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Start on Cloud

A unified distributed database ready for your transactional, analytical, and AI workloads.

DEPLOY YOUR WAY

OceanBase Cloud

The best way to deploy and scale OceanBase

OceanBase Enterprise

Run and manage OceanBase on your infra

TRY OPEN SOURCE

OceanBase Community Edition

The free, open-source distributed database

OceanBase seekdb

Open source AI native search database

Customer Stories

Real-world success stories from enterprises across diverse industries.

View All
BY USE CASES

Mission-Critical Transactions

Global & Multicloud Application

Elastic Scaling for Peak Traffic

Real-time Analytics

Active Geo-redundancy

Database Consolidation

Comprehensive knowledge hub for OceanBase.

Blog

Live Demos

Training & Certification

Documentation

Official technical guides, tutorials, API references, and manuals for all OceanBase products.

View All
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QUICK START
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OceanBase Database

SQL - V3.2.4Enterprise Edition

  • Documentation Revision History
  • Document Overview
  • Get Started
    • What is OceanBase Database
      • Overview
      • Concepts
      • Compatibility with Oracle
        • Overview
        • SQL data types
        • Built-in functions
        • System views
      • Compatibility with MySQL
      • Management tools
      • Version rules
      • Limitations
    • Deploy OceanBase Database
      • Deployment introduction
      • Deployment process
      • Preparations
        • Prepare servers
        • Server configurations
        • Prepare installation packages
      • HA solution for OceanBase clusters
      • Deploy through the GUI
        • Configure the deployment environment
          • Deploy OAT
          • Verify deployment
          • Configure the clock source
          • Upload installation packages
          • Add a server
          • Initialize a server
        • Deploy OCP
          • Overview
          • Add an OCP configuration file
          • Deploy OCP
          • Verify deployment
        • Deploy the OceanBase cluster
          • (Optional) Configure DNS
          • Add an OBServer to the OCP resource pool
          • Create an OceanBase cluster
        • Deploy ODP
          • Overview
          • Deploy ODP
        • Create an OceanBase tenant
          • View resources available for a business tenant
          • Create a tenant
          • Verify deployment
        • Deploy OMS
          • Overview
          • Add an OMS configuration file
          • Deploy OMS
          • Verify deployment
        • Deploy ODC
          • Overview
          • Add an ODC configuration file
          • Deploy ODC
          • Verify deployment
      • Deploy through the CLI
        • Configure the deployment environment
          • Install oat-cli
          • Use oat-cli to configure the deployment environment
          • Configure the clock source
          • Upload installation packages
          • Configure host information
          • Check the environment before deployment
        • Deploy OCP
          • Overview
          • Generate a configuration file
          • Start deployment
          • Verify deployment
        • Deploy the OceanBase cluster
          • Deploy a single-replica OceanBase cluster
          • Deploy a three-replica OceanBase cluster
        • Deploy ODP
          • Deploy ODP by using the CLI
        • Create an OceanBase tenant
          • View resources available for a business tenant
          • Create a tenant
          • Verify deployment
        • Deploy OMS
          • Overview
          • Modify the configuration file
          • Start deployment
          • Verify deployment
        • Deploy ODC
          • Overview
          • Modify the configuration file
          • Start deployment
          • Verify deployment
    • Data migration
      • Overview
      • Migrate data by using OMS
        • Migrate data by using OMS
        • Migrate data from a MySQL database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database to a MySQL database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from an Oracle database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from an Oracle database to an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database to an Oracle database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from a DB2 LUW database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from a DB2 LUW database to an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database to a DB2 LUW database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database to a DB2 LUW database by using OMS
        • Migrate data from a TiDB database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database by using OMS
        • Migrate data between MySQL tenants of OceanBase Database by using OMS
        • Use OMS to migrate data between Oracle tenants of OceanBase Database
      • Migrate data by using OBLOADER & OBDUMPER
        • Import data by using OBLOADER
        • Export data by using OBDUMPER
      • Migrate data by using SQL scripts
      • Migrate data by using mysqldump
      • Migrate data by using DataX
      • Migrate data by using the OUTFILE statement
    • Database connections and routing
      • Overview
      • Manage ODP
        • ODP management overview
        • Manage ODP clusters
          • Create an ODP cluster
          • Manage ODP cluster parameters
          • Delete an ODP cluster
          • Upgrade all ODPs in an ODP cluster
          • Restart all ODPs in an ODP cluster
          • Manage OceanBase clusters connected to an ODP cluster
          • Monitor ODP cluster performance
        • Manage ODP
          • Add an ODP
          • Start an ODP
          • Refresh ODP configurations
          • Stop an ODP
          • Restart an ODP
          • Delete an ODP
          • Upgrade an ODP
        • ODP startup parameters
      • Database connections
        • Connect to OceanBase Database from OBClient
        • Connect to OceanBase Database from a MySQL client
        • Connect to OceanBase Database through ODC
      • Physical connections
      • Logical connections
        • Query all sessions
        • Query the details of a session
        • Query the metrics of a session
        • Query session variables
        • Terminate a session
      • Driver management
        • Overview
        • OB-ODBC
        • OBCI
        • OceanBase Connector/C
        • OceanBase Connector/J
      • Routing management
        • Table-based routing of ODP
        • SQL parser
        • LDC-based routing
        • ODP routing strategies
          • Read/Write splitting
          • Follower-first read
          • Blocklist mechanism
    • Cluster and multi-tenant management
      • Manage clusters
        • Create a cluster
        • Manage clusters
        • Manage cluster parameters
          • Overview
          • Query cluster-level parameters
          • Modify cluster-level parameters
        • Manage zones in a cluster
          • Overview of zone management
          • Add or delete a zone
          • Add or delete an encrypted zone
          • Start or stop a zone
          • Modify the configurations of a zone
          • Restart a zone
          • Isolate a failed zone
        • Manage OBServer nodes
          • Add an OBServer node
          • View OBServer node status
          • Stop or start an OBServer node
          • Restart an OBServer node
          • Isolate a failed OBServer node
          • Delete an OBServer node
          • Replace an OBServer node
        • View cluster information
        • Overview of cluster tenant management
        • Monitor cluster performance
        • Cluster performance report
        • View resource information of a cluster
      • Configuration management
        • Overview of configuration management
        • Set parameters
        • Set variables
        • Configure general parameters
        • Examples of parameter configuration in a production environment
        • Recommended minimum resource configuration
      • Resource management
        • Overview
        • Create a resource unit
        • Manage resource units
          • View configurations of a resource unit
          • Modify configurations of a resource unit
          • Drop a resource unit
        • Create a resource pool
        • Manage resource pools
          • Allocate a resource pool to a tenant
          • Modify a resource pool
          • Merge resource pools
          • Split a resource pool
          • Remove a resource pool from a tenant
          • Delete a resource pool
        • Query resource allocation
      • Tenant management
        • Overview of tenant management
        • Create a tenant
        • Copy a tenant
        • Manage tenants
          • Query tenant information
          • Modify a tenant
          • Rename a tenant
          • Drop a tenant
        • Manage users and privileges
          • Users and privileges
            • Overview
            • sys tenant
            • Oracle tenants
            • MySQL tenants
          • Oracle mode
            • Create a user
            • Set password complexity
            • Logon failure handling policies
            • View user privileges
            • Modify user privileges
            • Change the password of a user
            • Lock or unlock a user
            • Drop a user
            • Manage roles
              • Overview
              • Create a role
              • Assign a role to another role
              • Assign a role to a user
              • Specify valid or invalid roles for a user
              • View roles
              • Modify a role
              • Revoke a role
              • Drop a role
          • MySQL mode
            • Create a user
            • Set password complexity
            • Handle logon failures
            • View user privileges
            • Modify user privileges
            • Change the password of a user
            • Lock and unlock a user
            • Drop a user
        • Set and view the tenant allowlist
        • View the topology of a tenant
        • View the resource configurations of a tenant
        • Modify the resource configurations of a tenant
        • View the performance metrics of a tenant
        • View tenant sessions
        • Terminate a tenant session
        • Manage tenant parameters
          • Overview
          • Query tenant-level parameters
          • Modify tenant-level parameters
        • Manage tenant variables
      • Manage data storage
        • Minor compaction management
          • Overview
          • Automatically trigger a minor compaction
          • Manually initiate a minor compaction
          • View minor compaction information
          • Modify minor compaction settings
        • Major compaction management
          • Overview
          • Automatically trigger a major compaction
          • Configure scheduled major compactions
          • Manually initiate a major compaction
          • Manually control a major compaction
          • View major compaction information
            • View the major compaction process
            • View disk usage during a major compaction
          • Major compaction timeouts and errors
          • Modify major compaction settings
        • Data compression
          • Overview
          • Data encoding and compression
      • Manage memory
        • Overview
        • Memory structure
        • Set the maximum memory for an OceanBase database
        • Manage internal system memory
        • Manage internal tenant memory
        • Manage the memory of the plan cache
        • Query memory usage information
        • FAQ
      • Manage processes
        • Overview
        • Multi-tenant threads of OceanBase Database
        • FAQ about multi-tenant threads
        • Background threads of OceanBase Database
      • Manage logs
        • Log overview
        • Log generation levels
          • Log generation levels
          • Set a log generation level
        • Log file size and quantity management
          • Use the log file splitting feature
          • Control the number of log files
        • Query logs
          • Query the log of an SQL request
