.1K    0.00   18.90   18.90    0.00    0.00    0.16    0.16    0.00    0.09    4.02
25/10/21-14:26   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00  301.33    0.00   11.8K    0.00   19.97   19.97    0.00    0.00    0.17    0.17    0.00    0.11    3.35
25/10/21-14:27   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00  343.47    0.00   12.1K    0.00   17.97   17.97    0.00    0.00    0.13    0.13    0.00    0.11    3.72
25/10/21-14:28   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00  261.23    0.00    9.2K    0.00   17.99   17.99    0.00    0.00    0.13    0.13    0.00    0.10    2.72
25/10/21-14:29   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00  287.60    0.00   10.0K    0.00   17.83   17.83    0.00    0.00    0.13    0.13    0.00    0.11    3.07
25/10/21-14:30   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00  169.75    0.00    6.3K    0.00   19.10   19.10    0.00    0.00    0.15    0.15    0.00    0.11    1.85
25/10/21-14:31   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00  114.92    0.00    4.5K    0.00   19.96   19.96    0.00    0.00    0.16    0.16    0.00    0.11    1.25
25/10/21-14:32   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   83.47    0.00    2.9K    0.00   18.00   18.00    0.00    0.00    0.13    0.13    0.00    0.11    0.95
25/10/21-14:33   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   63.85    0.00    2.1K    0.00   16.91   16.91    0.00    0.00    0.12    0.12    0.00    0.12    0.74
25/10/21-14:34   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   50.60    0.00    1.7K    0.00   16.99   16.99    0.00    0.00    0.11    0.11    0.00    0.11    0.57
25/10/21-14:35   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   43.72    0.00    1.5K    0.00   17.63   17.63    0.00    0.00    0.12    0.12    0.00    0.11    0.49
25/10/21-14:36   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   38.03    0.00    1.3K    0.00   17.04   17.04    0.00    0.00    0.11    0.11    0.00    0.11    0.43
25/10/21-14:37   0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   34.05    0.00    1.2K    0.00   18.76   18.76    0.00    0.00    0.15    0.15    0.00    0.12    0.41

NIC soft interrupts

Run the Top command and then run 1 to view the statistics of each CPU. The si value indicates the percentage of CPU time with NIC soft interrupts. Pay attention to the distribution on both the ODP and the OBServer nodes. The result returned for this environment is as follows:

top - 14:07:35 up 58 days, 13:55,  1 user,  load average: 2.52, 2.84, 2.62
Tasks: 1377 total,   1 running, 1375 sleeping,   0 stopped,   1 zombie
%Cpu0  :  45.6 us,  19.3 sy,  0.0 ni, 4.9 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  30.2 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu1  :  36.6 us,  20.6 sy,  0.0 ni, 17.4 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  25.4 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu2  :  22.1 us,  2.0 sy,  0.0 ni, 75.8 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.1 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu3  :  21.1 us,  3.0 sy,  0.0 ni, 75.9 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu4  :  10.3 us,  4.1 sy,  0.0 ni, 84.3 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.3 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu5  :  12.1 us,  3.6 sy,  0.0 ni, 84.3 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu6  :  10.6 us,  3.6 sy,  0.0 ni, 85.8 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu7  :  12.3 us,  6.1 sy,  0.0 ni, 81.2 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.4 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu8  :  21.2 us,  2.6 sy,  0.0 ni, 76.2 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu9  :  11.1 us,  4.1 sy,  0.0 ni, 84.8 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu10 :  11.0 us,  2.6 sy,  0.0 ni, 86.3 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.1 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu11 :  11.7 us,  3.6 sy,  0.0 ni, 84.7 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu12 :  10.3 us,  2.6 sy,  0.0 ni, 86.8 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.3 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu13 :  10.0 us,  4.6 sy,  0.0 ni, 85.4 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu14 :  13.8 us,  2.0 sy,  0.0 ni, 84.1 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.1 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu15 :  12.2 us,  3.6 sy,  0.0 ni, 84.2 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu16 :  10.0 us,  1.9 sy,  0.0 ni, 88.0 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.1 si,  0.0 st
%Cpu17 :  10.0 us,  3.2 sy,  0.0 ni, 86.8 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st

As shown in the preceding figure, the NIC soft interrupt is bound to the first two physical cores where the process is running. However, for excellent performance, we can reduce the number of distributed cores to enhance CPU affinity, thus improving performance. For example, for a 16c environment, you can bind soft interrupts to four cores.