          • Query the log of a previous SQL request by using the SQL Trace feature
    • Database object management
      • Oracle mode
        • Manage tables
          • Overview
          • Create a table
          • Define column constraints
          • Query table definition
          • Modify a table
          • Empty a table
          • Drop a table
        • Manage table groups
          • Overview
          • Statements for table group management
        • Manage indexes
          • Overview
          • Create indexes
          • Query indexes
          • Drop an index
        • Manage views
        • Manage sequences
        • Manage synonyms
        • Manage triggers
          • Overview
          • Create a DML trigger
          • Create an INSTEAD OF trigger
          • Modify and drop a trigger
          • Disable or enable a trigger
          • Query trigger information
        • Manage directory objects
        • Manage DBLinks
      • MySQL mode
        • Manage databases
          • Create a database
          • View databases
          • Modify a database
          • Drop a database
        • Manage tables
          • Overview
          • Create a table
          • Define an auto-increment column
          • Define column constraints
          • Query table definition
          • Modify a table
          • Empty a table
          • Drop a table
        • Manage table groups
          • Overview
          • Statements for table group management
        • Manage indexes
          • Overview
          • Create indexes
          • Query indexes
          • Drop an index
        • Manage views
        • Manage sequences
        • Manage triggers
          • Overview
          • Create a DML trigger
          • Query trigger information
          • Drop a trigger
    • Distributed storage management
      • Overview of data distribution
      • Manage partitions
        • Oracle mode
          • Overview of partitions
          • Create a partitioned table
          • Manage a partitioned table
          • Create a subpartitioned table
          • Manage a subpartitioned table
          • Partition pruning
          • Query data in specified partitions
          • Create an index for a partitioned table
            • Overview of indexes
            • Local indexes
            • Global indexes
          • Create a partitioned table group
          • Add a partitioned table to a table group
          • Manage a partitioned table group
          • Create a subpartitioned table group
          • Add a subpartitioned table to a table group
          • Manage a subpartitioned table group
        • MySQL mode
          • Overview of partitions
          • Create a partitioned table
          • Manage a partitioned table
          • Create a subpartitioned table
          • Manage a subpartitioned table
          • Partition pruning
          • Query data in specified partitions
          • Create an index for a partitioned table
            • Overview of indexes
            • Local indexes
            • Global indexes
          • Create a partitioned table group
          • Add a partitioned table to a table group
          • Manage a partitioned table group
          • Create a subpartitioned table group
          • Add a subpartitioned table to a table group
          • Manage a subpartitioned table group
      • Manage replicas
        • Overview
        • Create a replica
        • Edit a tenant replica in a zone
        • Delete a tenant replica from a zone
      • Manage locality
        • Overview
        • Modify table locality
        • Modify tenant locality
      • Load balancing
        • Overview of load balancing
        • Manage automatic load balancing
        • Manually manage load balancing
          • Manually migrate and switch partition replicas
          • Set load balancing by using table groups
          • Set load balancing by primary zone
    • Performance tuning
      • Overview
      • Performance tools
        • System tools
          • General tool Top
          • CPU tools
          • Memory tools
          • Disk I/O tools
          • Network tools
        • Internal tables
          • gv$sysstat
          • gv$sql_audit
          • __all_virtual_trans_stat
        • Logs
          • slow trans
          • tenant dump
          • Slow queries
        • OCP
          • Monitoring and alerts
          • SQL diagnostics
          • Performance report
          • ASH report
          • Transaction diagnostics
          • Deadlock detection
      • System tuning
        • OS parameter tuning
        • Database parameter tuning
          • CPU parameters
          • I/O parameters
          • Memory-related parameters
          • Network transmission parameters
        • ODP parameter tuning
          • CPU parameters
          • Network transmission parameters
          • Route parameters on nodes
      • Business model tuning
        • Load balancing
        • SQL diagnostics
        • Distributed transactions
      • SQL tuning guide
        • Execution process of SQL queries
        • SQL execution plan
          • Introduction to SQL execution plans
          • Execution plan operators
            • TABLE SCAN
            • TABLE LOOKUP
            • JOIN
            • COUNT
            • GROUP BY
            • WINDOW FUNCTION
            • SUBPLAN FILTER
            • DISTINCT
            • SEQUENCE
            • MATERIAL
            • SORT
            • LIMIT
            • FOR UPDATE
            • SELECT INTO
            • SUBPLAN SCAN
            • UNION
            • INTERSECT
            • EXCEPT/MINUS
            • INSERT
            • DELETE
            • UPDATE
            • MERGE
            • EXCHANGE
            • GI
          • Plan cache
          • Fast parameterization
          • Real-time execution plan display
        • Distributed execution plan
          • Perform distributed execution and parallel queries
          • Generate a distributed plan
          • Schedule distributed execution plans
          • Manage distributed execution plans
          • Execute parallel queries
          • Perform parameter tuning for a parallel query
          • Parallel DML
        • SQL tuning
          • Overview
          • General procedure of SQL tuning
          • Monitor the SQL execution performance
            • gv$sql_audit
            • SQL Trace
            • Plan cache views
            • Examples of SQL performance analysis
              • Use SQL Audit to analyze wait events in a query
              • Analyze SQL queries that cause an abrupt RT jitter
              • View and analyze the shape of an execution plan
              • Analyze slow SQL queries
              • Query SQL traffic distribution and QPS
              • Check whether SQL queries are balanced across servers in a cluster
              • Find the TOP N SQL queries
              • Analyze whether an unusually large number of remote execution requests exist in the system or the execution of an SQL statement
              • Find full table scan SQL statements in a tenant
              • Find the TOP N queries with the longest execution time within a specified period
              • Analyze queries related to distributed plans
              • Check whether the RPC execution count of a distributed subplan is balanced across servers in a cluster
          • Optimizer statistics
            • Overview of statistics
            • Statistics collection methods
              • Overview
              • Histograms
              • Manual statistics collection
              • Automatic statistics collection
            • Statistics management
              • Overview
              • Deletion
              • Setting
              • Import and export
              • Locking and unlocking
              • History management
              • Statistics preference management
            • Examples
          • Query rewrite
            • Overview
            • Rule-based query rewrite
            • Cost-based query rewrite
          • Query optimization
            • Access path
              • Overview
              • Rule-based path selection
              • Cost-based path selection
            • Join algorithms
              • Overview
              • Join algorithms
              • Join order
          • Manage execution plans
            • Optimizer hints
            • Plan binding
            • SQL plan management
        • Glossary
        • General issues in SQL tuning
      • Performance diagnostics
        • Monitor and diagnose the cluster performance
        • Tenant performance diagnostics
        • Monitor ODP performance
        • Monitor host performance
      • Case analysis
      • Performance test (MySQL mode)
        • Sysbench OLTP
        • BenchMarkSQL
        • TPC-H
      • Performance test (Oracle mode)
        • BenchMarkSQL
        • TPC-H
    • Data high availability
      • Flashback
        • Objects supported by the recycle bin
        • Recycle bin for databases, tables, and indexes
        • Recycle bin for tenants
        • Flash back objects from the recycle bin
        • Restore point
        • Use a flashback query to query data of multiple versions
      • Manage physical backup and restore
        • Introduction to physical backup and restore
        • Deploy NFS
        • Data backup for a cluster
          • Perform a backup by using commands
            • Preparations for backup
            • Initiate a log backup
            • Initiate a data backup
          • Perform a backup for a cluster in OCP
          • Backup of a specified path for a tenant
          • Enable backup for clusters based on log splitting
          • Check the backup progress
          • Stop a backup
          • Automatically clear backup data for clusters
          • Manually clear backup data for clusters
          • Stop backup data clearing for clusters
        • Back up data backups
          • Overview
          • Perform a secondary backup for a cluster by using commands
            • Preparations for secondary backup
            • Initiate a secondary log backup
            • Initiate a secondary data backup
          • Perform a secondary backup for clusters in OCP
          • Perform a secondary backup for tenants
          • View the progress of secondary data backup tasks
          • Stop a secondary backup
          • Automatically clear secondary backup data for clusters
          • Manually clear secondary backup data
          • Stop clearing secondary backup data
        • Update access_id and access_key for OSS in the backup destination during backup
        • Verify data
          • Overview
          • Verify backup data in a cluster
          • Verify backup data in a specified path in a cluster
          • Verify backup data in a specified path across clusters
          • View data verification results
        • Restore data
          • Preparations for restore
          • Perform full restore
          • Restore a specified table
          • Restore secondary backup data
          • View the restore progress and results
          • Cancel restore
        • Routine maintenance
          • Query backup parameters
          • Force stop all backup-related tasks
          • Set backup_zone
      • Primary/Standby cluster management
        • Overview
        • Considerations and limitations
        • Deploy the primary and standby clusters
          • Configuration requirements
          • Deploy a primary cluster
          • Check the configurations of the primary cluster
          • Deploy standby clusters in OCP
        • Tenant management
        • Log transfer service
          • Overview
          • Set the log transfer parameter for a standby cluster
          • Configure log compression
        • Protection mode
          • Overview
          • Protection modes and protection levels
          • Switch to another protection mode
        • Role switching
          • Preparations for a switchover
          • Perform a switchover in a command-line tool
          • Perform a switchover in OCP
          • Perform a failover in a command-line tool
            • Preparations for a failover
            • Perform a lossless failover
            • Connect the original primary cluster after a lossless failover
            • Connect other standby clusters after a lossless failover
            • Perform a lossy failover
            • Restore other clusters after a lossy failover
            • Correct the data after a failover
          • Perform a failover in OCP
        • Standby cluster read service
        • Delete a standby cluster
        • Standby cluster disconnection
          • Preparations for disconnection
          • Disconnect a standby cluster
        • Troubleshooting
          • Failover errors
          • Switchover errors
          • Protection mode switching errors
          • Tenant creation for a standby cluster got stuck
          • Data synchronization enablement errors
          • Standby cluster disconnection errors
    • Database security
      • Data storage encryption
        • Overview
        • MySQL mode
          • Enable storage encryption for a new table
          • Enable storage encryption for an existing table
          • Decrypt a table
        • Oracle mode
          • Enable storage encryption for a new table
          • Enable storage encryption for an existing table
          • Decrypt a table
      • Data transmission encryption
        • Overview
        • Transmission encryption of OBServer nodes
        • Transmission encryption of ODPs
      • RPC connection authentication
      • Set row-level access control
      • Audit databases
        • Overview
        • Enable audit
        • Audit user logon operations
        • Audit user operations
        • Audit specified database objects
    • O&M management
      • O&M overview
        • Overview
        • Monitoring
          • View status monitoring information
          • View performance monitoring information
          • Perform SQL diagnostics
        • Alerts
          • Alert configuration
          • Manage alert subscriptions
          • Perform alert management
          • Manage alert items
      • Database upgrade
        • Overview
        • Perform an upgrade
        • Perform a major compaction
        • Check upgrade results
      • Scale-in and scale-out
        • Overview
        • Cluster-level scale-in and scale-out
          • Scale-out
            • Add zones to a cluster
            • Add OBServer nodes to zones
          • Scale-in
            • Delete zones from a cluster
            • Delete OBServer nodes from zones
        • Scale-in and scale-out of tenant resources
          • Modify unit_config
          • Modify UNIT_NUM
      • Resource isolation
        • cgroup-based resource isolation
          • Enable cgroups-based CPU isolation between tenant worker threads
          • Clear cgroup configurations
      • Routine inspections
        • Overview
        • Check the cluster status
        • Check cluster parameters
        • Check the host status
        • Check tenant resource usage
        • Check cluster resource usage
        • Check the OBServer node status
        • Check the NTP offset
        • Check data backup
        • Check the ODP connection status
      • Troubleshooting
        • Overview
        • Issue analysis
          • View alerts
          • View logs
          • View error codes
          • Query views
        • Troubleshoot OBServer node restart failures
        • Troubleshoot unexpected exit of an observer process
        • Troubleshoot bootstrap failures
        • Troubleshoot database connection issues
        • Troubleshoot clock synchronization issues
        • Troubleshoot the absence of a leader
        • Troubleshoot replica migration issues
        • Troubleshoot exhausted tenant MemStore memory
        • Tenant memory overrun
        • Troubleshoot major compaction exceptions
        • Overloaded OBServer nodes
        • Troubleshoot row lock contention
        • Troubleshoot transaction errors
      • Emergency response
        • Overview
        • Analysis, diagnosis, and decision-making process
        • Common emergency response
          • Exceptions caused by hardware
            • Node failures
            • Network jitter
            • ODP faults
            • Other exceptions related to hardware and network
          • Exceptions caused by capacity changes
            • Exceptions of SQL queries
            • High disk I/O on an OBServer node
            • Overloaded NIC on an OBServer node
            • Full occupation of tenant memory
            • Full usage of ODP threads
            • Full usage of OBServer clog disk
            • Full usage of the OBServer data disk
            • Accumulated request queue of a tenant
          • Other cluster exceptions
            • Blocked tenant minor compaction
            • Blocked cluster major compaction
            • sys tenant or RootService exceptions
            • Insufficiency or leakage of system memory
            • Slow query of the queuing table
    • System references
      • System parameters
        • Overview
        • Summary of system parameters
        • Cluster-level parameters
          • all_cluster_list
          • auto_broadcast_location_cache_rate_limit
          • auto_delete_expired_backup
          • auto_leader_switch_interval
          • auto_refresh_location_cache_rate_limit
          • autoinc_cache_refresh_interval
          • backup_backup_archive_log_batch_count
          • backup_backup_archivelog_retry_interval
          • backup_backup_dest
          • backup_backupset_batch_count
          • backup_backup_dest_option
          • backup_backupset_retry_interval
          • backup_concurrency
          • backup_dest
          • backup_dest_option
          • backup_log_archive_option
          • backup_net_limit
          • backup_recovery_window
          • backup_region
          • backup_zone
          • balance_blacklist_failure_threshold
          • balance_blacklist_retry_interval
          • balancer_emergency_percentage
          • balancer_idle_time
          • balancer_log_interval
          • balancer_task_timeout
          • balancer_timeout_check_interval
          • balancer_tolerance_percentage
          • bf_cache_miss_count_threshold
          • bf_cache_priority
          • builtin_db_data_verify_cycle
          • cache_wash_threshold
          • clog_cache_priority
          • clog_disk_usage_limit_percentage
          • clog_disk_utilization_threshold
          • clog_expire_days
          • clog_sync_time_warn_threshold
          • clog_transport_compress_all
          • clog_transport_compress_func
          • cluster
          • cluster_id
          • config_additional_dir
          • cpu_count
          • cpu_quota_concurrency
          • cpu_reserved
          • data_copy_concurrency
          • data_dir
          • data_disk_usage_limit_percentage
          • data_storage_error_tolerance_time
          • data_storage_warning_tolerance_time
          • datafile_disk_percentage
          • datafile_size
          • dead_socket_detection_timeout
          • debug_sync_timeout
          • default_compress
          • default_compress_func
          • default_row_format
          • default_transport_compress_func
          • devname
          • disk_io_thread_count
          • dtl_buffer_size
          • election_blacklist_interval
          • election_cpu_quota
          • enable_async_syslog
          • enable_auto_leader_switch
          • enable_auto_refresh_location_cache
          • enable_ddl
          • enable_election_group
          • enable_global_freeze_trigger
          • enable_log_archive
          • enable_major_freeze
          • enable_manual_merge
          • enable_merge_by_turn
          • enable_ob_ratelimit
          • enable_one_phase_commit
          • enable_perf_event
          • enable_pg
          • enable_rebalance
          • enable_record_trace_id
          • enable_record_trace_log
          • enable_rereplication
          • enable_rich_error_msg
          • enable_rootservice_standalone
          • enable_separate_sys_clog
          • enable_smooth_leader_switch
          • enable_sql_audit
          • enable_sql_operator_dump
          • enable_sys_unit_standalone
          • enable_syslog_recycle
          • enable_syslog_wf
          • enable_tcp_keepalive
          • enable_unit_balance_resource_weight
          • enable_upgrade_mode
          • fast_recovery_concurrency
          • flush_log_at_trx_commit
          • force_refresh_location_cache_interval
          • force_refresh_location_cache_threshold
          • freeze_trigger_percentage
          • fuse_row_cache_priority
          • gc_wait_archive
          • get_leader_candidate_rpc_timeout
          • global_index_build_single_replica_timeout
          • global_major_freeze_residual_memory
          • global_write_halt_residual_memory
          • high_priority_net_thread_count
          • ignore_replay_checksum_error
          • ignore_replica_checksum_error
          • ilog_index_expire_time
          • index_cache_priority
          • index_clog_cache_priority
          • index_info_block_cache_priority
          • internal_sql_execute_timeout
          • large_query_threshold
          • large_query_worker_percentage
          • leak_mod_to_check
          • lease_time
          • location_cache_cpu_quota
          • location_cache_expire_time
          • location_cache_priority
          • location_cache_refresh_min_interval
          • location_cache_refresh_rpc_timeout
          • location_cache_refresh_sql_timeout
          • location_fetch_concurrency
          • location_refresh_thread_count
          • log_archive_batch_buffer_limit
          • log_archive_checkpoint_interval
          • log_archive_concurrency
          • log_restore_concurrency
          • major_compact_trigger
          • major_freeze_duty_time
          • max_kept_major_version_number
          • max_px_worker_count
          • max_string_print_length
          • max_syslog_file_count
          • memory_chunk_cache_size
          • memory_limit
          • memory_limit_percentage
          • memory_reserved
          • memstore_limit_percentage
          • merge_stat_sampling_ratio
          • merge_thread_count
          • merger_check_interval
          • merger_completion_percentage
          • merger_switch_leader_duration_time
          • merger_warm_up_duration_time
          • micro_block_merge_verify_level
          • migrate_concurrency
          • migration_disable_time
          • min_observer_version
          • minor_compact_trigger
          • minor_deferred_gc_time
          • minor_freeze_times
          • minor_merge_concurrency
          • minor_warm_up_duration_time
          • multiblock_read_gap_size
          • multiblock_read_size
          • mysql_port
          • net_thread_count
          • ob_event_history_recycle_interval
          • ob_ratelimit_stat_period
          • obconfig_url
          • ofs_list
          • partition_table_check_interval
          • partition_table_scan_batch_count
          • plan_cache_evict_interval
          • plan_cache_high_watermark
          • plan_cache_low_watermark
          • px_task_size
          • px_workers_per_cpu_quota
          • rebuild_replica_data_lag_threshold
          • recyclebin_object_expire_time
          • replica_safe_remove_time
          • resource_hard_limit
          • resource_soft_limit
          • restore_concurrency
          • rootservice_async_task_queue_size
          • rootservice_async_task_thread_count
          • rootservice_list
          • rootservice_memory_limit
          • rootservice_ready_check_interval
          • row_compaction_update_limit
          • row_purge_thread_count
          • rpc_port
          • rpc_timeout
          • schema_history_expire_time
          • schema_history_recycle_interval
          • server_balance_cpu_mem_tolerance_percent
          • server_balance_critical_disk_waterlevel
          • server_balance_disk_tolerance_percent
          • server_check_interval
          • server_cpu_quota_max
          • server_cpu_quota_min
          • server_data_copy_in_concurrency
          • server_data_copy_out_concurrency
          • server_permanent_offline_time
          • server_temporary_offline_time
          • sql_audit_memory_limit
          • sql_audit_queue_size
          • ssl_client_authentication
          • ssl_external_kms_info
          • stack_size
          • switchover_process_thread_count