Allocate and deploy resources

Query tenant resource allocation

MySQL [oceanbase]> select max_cpu, min_cpu, max_memory/1024/1024/1024, min_memory/1024/1024/1024 from gv$unit where tenant_id=1002;
+---------+---------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
| max_cpu | min_cpu | max_memory/1024/1024/1024 | min_memory/1024/1024/1024 |
+---------+---------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
|      11 |      11 |           75.068677425384 |           75.068677425384 |
|      11 |      11 |           75.068677425384 |           75.068677425384 |
|      11 |      11 |           75.068677425384 |           75.068677425384 |
+---------+---------+---------------------------+---------------------------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

In a 16-core environment, considering the CPUs allocated to the ODP and sys tenant, it is reasonable to allocate 11 CPUs to these tenants. The overall memory size of the tenants is 75 GB, which is also acceptable for small ones.

Check partition distribution

--Check the partition allocation of tenant 1002.
MySQL [oceanbase]> select svr_ip, svr_port, count(1) from __all_virtual_meta_table where tenant_id=1002 group by svr_port;
+----------------+----------+----------+
| svr_ip         | svr_port | count(1) |
+----------------+----------+----------+
| xx.xx.xx.197   |    40000 |      130 |
| xx.xx.xx.197   |    40001 |      130 |
| xx.xx.xx.197   |    40002 |      130 |
+----------------+----------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

--Check the partition allocation for all tenants.
MySQL [oceanbase]> select svr_ip, svr_port, count(1) from __all_virtual_meta_table group by svr_port;
+----------------+----------+----------+
| svr_ip         | svr_port | count(1) |
+----------------+----------+----------+
| xx.xx.xx.197   |    40000 |      135 |
| xx.xx.xx.197   |    40001 |      135 |
| xx.xx.xx.197   |    40002 |      135 |
+----------------+----------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

The allocation of the 1002 tenants is balanced, which is about 130 tenants on each server. In an initial view, the overall partition distribution of the three servers in the cluster are balanced.

Check leader distribution

MySQL [oceanbase]> select svr_ip, svr_port, count(1) from __all_virtual_meta_table where role=1 and tenant_id=1002 group by svr_port;
+----------------+----------+----------+
| svr_ip         | svr_port | count(1) |
+----------------+----------+----------+
| xx.xx.xx.197 |    40000 |       43 |
| xx.xx.xx.197 |    40001 |       44 |
| xx.xx.xx.197 |    40002 |       43 |
+----------------+----------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

The leader distribution is largely balanced and is in line with the expectation.

Configure the system

During the stress testing, rpc_io of a single process and TNT_1002 occupy a large number of threads. The overhead of CPU context switching in this case should not be underestimated.

PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S %CPU %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND
41757 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  24.3 10.3  65:39.77 TNT_L0_1002
41766 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  24.3 10.3  61:49.21 TNT_L0_1002
41821 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  24.3 10.3  60:28.70 TNT_L0_1002
41839 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  24.3 10.3  56:18.97 TNT_L0_1002
44240 hudson  20   0   86.2g  75.3g  73056 S  24.3 10.0  62:22.23 TNT_L0_1002
46493 hudson  20   0   85.2g  74.8g  69380 S  24.3  9.9  82:10.87 TNT_L0_1002
46541 hudson  20   0   85.2g  74.8g  69380 S  24.3  9.9  76:30.68 TNT_L0_1002
46553 hudson  20   0   85.2g  74.8g  69380 S  24.3  9.9  73:08.60 TNT_L0_1002
46569 hudson  20   0   85.2g  74.8g  69380 S  24.3  9.9  78:12.30 TNT_L0_1002
41730 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  24.1 10.3  30:52.16 TNT_L0_1002
41731 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  24.1 10.3  10:42.78 TNT_L0_1002
41732 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  24.1 10.3  45:38.79 TNT_L0_1002
41751 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  24.1 10.3  66:11.92 TNT_L0_1002
41752 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  24.1 10.3  65:01.33 TNT_L0_1002
41759 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  24.1 10.3  63:45.76 TNT_L0_1002
41761 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  24.1 10.3  63:22.69 TNT_L0_1002
41764 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  24.1 10.3  62:29.47 TNT_L0_1002
41767 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  24.1 10.3  61:19.79 TNT_L0_1002
41769 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  24.0 10.3  56:32.64 TNT_L0_1002
41773 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  23.6 10.3  63:28.14 TNT_L0_1002
41780 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  23.6 10.3  54:43.27 TNT_L0_1002
41782 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  23.6 10.3  50:04.99 TNT_L0_1002
41792 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  23.6 10.3  44:38.08 TNT_L0_1002
41801 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  23.6 10.3  34:51.42 TNT_L0_1002
41824 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  23.3 10.3  57:56.85 TNT_L0_1002
41827 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  23.3 10.3  56:15.64 TNT_L0_1002
41833 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  23.3 10.3  51:29.73 TNT_L0_1002
44205 hudson  20   0   86.2g  75.3g  73056 S  2373 10.0  88:37.18 TNT_L0_1002
43758 hudson  20   0   86.2g  75.3g  73056 S  14.2 10.0   2549:35 ILOGFlush
40683 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  10.2 10.3   3279:22 KVCacheWash
42811 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.7 10.3   9:31.68 RpcIO
42797 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.7 10.3   9:30.90 RpcIO
42809 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.7 10.3   9:28.93 RpcIO
45254 hudson  20   0   86.2g  75.3g  73056 S  8.7 10.0   8:10.28 RpcIO
45256 hudson  20   0   86.2g  75.3g  73056 S  8.7 10.0   8:10.00 RpcIO
45266 hudson  20   0   86.2g  75.3g  73056 S  8.7 10.0   8:08.52 RpcIO
45273 hudson  20   0   86.2g  75.3g  73056 S  8.7 10.0   8:06.83 RpcIO
42783 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.7 10.3   9:36.50 RpcIO
42784 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.7 10.3   9:36.38 RpcIO
42785 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.7 10.3   9:38.99 RpcIO
42786 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.7 10.3   9:37.14 RpcIO
42787 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.7 10.3   9:33.81 RpcIO
42788 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.7 10.3   9:34.72 RpcIO
42789 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.3 10.3   9:40.88 RpcIO
42790 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.3 10.3   9:33.97 RpcIO
42791 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.3 10.3   9:36.76 RpcIO
42792 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.3 10.3   9:36.84 RpcIO
42793 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.3 10.3   9:37.62 RpcIO
42794 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.3 10.3   9:36.26 RpcIO
42795 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.3 10.3   9:32.23 RpcIO
42796 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.2 10.3   9:27.86 RpcIO
42798 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.2 10.3   9:26.15 RpcIO
42799 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.2 10.3   9:32.53 RpcIO
42800 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.2 10.3   9:29.42 RpcIO
42801 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.2 10.3   9:32.58 RpcIO
42802 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.2 10.3   9:37.14 RpcIO
42803 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.2 10.3   9:30.59 RpcIO
42804 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.2 10.3   9:26.93 RpcIO
42805 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.1 10.3   9:32.03 RpcIO
42806 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.0 10.3   9:29.10 RpcIO
42807 hudson  20   0   87.0g  77.4g  77552 S  8.0 10.3   9:27.79 RpcIO

The issue is mainly caused by the configuration of the following parameters: cpu_quota_concurrency = 4 and net_thread_count = 32. The former specifies the concurrent worker threads for tenants, while the latter specifies the number of OBServer network thread. For 16c processes, do not set the values too large. You can run the following statements to modify the values:

alter system set cpu_quota_concurrency = 2;
alter system set net_thread_count = 6;

Note: You can adjust the value of cpu_quota_concurrency when the business concurrency and the time consumption for a single request change. We recommend that you set it to a value that ranges from 2 to 4. The net_thread_count parameter is adaptive. You can also adjust the value to achieve ultimate performance.