          • sys_bkgd_io_high_percentage
          • sys_bkgd_io_low_percentage
          • sys_bkgd_migration_change_member_list_timeout
          • sys_bkgd_migration_retry_num
          • sys_bkgd_net_percentage
          • sys_cpu_limit_trigger
          • syslog_io_bandwidth_limit
          • syslog_level
          • system_cpu_quota
          • system_memory
          • system_trace_level
          • tableapi_transport_compress_func
          • tablet_size
          • tcp_keepcnt
          • tcp_keepidle
          • tcp_keepintvl
          • tenant_cpu_variation_per_server
          • tenant_groups
          • tenant_task_queue_size
          • token_reserved_percentage
          • trace_log_sampling_interval
          • trace_log_slow_query_watermark
          • trx_2pc_retry_interval
          • trx_force_kill_threshold
          • trx_try_wait_lock_timeout
          • unit_balance_resource_weight
          • use_large_pages
          • user_block_cache_priority
          • user_iort_up_percentage
          • user_row_cache_priority
          • user_tab_col_stat_cache_priority
          • virtual_table_location_cache_expire_time
          • wait_leader_batch_count
          • weak_read_version_refresh_interval
          • workers_per_cpu_quota
          • zone
          • zone_merge_concurrency
          • zone_merge_order
          • zone_merge_timeout
          • ob_esi_rpc_port
          • enable_ob_esi_process
          • ob_esi_session_timeout
          • ob_esi_io_concurrency
          • ob_esi_memory_limit
          • ob_esi_syslog_level
          • ob_esi_max_syslog_file_count
          • sql_login_thread_count
          • diag_syslog_per_error_limit
          • enable_cgroup
          • rpc_client_authentication_method
          • rpc_server_authentication_method
          • max_trx_part_size
        • Tenant-level parameters
          • audit_sys_operations
          • audit_trail
          • clog_max_unconfirmed_log_count
          • clog_persistence_compress_func
          • connection_control_failed_connections_threshold
          • connection_control_min_connection_delay
          • connection_control_max_connection_delay
          • default_progressive_merge_num
          • enable_clog_persistence_compress
          • enable_early_lock_release
          • enable_monotonic_weak_read
          • external_kms_info
          • enable_sql_extension
          • job_queue_processes
          • max_stale_time_for_weak_consistency
          • ob_enable_batched_multi_statement
          • ob_proxy_readonly_transaction_routing_policy
          • ob_ssl_invited_common_names
          • open_cursors
          • plsql_ccflags
          • plsql_code_type
          • plsql_debug
          • plsql_optimize_level
          • plsql_v2_compatibility
          • plsql_warnings
          • sql_work_area
          • tde_method
          • writing_throttling_maximum_duration
          • writing_throttling_trigger_percentage
          • workarea_size_policy
          • ob_query_switch_leader_retry_timeout
      • System variables (MySQL mode)
        • Overview
        • System variable summary
        • auto_increment_cache_size
        • auto_increment_increment
        • auto_increment_offset
        • autocommit
        • binlog_row_image
        • block_encryption_mode
        • character_set_client
        • character_set_connection
        • character_set_database
        • character_set_filesystem
        • character_set_results
        • character_set_server
        • character_set_system
        • collation_connection
        • collation_database
        • collation_server
        • connect_timeout
        • datadir
        • debug_sync
        • default_password_lifetime
        • div_precision_increment
        • error_on_overlap_time
        • explicit_defaults_for_timestamp
        • foreign_key_checks
        • group_concat_max_len
        • identity
        • init_connect
        • interactive_timeout
        • is_result_accurate
        • last_insert_id
        • license
        • lower_case_table_names
        • max_allowed_packet
        • max_sp_recursion_depth
        • max_user_connections
        • net_buffer_length
        • net_read_timeout
        • net_write_timeout
        • nls_calendar
        • nls_characterset
        • nls_comp
        • nls_currency
        • nls_date_format
        • nls_date_language
        • nls_dual_currency
        • nls_iso_currency
        • nls_language
        • nls_length_semantics
        • nls_nchar_characterset
        • nls_nchar_conv_excp
        • nls_numeric_characters
        • nls_sort
        • nls_territory
        • nls_timestamp_format
        • nls_timestamp_tz_format
        • ob_bnl_join_cache_size
        • ob_capability_flag
        • ob_compatibility_mode
        • ob_create_table_strict_mode
        • ob_default_replica_num
        • ob_early_lock_release
        • ob_enable_aggregation_pushdown
        • ob_enable_blk_nestedloop_join
        • ob_enable_hash_group_by
        • ob_enable_index_direct_select
        • ob_enable_jit
        • ob_enable_plan_cache
        • ob_enable_sql_audit
        • ob_enable_trace_log
        • ob_enable_transformation
        • ob_enable_transmission_checksum
        • ob_enable_truncate_flashback
        • ob_global_debug_sync
        • ob_last_schema_version
        • ob_log_level
        • ob_max_parallel_degree
        • ob_org_cluster_id
        • ob_pl_block_timeout
        • ob_plan_cache_evict_high_percentage
        • ob_plan_cache_evict_low_percentage
        • ob_plan_cache_percentage
        • ob_proxy_global_variables_version
        • ob_proxy_partition_hit
        • ob_proxy_set_trx_executed
        • ob_query_timeout
        • ob_read_consistency
        • ob_reserved_meta_memory_percentage
        • ob_route_policy
        • ob_safe_weak_read_snapshot
        • ob_sql_audit_percentage
        • ob_sql_work_area_percentage
        • ob_stmt_parallel_degree
        • ob_tcp_invited_nodes
        • ob_temp_tablespace_size_percentage
        • ob_timestamp_service
        • ob_trace_info
        • ob_trx_idle_timeout
        • ob_trx_lock_timeout
        • ob_trx_timeout
        • optimizer_capture_sql_plan_baselines
        • optimizer_use_sql_plan_baselines
        • parallel_max_servers
        • parallel_servers_target
        • performance_schema
        • plugin_dir
        • query_cache_size
        • query_cache_type
        • read_only
        • recyclebin
        • resource_manager_plan
        • secure_file_priv
        • sql_auto_is_null
        • sql_mode
        • sql_quote_show_create
        • sql_safe_updates
        • sql_select_limit
        • sql_throttle_current_priority
        • sql_throttle_network
        • sql_throttle_priority
        • sql_throttle_rt
        • sql_warnings
        • system_time_zone
        • time_zone
        • timestamp
        • tracefile_identifier
        • transaction_isolation
        • transaction_read_only
        • tx_isolation
        • tx_read_only
        • undo_retention
        • version
        • version_comment
        • wait_timeout
        • validate_password_check_user_name
        • validate_password_length
        • validate_password_mixed_case_count
        • validate_password_number_count
        • validate_password_policy
        • validate_password_special_char_count
        • server_uuid
        • binlog_format
        • binlog_checksum
        • binlog_rows_query_log_events
        • log_bin
        • server_id
        • default_storage_engine
        • max_connections
        • event_scheduler
        • cte_max_recursion_depth
        • regexp_stack_limit
        • regexp_time_limit
      • System variables (Oracle mode)
        • Overview
        • System variable summary
        • auto_increment_cache_size
        • auto_increment_increment
        • auto_increment_offset
        • autocommit
        • binlog_row_image
        • block_encryption_mode
        • character_set_client
        • character_set_connection
        • character_set_database
        • character_set_filesystem
        • character_set_results
        • character_set_server
        • character_set_system
        • collation_connection
        • collation_database
        • collation_server
        • connect_timeout
        • datadir
        • debug_sync
        • default_password_lifetime
        • div_precision_increment
        • error_on_overlap_time
        • explicit_defaults_for_timestamp
        • foreign_key_checks
        • group_concat_max_len
        • identity
        • init_connect
        • interactive_timeout
        • is_result_accurate
        • last_insert_id
        • license
        • lower_case_table_names
        • max_allowed_packet
        • max_sp_recursion_depth
        • max_user_connections
        • net_buffer_length
        • net_read_timeout
        • net_write_timeout
        • nls_calendar
        • nls_characterset
        • nls_comp
        • nls_currency
        • nls_date_format
        • nls_date_language
        • nls_dual_currency
        • nls_iso_currency
        • nls_language
        • nls_length_semantics
        • nls_nchar_characterset
        • nls_nchar_conv_excp
        • nls_numeric_characters
        • nls_sort
        • nls_territory
        • nls_timestamp_format
        • nls_timestamp_tz_format
        • ob_bnl_join_cache_size
        • ob_capability_flag
        • ob_compatibility_mode
        • ob_create_table_strict_mode
        • ob_default_replica_num
        • ob_early_lock_release
        • ob_enable_aggregation_pushdown
        • ob_enable_blk_nestedloop_join
        • ob_enable_hash_group_by
        • ob_enable_index_direct_select
        • ob_enable_jit
        • ob_enable_plan_cache
        • ob_enable_sql_audit
        • ob_enable_trace_log
        • ob_enable_transformation
        • ob_enable_transmission_checksum
        • ob_enable_truncate_flashback
        • ob_global_debug_sync
        • ob_last_schema_version
        • ob_log_level
        • ob_max_parallel_degree
        • ob_org_cluster_id
        • ob_pl_block_timeout
        • ob_plan_cache_evict_high_percentage
        • ob_plan_cache_evict_low_percentage
        • ob_plan_cache_percentage
        • ob_proxy_global_variables_version
        • ob_proxy_partition_hit
        • ob_proxy_set_trx_executed
        • ob_query_timeout
        • ob_read_consistency
        • ob_reserved_meta_memory_percentage
        • ob_route_policy
        • ob_safe_weak_read_snapshot
        • ob_sql_audit_percentage
        • ob_sql_work_area_percentage
        • ob_stmt_parallel_degree
        • ob_tcp_invited_nodes
        • ob_temp_tablespace_size_percentage
        • ob_timestamp_service
        • ob_trace_info
        • ob_trx_idle_timeout
        • ob_trx_lock_timeout
        • ob_trx_timeout
        • optimizer_capture_sql_plan_baselines
        • optimizer_use_sql_plan_baselines
        • parallel_max_servers
        • parallel_servers_target
        • performance_schema
        • plugin_dir
        • query_cache_size
        • query_cache_type
        • read_only
        • recyclebin
        • resource_manager_plan
        • secure_file_priv
        • sql_auto_is_null
        • sql_quote_show_create
        • sql_select_limit
        • sql_throttle_current_priority
        • sql_throttle_network
        • sql_throttle_priority
        • sql_throttle_rt
        • sql_warnings
        • system_time_zone
        • sql_safe_updates
        • time_zone
        • timestamp
        • tracefile_identifier
        • transaction_isolation
        • transaction_read_only
        • tx_isolation
        • tx_read_only
        • undo_retention
        • version
        • version_comment
        • wait_timeout
        • validate_password_check_user_name
        • validate_password_length
        • validate_password_mixed_case_count
        • validate_password_number_count
        • validate_password_policy
        • validate_password_special_char_count
        • event_scheduler
      • System views (MySQL mode)
        • Overview
        • Dictionary views
          • Overview
          • mysql.help_topic
          • mysql.help_category
          • mysql.help_keyword
          • mysql.help_relation
          • mysql.db
          • mysql.proc
          • mysql.time_zone
          • mysql.time_zone_name
          • mysql.time_zone_transition
          • mysql.time_zone_transition_type
          • mysql.user
          • information_schema.CHARACTER_SETS
          • information_schema.CHECK_CONSTRAINTS
          • information_schema.COLLATIONS
          • information_schema.COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY
          • information_schema.COLUMNS
          • information_schema.DBA_OUTLINES
          • information_schema.ENGINES
          • information_schema.GLOBAL_STATUS
          • information_schema.GLOBAL_VARIABLES
          • information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
          • information_schema.PARAMETERS
          • information_schema.PARTITIONS
          • information_schema.PROCESSLIST
          • information_schema.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS
          • information_schema.ROUTINES
          • information_schema.SCHEMATA
          • information_schema.SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES
          • information_schema.SESSION_STATUS
          • information_schema.SESSION_VARIABLES
          • information_schema.STATISTICS
          • information_schema.TABLES
          • information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
          • information_schema.TABLE_PRIVILEGES
          • information_schema.USER_PRIVILEGES
          • information_schema.USER_RECYCLEBIN
          • information_schema.VIEWS
          • information_schema.CONNECTION_CONTROL_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_ARCHIVELOG_SUMMARY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_JOB_DETAILS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_SET_DETAILS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_SET_EXPIRED
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_ARCHIVELOG_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_CLEAN_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_TASK_CLEAN_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_RESTORE_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_RESTORE_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_CKPT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_VALIDATION_JOB
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_VALIDATION_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TENANT_BACKUP_VALIDATION_TASK
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_VALIDATION_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUP_ARCHIVELOG_SUMMARY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPSET_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPSET_TASK
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPSET_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPSET_JOB
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_SET_OBSOLETE
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_ARCHIVELOG
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUP_ARCHIVELOG
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPPIECE_JOB
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPPIECE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPPIECE_TASK
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_BACKUPPIECE_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_PIECE_FILES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_SET_FILES
          • information_schema.ST_GEOMETRY_COLUMNS
          • information_schema.ST_SPATIAL_REFERENCE_SYSTEMS
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_PLANS
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_PLAN_DIRECTIVES
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_GROUP_MAPPINGS
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUPS
        • Performance views
          • Overview
          • gv$plan_cache_stat
          • gv$plan_cache_plan_stat
          • gv$session_event
          • gv$session_wait
          • gv$session_wait_history
          • gv$system_event
          • gv$sesstat
          • gv$sysstat
          • gv$sql_audit
          • gv$latch
          • gv$memory
          • gv$memstore
          • gv$memstore_info
          • gv$plan_cache_plan_explain
          • gv$obrpc_outgoing
          • gv$obrpc_incoming
          • gv$sql
          • gv$sql_plan_monitor
          • gv$outline
          • gv$concurrent_limit_sql
          • gv$sql_plan_statistics
          • gv$server_memstore
          • gv$unit_load_balance_event_history
          • gv$tenant
          • gv$database
          • gv$table
          • gv$unit
          • gv$partition
          • gv$lock_wait_stat
          • gv$session_longops
          • gv$tenant_memstore_allocator_info
          • gv$minor_merge_info
          • gv$tenant_px_worker_stat
          • gv$partition_audit
          • gv$ps_stat
          • gv$ps_item_info
          • gv$sql_workarea
          • gv$sql_workarea_histogram
          • gv$ob_sql_workarea_memory_info
          • gv$server_schema_info
          • gv$merge_info
          • gv$lock
          • gv$sstable
          • gv$ob_trans_table_status
          • gv$tenant_memory_info
          • v$statname
          • v$event_name
          • v$session_event
          • v$session_wait
          • v$session_wait_history
          • v$sesstat
          • v$sysstat
          • v$system_event
          • v$memory
          • v$memstore
          • v$memstore_info
          • v$plan_cache_stat
          • v$plan_cache_plan_stat
          • v$plan_cache_plan_explain
          • v$sql_audit
          • v$obrpc_outgoing
          • v$obrpc_incoming
          • v$sql
          • v$sql_plan_monitor
          • v$sql_plan_statistics
          • v$unit
          • v$partition
          • v$lock_wait_stat
          • v$session_longops
          • v$latch
          • v$tenant_memstore_allocator_info
          • v$tenant_px_worker_stat
          • v$partition_audit
          • v$ob_cluster
          • v$ob_standby_status
          • v$ob_cluster_stats
          • v$ob_cluster_event_history
          • v$ps_stat
          • v$ps_item_info
          • v$sql_workarea
          • v$sql_workarea_active
          • v$sql_workarea_histogram
          • v$ob_sql_workarea_memory_info
          • v$ob_timestamp_service
          • v$server_schema_info
          • v$merge_info
          • v$lock
          • v$sql_monitor_statname
          • v$restore_point
          • v$ob_cluster_failover_info
          • v$encrypted_tables
          • v$encrypted_tablespaces
          • v$sstable
          • v$ob_trans_table_status
          • v$ob_all_clusters
          • v$tenant_memory_info
          • GV$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
          • V$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
          • V$RSRC_PLAN
      • System views (Oracle mode)
        • Overview
        • Dictionary views
          • Overview
          • ALL_ALL_TABLES
          • ALL_ARGUMENTS
          • ALL_COL_COMMENTS
          • ALL_COLL_TYPES
          • ALL_COL_PRIVS
          • ALL_CONSTRAINTS
          • ALL_CONS_COLUMNS
          • ALL_DEF_AUDIT_OPTS
          • ALL_DEPENDENCIES
          • ALL_DIRECTORIES
          • ALL_ERRORS
          • ALL_INDEXES
          • ALL_IND_COLUMNS
          • ALL_IND_EXPRESSIONS
          • ALL_IND_PARTITIONS
          • ALL_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
          • ALL_METHOD_PARAMS
          • ALL_OBJECTS
          • ALL_PART_COL_STATISTICS
          • ALL_PART_HISTOGRAMS
          • ALL_PART_INDEXES
          • ALL_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • ALL_PART_TABLES
          • ALL_PROCEDURES
          • ALL_PROFILES
          • ALL_SCHEDULER_JOB_ARGS
          • ALL_SCHEDULER_PROGRAM_ARGS
          • ALL_SEQUENCES
          • ALL_SOURCE
          • ALL_SUBPART_COL_STATISTICS
          • ALL_SUBPART_HISTOGRAMS
          • ALL_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
          • ALL_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • ALL_SYNONYMS
          • ALL_TABLES
          • ALL_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
          • ALL_TAB_COLS
          • ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
          • ALL_TAB_COMMENTS
          • ALL_TAB_HISTOGRAMS
          • ALL_TAB_PARTITIONS
          • ALL_TAB_PRIVS
          • ALL_TAB_STATISTICS
          • ALL_TAB_STATS_HISTORY
          • ALL_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
          • ALL_TRIGGERS
          • ALL_TYPES
          • ALL_TYPE_ATTRS
          • ALL_TYPE_METHODS
          • ALL_USERS
          • ALL_VIEWS
          • AUDIT_ACTIONS
          • DBA_ALL_TABLES
          • DBA_ARGUMENTS
          • DBA_AUDIT_EXISTS
          • DBA_AUDIT_OBJECT
          • DBA_AUDIT_SESSION
          • DBA_AUDIT_STATEMENT
          • DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL
          • DBA_COLL_TYPES
          • DBA_COL_COMMENTS
          • DBA_COL_PRIVS
          • DBA_CONSTRAINTS
          • DBA_CONS_COLUMNS
          • DBA_ERRORS
          • DBA_INDEXES
          • DBA_IND_COLUMNS
          • DBA_IND_EXPRESSIONS
          • DBA_IND_PARTITIONS
          • DBA_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
          • DBA_METHOD_PARAMS
          • DBA_OBJECTS
          • DBA_OBJ_AUDIT_OPTS
          • DBA_PART_INDEXES
          • DBA_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • DBA_PART_TABLES
          • DBA_PROCEDURES
          • DBA_PROFILES
          • DBA_ROLES
          • DBA_ROLE_PRIVS
          • DBA_SCHEDULER_JOB_ARGS
          • DBA_SCHEDULER_JOBS
          • DBA_SCHEDULER_PROGRAM
          • DBA_SCHEDULER_PROGRAM_ARGS
          • DBA_SEGMENTS
          • DBA_SEQUENCES
          • DBA_SOURCE
          • DBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS
          • DBA_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
          • DBA_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • DBA_SYNONYMS
          • DBA_SYS_PRIVS
          • DBA_TABLES
          • DBA_TABLESPACES
          • DBA_TAB_COLS
          • DBA_TAB_COLUMNS
          • DBA_TAB_COMMENTS
          • DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS
          • DBA_TAB_PRIVS
          • DBA_TAB_STATS_HISTORY
          • DBA_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
          • DBA_TRIGGERS
          • DBA_TYPES
          • DBA_TYPE_ATTRS
          • DBA_TYPE_METHODS
          • DBA_USERS
          • DBA_VIEWS
          • DBA_JOBS_RUNNING
          • DBA_JOBS
          • DBA_RECYCLEBIN
          • DBA_DEPENDENCIES
          • DBA_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUPS
          • DBA_RSRC_GROUP_MAPPINGS
          • DBA_RSRC_PLANS
          • DBA_RSRC_PLAN_DIRECTIVES
          • DBA_DIRECTORIES
          • DBA_PART_COL_STATISTICS
          • DBA_PART_HISTOGRAMS
          • DBA_SUBPART_COL_STATISTICS
          • DBA_SUBPART_HISTOGRAMS
          • DBA_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
          • DBA_TAB_HISTOGRAMS
          • DBA_TAB_STATISTICS
          • DICT
          • DICTIONARY
          • NLS_DATABASE_PARAMETERS
          • NLS_INSTANCE_PARAMETERS
          • NLS_SESSION_PARAMETERS
          • ROLE_ROLE_PRIVS
          • ROLE_SYS_PRIVS
          • ROLE_TAB_PRIVS
          • STMT_AUDIT_OPTION_MAP
          • TENANT_VIRTUAL_GLOBAL_VARIABLE
          • TENANT_VIRTUAL_SESSION_VARIABLE
          • USER_ALL_TABLES
          • USER_ARGUMENTS
          • USER_AUDIT_OBJECT
          • USER_AUDIT_SESSION
          • USER_AUDIT_STATEMENT
          • USER_AUDIT_TRAIL
          • USER_COLL_TYPES
          • USER_COL_COMMENTS
          • USER_COL_PRIVS
          • USER_CONSTRAINTS
          • USER_CONS_COLUMNS
          • USER_ERRORS
          • USER_INDEXES
          • USER_IND_COLUMNS
          • USER_IND_EXPRESSIONS
          • USER_IND_PARTITIONS
          • USER_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
          • USER_OBJECTS
          • USER_PART_INDEXES
          • USER_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • USER_PART_TABLES
          • USER_PROCEDURES
          • USER_PROFILES
          • USER_ROLE_PRIVS
          • USER_SEGMENTS
          • USER_SEQUENCES
          • USER_SOURCE
          • USER_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
          • USER_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • USER_SYNONYMS
          • USER_SYS_PRIVS
          • USER_TAB_STATS_HISTORY