Check the transaction model

Enable the enable_perf_event and enable_sql_audit parameters to collect plan_type statistics of transactions during a stress test:

MySQL [oceanbase]> select plan_type, count(1) from gv$sql_audit where tenant_id=1002 group by plan_type;
+-----------+----------+
| plan_type | count(1) |
+-----------+----------+
|         0 |   115557 |
|         1 |  1463222 |
|         2 |  1286613 |
|         3 |     8647 |
+-----------+----------+
4 rows in set (0.93 sec)

In the preceding result, plan_type = 0 is usually a transaction commit/rollback statement; plan_type = 1 indicates a local plan; plan_type = 2 indicates a remote plan. However, if the ODP route is correct, remote plans occur at a relatively low probability. Therefore, we must analyze for the reason for the large number of remote plans in the current environment.

Upon troubleshooting, we find that the routing rule of the ODP was mistakenly changed to Random. In this case, each request was routed to a svr_ip different from that of the previous one, resulting in a large number of remote plans and distributed transactions.

MySQL [oceanbase]> show proxyconfig like '%server_routing_mode%';
+---------------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------+
| name                | value  | info                                                                      | need_reboot | visible_level |
+---------------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------+
| server_routing_mode | random | server routing mode: 1.oceanbase(default mode); 2.random; 3.mock; 4.mysql | false       | SYS           |
+---------------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

The preceding analysis and configuration is an example. In an actual production environment, use the Oceanbase routing rule, that is routing requests to the location of the partition leader by default.

Analyze slow SQL queries

Use tools such as OCP to view the information about slow SQL queries in the stress testing period. Then, you can troubleshoot each slow SQL query separately. Since OCP is not deployed in this stress testing environment, in this example, we check the internal tables to identify slow SQL queries:

MySQL [oceanbase]> select plan_id, avg_exe_usec,hit_count,substr(query_sql,1,100) from gv$plan_cache_plan_stat where tenant_id=1002 order by hit_count desc, avg_exe_usec desc limit 30;
+---------+--------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| plan_id | avg_exe_usec | hit_count | substr(query_sql,1,100)                                                                              |
+---------+--------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|   10171 |          135 |  27526934 | SELECT i_price, i_name, i_data     FROM bmsql_item     WHERE i_id = ?                                |
|   11699 |          345 |  25744804 | SELECT s_quantity, s_data,        s_dist_01, s_dist_02, s_dist_03, s_dist_04,        s_dist_05, s_di |
|   15675 |          450 |  18047508 | SELECT i_price, i_name, i_data     FROM bmsql_item     WHERE i_id = 2118                             |
|   15710 |          719 |  17907478 | SELECT s_quantity, s_data,        s_dist_01, s_dist_02, s_dist_03, s_dist_04,        s_dist_05, s_di |
|   10196 |         7853 |  17408860 | SELECT i_price, i_name, i_data     FROM bmsql_item     WHERE i_id = 4192                             |
|   10259 |         9069 |  17269469 | SELECT s_quantity, s_data,        s_dist_01, s_dist_02, s_dist_03, s_dist_04,        s_dist_05, s_di |
|   10246 |          265 |  10097426 | SELECT s_quantity, s_data,        s_dist_01, s_dist_02, s_dist_03, s_dist_04,        s_dist_05, s_di |
|   11620 |        26004 |   9479423 | SELECT i_price, i_name, i_data     FROM bmsql_item     WHERE i_id = 12112                            |
|   11685 |        26288 |   9404024 | SELECT s_quantity, s_data,        s_dist_01, s_dist_02, s_dist_03, s_dist_04,        s_dist_05, s_di |
|   15732 |          243 |   8829277 | SELECT s_quantity, s_data,        s_dist_01, s_dist_02, s_dist_03, s_dist_04,        s_dist_05, s_di |
|   11524 |          337 |   3613895 | SELECT d_tax, d_next_o_id     FROM bmsql_district     WHERE d_w_id = ? AND d_id = ?     FOR UPDATE   |
|   11521 |          385 |   2986335 | UPDATE bmsql_district     SET d_ytd = d_ytd + ?     WHERE d_w_id = ? AND d_id = ?                    |
|   11597 |          337 |   2793965 | DELETE FROM bmsql_new_order     WHERE no_w_id = ? AND no_d_id = ? AND no_o_id = ?                    |
|   11578 |          363 |   2772915 | UPDATE bmsql_warehouse     SET w_ytd = w_ytd + ?     WHERE w_id = ?                                  |
|   11575 |          426 |   2598535 | SELECT c_discount, c_last, c_credit, w_tax     FROM bmsql_customer     JOIN bmsql_warehouse ON (w_id |
|   11638 |          315 |   2598521 | UPDATE bmsql_district     SET d_next_o_id = d_next_o_id + ?     WHERE d_w_id = ? AND d_id = ?        |
|   11665 |          355 |   2598507 | INSERT INTO bmsql_oorder (    o_id, o_d_id, o_w_id, o_c_id, o_entry_d,     o_ol_cnt, o_all_local) VA |
|   11676 |          291 |   2598498 | INSERT INTO bmsql_new_order (    no_o_id, no_d_id, no_w_id) VALUES (?, ?, ?)                         |
|   11555 |          259 |   2487017 | SELECT d_name, d_street_1, d_street_2, d_city,        d_state, d_zip     FROM bmsql_district     WHE |
|   11596 |          252 |   2486968 | SELECT w_name, w_street_1, w_street_2, w_city,        w_state, w_zip     FROM bmsql_warehouse     WH |
|   11694 |          313 |   2486932 | INSERT INTO bmsql_history (    h_c_id, h_c_d_id, h_c_w_id, h_d_id, h_w_id,     h_date, h_amount, h_d |
|   11556 |         2100 |   2366600 | SELECT no_o_id     FROM bmsql_new_order     WHERE no_w_id = ? AND no_d_id = ?     ORDER BY no_o_id A |
|   11728 |          979 |   2334138 | UPDATE bmsql_stock     SET s_quantity = 79, s_ytd = s_ytd + 10,         s_order_cnt = s_order_cnt +  |
|   11644 |          487 |   2321619 | UPDATE bmsql_oorder     SET o_carrier_id = ?     WHERE o_w_id = ? AND o_d_id = ? AND o_id = ?        |
|   11668 |          250 |   2321608 | SELECT o_c_id     FROM bmsql_oorder     WHERE o_w_id = ? AND o_d_id = ? AND o_id = ?                 |
|   11689 |          833 |   2321601 | UPDATE bmsql_order_line     SET ol_delivery_d = ?     WHERE ol_w_id = ? AND ol_d_id = ? AND ol_o_id  |
|   11709 |          390 |   2321589 | SELECT sum(ol_amount) AS sum_ol_amount     FROM bmsql_order_line     WHERE ol_w_id = ? AND ol_d_id = |
|   11621 |          350 |   2173603 | SELECT c_first, c_middle, c_last, c_street_1, c_street_2,        c_city, c_state, c_zip, c_phone, c_ |
|   11716 |          396 |   2087872 | UPDATE bmsql_customer     SET c_balance = c_balance + ?,         c_delivery_cnt = c_delivery_cnt + ? |
|   15557 |          791 |   1805761 | SELECT c_discount, c_last, c_credit, w_tax     FROM bmsql_customer     JOIN bmsql_warehouse ON (w_id |
+---------+--------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
30 rows in set (0.01 sec)

Analyze the preceding statistics on slow SQL queries one by one:

MySQL [oceanbase]> select * from gv$plan_cache_plan_explain where plan_id=15732 and ip='xx.xx.xx.197' and port=40000 and tenant_id=1002\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
   TENANT_ID: 1002
          IP: xx.xx.xx.197
        PORT: 40000
     PLAN_ID: 15732
  PLAN_DEPTH: 0
PLAN_LINE_ID: 0
    OPERATOR: PHY_TABLE_SCAN
        NAME: bmsql_stock
        ROWS: 1
        COST: 45
    PROPERTY: table_rows:100000, physical_range_rows:1, logical_range_rows:1, index_back_rows:0, output_rows:1, est_method:local_storage, avaiable_index_name[bmsql_stock]
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Note: To query the preceding virtual table, you must provide the parameters tenant_id, IP, Port, and Plan_id.

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