          • USER_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
          • USER_TRIGGERS
          • USER_TABLES
          • USER_TABLESPACES
          • USER_TAB_COLS
          • USER_TAB_COLUMNS
          • USER_TAB_COMMENTS
          • USER_TAB_PARTITIONS
          • USER_TAB_PRIVS
          • USER_TYPES
          • USER_TYPE_ATTRS
          • USER_TYPE_METHODS
          • USER_JOBS
          • USER_VIEWS
          • USER_RECYCLEBIN
          • USER_DEPENDENCIES
          • USER_PART_COL_STATISTICS
          • USER_PART_HISTOGRAMS
          • USER_SUBPART_COL_STATISTICS
          • USER_SUBPART_HISTOGRAMS
          • USER_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
          • USER_TAB_HISTOGRAMS
          • USER_TAB_STATISTICS
          • DBA_CONTEXT
        • Performance views
          • Overview
          • GV$CONCURRENT_LIMIT_SQL
          • GV$DBLINK
          • GV$GLOBAL_TRANSACTION
          • GV$INSTANCE
          • GV$LOCK
          • GV$MEMORY
          • GV$MEMSTORE
          • GV$MEMSTORE_INFO
          • GV$OB_SQL_WORKAREA_MEMORY_INFO
          • GV$OPEN_CURSOR
          • GV$OUTLINE
          • GV$PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_EXPLAIN
          • GV$PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_STAT
          • GV$PLAN_CACHE_STAT
          • GV$PS_ITEM_INFO
          • GV$PS_STAT
          • GV$SERVER_MEMSTORE
          • GV$SESSION_WAIT
          • GV$SESSION_WAIT_HISTORY
          • GV$SESSTAT
          • GV$SQL_AUDIT
          • GV$SQL_WORKAREA
          • GV$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE
          • GV$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM
          • GV$SYSSTAT
          • GV$SYSTEM_EVENT
          • GV$SSTABLE
          • GV$TENANT_MEMORY_INFO
          • V$DBLINK
          • V$ENCRYPTED_TABLES
          • V$ENCRYPTED_TABLESPACES
          • V$GLOBAL_TRANSACTION
          • V$INSTANCE
          • V$LOCK
          • V$MEMORY
          • V$MEMSTORE
          • V$MEMSTORE_INFO
          • V$NLS_PARAMETERS
          • V$OB_SQL_WORKAREA_MEMORY_INFO
          • V$OPEN_CURSOR
          • V$PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_EXPLAIN
          • V$PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_STAT
          • V$PLAN_CACHE_STAT
          • V$PS_ITEM_INFO
          • V$PS_STAT
          • V$RESTORE_POINT
          • V$RSRC_PLAN
          • V$SESSION_WAIT
          • V$SESSION_WAIT_HISTORY
          • V$SESSTAT
          • V$SQL_AUDIT
          • V$SQL_MONITOR_STATNAME
          • V$SQL_WORKAREA
          • V$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE
          • V$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM
          • V$SSTABLE
          • V$SYSSTAT
          • V$SYSTEM_EVENT
          • V$TIMEZONE_NAMES
          • V$TENANT_MEMORY_INFO
          • V$VERSION
          • GV$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
          • V$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
          • V$GLOBALCONTEXT
      • Error codes (MySQL mode)
        • Overview
        • 0001 to 3999
        • 4000 to 4499
        • 4500 to 4999
        • 5000 to 5999
        • 6000 to 6999
        • 7000 to 7999
        • 8000 to 8999
        • 9000 to 9499
        • 9500 to 9999
        • 22998, 30926, 38104, and 38105
      • Error codes (Oracle mode)
        • Overview
        • ORA-00000 to ORA-00999
        • ORA-01000 to ORA-01499
        • ORA-01500 to ORA-01999
        • ORA-02000 to ORA-04999
        • ORA-05000 to ORA-10000
        • ORA-10000 to ORA-19999
        • ORA-20000 to ORA-29999
        • ORA-30000 to ORA-49999
        • ORA-50000 to ORA-99999
        • PLS-00000 to PLS-00999
      • Reserved keywords (MySQL mode)
      • Reserved keywords (Oracle mode)
  • Develop
    • Developer guide (MySQL mode)
      • Connect to OceanBase Database
        • Overview
        • Connect to an OceanBase Database tenant by using a MySQL client
        • Connect to an OceanBase Database tenant by using OBClient
        • Connect to OceanBase Database by using ODC
      • Application development
        • Java
          • Java APIs
          • Connect Java applications to OceanBase Database
        • Python applications
        • Connect C applications to OceanBase Database
      • Create and manage database objects
        • About DDL statements
        • View the currently connected database
        • Change the password of a user
        • Data type
          • Common data types
          • Unsupported data types
        • Create database objects by using ODC
          • Create a table in ODC
          • Create a view in ODC
          • Create a function in ODC
          • Create a stored procedure in ODC
        • Create and manage tables
          • About tables
          • Create a table
          • About auto-increment columns
          • About types of column constraints
          • About table structure modification
          • About table clearing
          • About table dropping
          • Flash back a dropped table
          • About table privileges
        • Create and manage partition tables
          • About partitioned tables
          • Create a partitioned table
          • Manage a partitioned table
          • Create a subpartitioned table
          • Manage a subpartitioned table
          • Partition routing
          • Indexes on partitioned tables
          • Suggestions on using partitioned tables
        • Create and manage indexes
          • Overview
          • Create an index
          • Drop an index
        • Create and manage table groups
          • Overview
          • Create table groups
            • Create a non-partitioned table group
            • Create a subpartitioned table group
          • Specify a table group when creating a table
          • View information about a table group
          • Add a table to a table group
          • Drop a table group
        • Create and manage views
          • About views
          • Create a view
          • Modify a view
          • Drop a view
        • Create and manage sequences
          • About sequences
          • Create a sequence
          • Modify a sequence
          • Drop a sequence
        • Create and manage triggers
          • About triggers
          • Create a trigger
          • Drop a trigger
      • Query
        • Overview of queries
        • Run queries in ODC
        • Single-table queries
        • WHERE queries
        • ORDER BY queries
        • GROUP BY queries
        • Use the LIMIT clause in queries
        • Multi-table join queries
          • Multi-table join queries
          • INNER JOIN queries
          • OUTER JOIN queries
          • Subqueries
        • Use operators and functions in a query
          • Use arithmetic operators in queries
          • Use numerical functions in queries
          • Use string concatenation functions in queries
          • Use string functions in queries
          • Use date and time functions in queries
          • Use type conversion functions in queries
          • Use aggregate functions in queries
          • Use NULL-related functions in queries
          • Use the CASE conditional operator in queries
          • Use the SELECT FOR UPDATE statement to lock query results
        • Execution plan
          • View an execution plan
          • Understand an execution plan
        • Use SQL hints in queries
        • Variables of query timeout
      • DML statements and transactions
        • DML statements
          • About DML statements
          • About the INSERT statement
          • UPDATE statements
          • About the DELETE statement
          • About the REPLACE INTO statement
        • Transactions
          • About transaction control statements
          • Start a transaction
          • Transaction savepoints
          • Commit a transaction
          • Roll back a transaction
          • About transaction timeout
    • Developer guide (Oracle mode)
      • Connect to OceanBase Database
        • Overview
        • Connect to an OceanBase Database tenant by using OBClient
        • Connect to OceanBase Database by using ODC
      • Application development
        • Java
          • OceanBase Connector/J
          • Java APIs
          • Connect Java applications to OceanBase Database
        • Python
          • OceanBase Connector/J in Python
          • Python APIs
          • Connect Python applications to OceanBase Database
        • C
          • OBCI
          • OBCI APIs
          • Connect C applications to OceanBase Database
      • Create and manage database objects
        • DDL statements
        • View the currently connected database
        • Change the password of a user
        • Create database objects by Using ODC
          • Create tables, views, functions, and stored procedures in ODC
          • Create a trigger in ODC
          • Create a sequence in ODC
          • Create a program package in ODC
          • Create a synonym in ODC
          • Create a type in ODC
        • Data type
          • Data types
          • Unsupported data types
        • Create and manage tables
          • Overview
          • Create a table
          • Define an auto-increment column by using the SEQUENCE keyword
          • Types of column constraints
          • Modify the structure of a table
          • Clear a table
          • Drop a table
          • Flash back a dropped table
          • Table privileges
        • Create and manage partition tables
          • Overview
          • Create a partitioned table
          • Manage a partitioned table
          • Create a subpartitioned table
          • Manage a subpartitioned table
          • Partition routing
          • Indexing on partitioned tables
          • Recommendations for using partitioned tables
        • Create and manage indexes
          • Drop an index
          • Overview
          • Create an index
        • Create and manage table groups
          • Overview
          • Create table groups
            • Create a non-partitioned table group
            • Create a subpartitioned table group
          • Specify a table group when creating a table
          • View information about a table group
          • Add a table to a table group
          • Drop a table group
        • Create and manage views
          • About views
          • Create a view
          • Modify a view
          • Drop a view
        • Create and manage sequences
          • Overview
          • Create a sequence
          • Modify a sequence
          • Drop a sequence
        • Create and manage synonyms
          • Overview
          • Create a synonym
          • Drop a synonym
        • Create and manage triggers
          • Overview
          • Create a trigger
          • Modify a trigger
          • Drop a trigger
          • Enable or disable a trigger
      • Query
        • About queries
        • Run queries in ODC
        • Single-table queries
        • Conditional queries
        • ORDER BY queries
        • GROUP BY queries
        • Use Row_Limiting_Clause in queries
        • Multi-table join queries
          • Multi-table join queries
          • INNER JOIN queries
          • OUTER JOIN queries
          • Subqueries
        • Use operators and functions in a query
          • Use arithmetic operators in queries
          • Use numerical functions in queries
          • Use string connectors in queries
          • Use string functions in queries
          • Use datetime functions in queries
          • Use type conversion functions in queries
          • Use aggregate functions in queries
          • Use NULL-related functions in queries
          • Use CASE functions in queries
          • Use the SELECT FOR UPDATE statement to lock query results
        • Execution plan
          • View execution plans of queries
          • Understand execution plans
        • Use SQL hints in queries
        • About query timeout variables
      • DML statements and transactions
        • DML statements
          • About DML statements
          • About the INSERT statement
          • About the UPDATE statement
          • About the MERGE statement
          • About the DELETE statement
        • Transactions
          • About transaction control statements
          • Start a transaction
          • Transaction savepoints
          • Commit a transaction
          • Roll back a transaction
          • About transaction timeout
    • Data migration
      • About data migration and synchronization
      • Migrate data by using OMS
      • Export and import data by using ODC
        • Overview
        • Export and import file formats
        • Batch export and import
        • Single table export and import
      • Migrate data by using SQL scripts
        • Common SQL scripts for data migration
        • Export data by using OUTFILE statements
        • Export data by using the LOAD DATA statement
      • Migrate data by using mysqldump
      • Migrate data by using OBLOADER & OBDUMPER
        • Import data by using OBLOADER
        • Export data by using OBDUMPER
      • Migrate data by using DataX
        • DataX
        • Examples of using DataX in OceanBase Database
    • Design conventions and constraints
      • Object naming conventions
        • Overview
        • Tenant naming conventions
        • User naming conventions
        • Table naming conventions
        • Field naming conventions
        • Other naming conventions
      • Object structure conventions
        • Field design
        • Table structure design
        • Partitioned table design
        • Index design
        • Other structural designs
      • Character set specifications
      • Database connection specifications
      • Best practices for database design
        • Configuration example (database connection pool)
          • Overview of database connection pool configuration
          • Example of configuring a Tomcat connection pool
          • Example of configuring a C3P0 connection pool
          • Example of configuring a Proxool connection pool
          • Example of configuring a HiKariCP connection pool
          • Example of configuring a DBCP connection pool
          • CommonPool configuration example
          • Example of configuring a JDBC connection pool
        • Development framework connection example
          • SpringBoot connection example
          • SpringBatch connection example
          • SpringJDBC connection example
          • SpringJPA connection example
          • Hibernate connection example
          • MyBatis connection example
        • Use of table comments
        • ORM conventions
        • Exception handling
    • SQL syntax
      • System tenant
        • Overview
        • ALTER SYSTEM
          • BACKUP
          • BALANCE TASK
          • BOOTSTRAP
          • CANCEL MIGRATE UNIT
          • CHANGE TENANT
          • CLUSTER
          • CONVERT
          • DELETE BACKUPSET
          • DELETE OBSOLETE BACKUP
          • FAILOVER
          • FLUSH PLAN CACHE
          • JOB
          • MERGE
          • MIGRATE UNIT
          • PARAMETER
          • REFRESH
          • REPLICA
          • RESTORE
          • ROOTSERVICE
          • SERVER
          • SET STANDBY CLUSTER
          • SWITCHOVER
          • THROTTLE
          • UPGRADE
          • VALIDATE
          • ZONE
        • ALTER RESOURCE POOL
        • ALTER RESOURCE UNIT
        • ALTER TENANT
        • CREATE RESOURCE POOL
        • CREATE RESOURCE UNIT
        • CREATE TENANT
        • DROP RESOURCE POOL
        • DROP RESOURCE UNIT
        • DROP TENANT
        • SET DECRYPTION
        • SET ENCRYPTION
      • User tenants (MySQL mode)
        • Elements
          • Data type
            • Overview
            • Numeric data types
              • Overview
              • Integer data types
              • Fixed-point data types
              • Floating-point data types
              • Bit value data type
            • Date and time data types
              • Overview
              • DATE, DATETIME, and TIMESTAMP types
              • TIME type
              • YEAR type
            • Character data types
              • Overview
              • CHAR and VARCHAR
              • BINARY and VARBINARY
            • BLOB and TEXT data types
              • Overview
              • BLOB types
              • TEXT types
            • ENUM data type
            • SET data type
            • JSON data types
              • Overview
              • Create a JSON value
              • Query and modify JSON values
              • Convert a JSON data type
            • Spatial data types
              • Overview
              • SRS
              • Create a spatial column
              • Create a spatial index
              • Spatial data formats
          • Expressions
            • Overview
            • Expression syntax
            • Convert data types in expression evaluation
          • Character sets and collations
            • Overview
            • Character sets
            • Collations
            • Database-level character sets and collations
            • Table-level character sets and collations
            • Column-level character sets and collations
            • Character sets and collations for character expressions
            • Character sets and collations for client connection
          • Literals
            • Overview
            • Strings
            • Numbers
            • Datetime values
            • Bit values
            • Boolean values
            • NULLs
          • Schema object names
          • User-defined variables
          • Comments
        • Operators
          • Overview
          • Operator precedence
          • Arithmetic operators
          • Bitwise operators
          • Comparison operators
          • Logical operators
          • Assignment operators
          • Date and time operators
          • Concatenation operators
          • BINARY operator
          • CASE conditional operator
        • Sequence pseudocolumns
        • Functions
          • Overview
          • Single-row functions
            • Date and time functions
              • ADDDATE
              • CONVERT_TZ
              • CURDATE
              • CURRENT_DATE
              • CURRENT_TIME
              • CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
              • CURTIME
              • DATE
              • DATE_ADD
              • DATE_FORMAT
              • DATE_SUB
              • DATEDIFF
              • DAYOFMONTH
              • DAYOFWEEK
              • DAYOFYEAR
              • EXTRACT
              • FROM_DAYS
              • FROM_UNIXTIME
              • GET_FORMAT
              • HOUR
              • LAST_DAY
              • LOCALTIME
              • LOCALTIMESTAMP
              • MAKEDATE
              • MAKETIME
              • MICROSECOND
              • MINUTE
              • MONTH
              • MONTHNAME
              • NOW
              • PERIOD_ADD
              • PERIOD_DIFF
              • QUARTER
              • SEC_TO_TIME
              • SECOND
              • STR_TO_DATE
              • SUBDATE
              • SUBTIME
              • SYSDATE
              • TIME
              • TIME_FORMAT
              • TIME_TO_SEC
              • TIME_TO_USEC
              • TIMEDIFF
              • TIMESTAMP
              • TIMESTAMPADD
              • TIMESTAMPDIFF
              • TO_DAYS
              • TO_SECONDS
              • UNIX_TIMESTAMP
              • USEC_TO_TIME
              • UTC_DATE
              • UTC_TIME
              • UTC_TIMESTAMP
              • WEEK
              • WEEKDAY
              • WEEKOFYEAR
              • YEARWEEK
              • YEAR
              • DAY
            • String functions
              • ASCII
              • BIN
              • BIT_LENGTH
              • CHAR
              • CHAR_LENGTH
              • CONCAT
              • CONCAT_WS
              • EXPORT_SET
              • ELT
              • FIELD
              • FIND_IN_SET
              • FORMAT
              • HEX
              • INSERT
              • INSTR
              • INT2IP
              • IP2INT
              • LCASE
              • LEFT
              • LENGTH
              • LOCATE
              • LOWER
              • LPAD
              • LTRIM
              • MAKE_SET
              • MID
              • OCT
              • ORD
              • POSITION
              • QUOTE
              • REGEXP
              • REGEXP_INSTR
              • REGEXP_LIKE
              • REGEXP_REPLACE
              • REGEXP_SUBSTR
              • REPEAT
              • REPLACE
              • REVERSE
              • RIGHT
              • RLIKE
              • RPAD
              • RTRIM
              • SPACE
              • STRCMP
              • SUBSTR
              • SUBSTRING
              • SUBSTRING_INDEX
              • TRIM
              • UCASE
              • UNHEX
              • UPPER
              • WEIGHT_STRING
              • TO_BASE64
              • FROM_BASE64
            • Conversion functions
              • CAST
              • CONVERT
            • Mathematical functions
              • ABS
              • ACOS
              • ASIN
              • ATAN
              • ATAN2
              • BIT_COUNT
              • CEIL
              • CEILING
              • CONV
              • COS
              • COT
              • CRC32
              • DEGREES
              • EXP
              • FLOOR
              • LN
              • LOG
              • LOG10
              • LOG2
              • MOD
              • NEG
              • PI
              • POW
              • POWER
              • RADIANS
              • RAND
              • ROUND
              • SIGN
              • SIN
              • SQRT
              • TAN
              • TRUNCATE
            • Comparison functions
              • GREATEST
              • INTERVAL
              • ISNULL
              • LEAST
            • Process control functions
              • IF
              • IFNULL
              • NULLIF
              • ORA_DECODE
          • Aggregate functions
            • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
            • AVG
            • BIT_AND
            • BIT_OR
            • BIT_XOR
            • COUNT
            • GROUP_CONCAT
            • GROUPING
            • MAX
            • MIN
            • STD
            • STDDEV
            • STDDEV_POP
            • STDDEV_SAMP
            • SUM
            • VAR_POP
            • VAR_SAMP
            • VARIANCE
          • Analytic functions
            • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
            • AVG
            • COUNT
            • CUME_DIST
            • DENSE_RANK
            • FIRST_VALUE
            • LAG
            • LAST_VALUE
            • LEAD
            • MAX
            • MIN
            • NTH_VALUE
            • NTILE
            • PERCENT_RANK
            • RANK
            • ROW_NUMBER
            • STD
            • STDDEV
            • STDDEV_POP
            • STDDEV_SAMP
            • SUM
            • VAR_POP
            • VAR_SAMP
            • VARIANCE
          • Encryption functions
            • AES_DECRYPT
            • AES_ENCRYPT
            • MD5
          • Information functions
            • BENCHMARK
            • CHARSET
            • COERCIBILITY
            • COLLATION
            • CONNECTION_ID
            • CURRENT_USER
            • DATABASE
            • FOUND_ROWS
            • LAST_INSERT_ID
            • SCHEMA
            • ROW_COUNT
            • SESSION_USER
            • SYSTEM_USER
            • USER
            • VERSION
            • OB_VERSION
          • JSON functions
            • Functions that create JSON values
              • JSON_ARRAY
              • JSON_OBJECT
              • JSON_QUOTE
            • Functions that search JSON values
              • JSON_CONTAINS
              • JSON_CONTAINS_PATH
              • JSON_EXTRACT
              • JSON_KEYS
              • JSON_OVERLAPS
              • JSON_SEARCH
              • JSON_VALUE
              • MEMBER OF
            • Functions that modify JSON values
              • JSON_ARRAY_APPEND
              • JSON_ARRAY_INSERT
              • JSON_INSERT
              • JSON_MERGE
              • JSON_MERGE_PATCH
              • JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE
              • JSON_REMOVE
              • JSON_REPLACE
              • JSON_SET
              • JSON_UNQUOTE
            • Functions that return JSON text attributes
              • JSON_DEPTH
              • JSON_LENGTH
              • JSON_TYPE
              • JSON_VALID
            • JSON utility functions
              • JSON_PRETTY
              • JSON_STORAGE_SIZE
            • JSON aggregate functions
              • JSON_ARRAYAGG
              • JSON_OBJECTAGG
          • Other functions
            • ANY_VALUE
            • COALESCE
            • DEFAULT
            • INET_ATON
            • INET_NTOA
            • INET6_ATON
            • INET6_NTOA
            • IS_IPV4
            • IS_IPV4_COMPAT
            • IS_IPV4_MAPPED
            • IS_IPV6
            • NVL
            • SLEEP
            • UUID
            • UUID_SHORT
            • VALUES
          • Spatial functions
            • Create a geometric function
            • Spatial operation functions
            • Spatial relation functions
            • Geometry property functions
            • Geometric format conversion functions
        • Queries and subqueries
          • Overview
          • Subqueries
          • JOIN
        • SQL statements
          • General syntax
          • CTE
          • ALTER DATABASE
          • ALTER OUTLINE
          • ALTER SEQUENCE
          • ALTER TABLE
          • ALTER TABLEGROUP
          • ALTER USER
          • ALTER VIEW
          • ANALYZE
          • CREATE DATABASE
          • CREATE INDEX
          • CREATE OUTLINE
          • CREATE RESTORE POINT
          • CREATE SEQUENCE
          • CREATE TABLE
          • CREATE TABLEGROUP
          • CREATE USER
          • CREATE VIEW
          • DEALLOCATE PREPARE
          • DELETE
          • DESCRIBE
          • DROP DATABASE
          • DROP INDEX
          • DROP OUTLINE
          • DROP RESTORE POINT
          • DROP TABLE
          • DROP TABLEGROUP
          • DROP SEQUENCE
          • DROP USER
          • DROP VIEW
          • EXECUTE
          • EXPLAIN
          • FLASHBACK
          • GRANT
          • HELP
          • INSERT
          • KILL
          • LOAD DATA
          • OPTIMIZE
          • PREPARE
          • PURGE
          • PURGE RECYCLEBIN
          • RENAME TABLE
          • RENAME USER
          • REPLACE
          • REVOKE
          • SAVEPOINT
          • SCHEMA
          • SELECT
            • SELECT
            • JOIN clause
            • OVER clause
            • UNION clause
          • SELECT INTO
          • SET
          • SET CHARSET
          • SET NAMES
          • SET PASSWORD
          • SET TRANSACTION
          • SHOW
          • TRANSACTION
          • TRUNCATE TABLE
          • UPDATE
          • USE
      • User tenants (Oracles mode)
        • SQL overview
        • Pseudocolumns
          • Overview
          • Hierarchical query pseudocolumns
          • Sequence pseudocolumns
          • ORA_ROWSCN pseudocolumn
          • ROWNUM pseudocolumn
          • ROWID pseudocolumn
        • Elements
          • Built-in data types
            • Overview of built-in data types
            • Character data types
              • Overview of character data types
              • CHAR data type
              • NCHAR data type
              • NVARCHAR2 data type
              • VARCHAR2 data type
              • VARCHAR data type
            • Numeric data types
              • Overview
              • NUMBER data type
              • FLOAT data type
              • Floating-point numbers
              • Precedence of numeric data types
            • Date, time, and interval data types
              • Overview of datetime and interval data types
              • DATE data type
              • TIMESTAMP data type
              • TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE date type
              • TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE data type
              • INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH data type
              • INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND data type
              • Calculation of dates, timestamps, and intervals
            • RAW data type
            • Large object data types
              • Overview
              • BLOB data type
              • CLOB data type
            • Rowid data types
            • User-defined data types
          • Comparison rules of data types
            • Overview
            • Numeric value comparison rules
            • Date value comparison rules
            • Character value comparison rules
            • Data type precedence
            • Data type conversion rules
            • Security considerations for data conversion
          • Literals
            • Overview
            • Text literals
            • Numeric literals
            • Datetime literals
              • Date literals
              • Timestamp literals
            • Interval literals
          • Format models
            • Overview
            • Number format models
            • Datetime format models
            • RR datetime format element
            • String-to-date conversion rules
          • Null values
            • Overview of nulls
            • Nulls in SQL functions
            • Nulls in comparison conditions
            • Nulls in conditional expressions
          • Comments
            • Overview
            • Comments within SQL statements
            • Comments on schema and nonschema objects
            • Hint
              • Overview of hints
              • Lists of hints
                • Hints related to access path
                • Hints related to join orders
                • Hints related to joins
                • Hints related to parallel execution
                • Hints related to query strategy
                • Hints related to query conversion
                • Other hints
          • Database objects
            • Schema objects
            • Non-schema objects
          • Database naming conventions
            • Overview
            • Database object names and qualifiers
            • Suggestions on schema object names
          • Methods of referencing database objects
            • Overview
            • Reference schema objects
            • Reference objects in a remote database
              • Create database links
              • Reference database links
            • Reference partition tables and indexes
            • Reference an attribute or method of an object type
        • Operators
          • Overview of operators
          • Operator precedence
          • Arithmetic operators
          • Concatenation operator
          • Hierarchical query operators
          • Set operators
          • COLLATE operator
        • Functions
          • Function overview
          • Single-row functions
            • Numeric functions
              • ABS
              • ACOS
              • ASIN
              • ATAN
              • ATAN2
              • BITAND
              • CEIL
              • COS
              • COSH
              • EXP
              • FLOOR
              • LN
              • LOG
              • MOD
              • NANVL
              • POWER
              • REMAINDER
              • ROUND
              • SIGN
              • SIN
              • SINH
              • SQRT
              • TAN
              • TANH
              • TRUNC
              • WIDTH_BUCKET
            • String functions that return strings
              • CHR
              • CONCAT
              • INITCAP
              • LOWER
              • LPAD
              • LTRIM
              • NLS_LOWER
              • NLS_UPPER
              • REGEXP_REPLACE
              • REGEXP_SUBSTR
              • REPLACE
              • RPAD
              • RTRIM
              • SUBSTR
              • TRANSLATE
              • TRANSLATE ... USING
              • TRIM
              • UPPER
            • String functions that return numbers
              • ASCII
              • INSTR
              • LENGTH
              • REGEXP_COUNT
              • REGEXP_INSTR
            • Datetime functions
              • ADD_MONTHS
              • CURRENT_DATE
              • CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
              • DBTIMEZONE
              • EXTRACT (datetime)
              • FROM_TZ
              • LAST_DAY
              • LOCALTIMESTAMP
              • MONTHS_BETWEEN
              • NEXT_DAY
              • NUMTODSINTERVAL
              • NUMTOYMINTERVAL
              • ROUND (date)
              • SESSIONTIMEZONE
              • SYS_EXTRACT_UTC
              • SYSDATE
              • SYSTIMESTAMP
              • TO_CHAR (datetime)
              • TO_DSINTERVAL
              • TO_TIMESTAMP
              • TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ
              • TO_YMINTERVAL
              • TRUNC (date)
              • TZ_OFFSET
            • General comparison functions
              • GREATEST
              • LEAST
            • Conversion functions
              • ASCIISTR
              • CAST
              • CHARTOROWID
              • CONVERT
              • HEXTORAW
              • NUMTODSINTERVAL
              • NUMTOYMINTERVAL
              • RAWTOHEX
              • ROWIDTOCHAR
              • ROWIDTONCHAR
              • TO_BINARY_DOUBLE
              • TO_BINARY_FLOAT
              • TO_BLOB
              • TO_CHAR (character)
              • TO_CHAR (datetime)
              • TO_CHAR (number)
              • TO_CLOB
              • TO_DATE
              • TO_DSINTERVAL
              • TO_MULTI_BYTE
              • TO_NUMBER
              • TO_NCHAR (character)
              • TO_NCHAR (datetime)
              • TO_NCHAR (number)
              • TO_SINGLE_BYTE
              • TO_TIMESTAMP
              • TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ
              • TO_YMINTERVAL
              • UNISTR
            • Encoding and decoding functions
              • DECODE
              • DUMP
              • ORA_HASH
              • VSIZE
            • Null value-related functions
              • COALESCE
              • LNNVL
              • NANVL
              • NULLIF
              • NVL
              • NVL2
            • Environment and identifier functions
              • SYS_CONTEXT
              • SYS_GUID
              • UID
              • USER
              • USERENV
              • OB_VERSION
            • Hierarchical functions
              • SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH
            • XML functions
              • XMLAGG
              • XMLATTRIBUTES
              • XMLELEMENT
              • XMLPARSE
          • Aggregate functions
            • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
            • AVG
            • CORR
            • COUNT
            • COVAR_POP
            • COVAR_SAMP
            • CUME_DIST
            • DENSE_RANK
            • GROUPING
            • KEEP
            • LISTAGG
            • MAX
            • MEDIAN
            • MIN
            • PERCENT_RANK
            • PERCENTILE_CONT
            • PERCENTILE_DISC
            • RANK
            • REGR_ (Linear Regression) Functions
            • ROLLUP
            • STDDEV
            • STDDEV_POP
            • STDDEV_SAMP
            • SUM
            • VAR_POP
            • VAR_SAMP
            • VARIANCE
            • WMSYS.WM_CONCAT/WM_CONCAT
          • Analytic functions
            • Analytic functions
            • AVG
            • CORR
            • COUNT
            • COVAR_POP
            • COVAR_SAMP
            • CUME_DIST
            • DENSE_RANK
            • FIRST_VALUE
            • KEEP
            • LAG
            • LAST_VALUE
            • LEAD
            • LISTAGG
            • MAX
            • MEDIAN
            • MIN
            • NTILE
            • NTH_VALUE
            • PERCENT_RANK
            • PERCENTILE_CONT
            • PERCENTILE_DISC
            • RANK
            • RATIO_TO_REPORT
            • REGR_ (Linear Regression) Functions
            • ROW_NUMBER
            • STDDEV
            • STDDEV_POP
            • STDDEV_SAMP
            • SUM
            • VAR_POP
            • VAR_SAMP
            • VARIANCE
            • WMSYS.WM_CONCAT/WM_CONCAT
        • Expressions
          • Overview
          • Simple expressions
          • Compound expressions
          • Case expressions
          • Column expressions
          • CURSOR expressions
          • Datetime expressions
          • Function expressions
          • Interval expressions
          • Scalar subquery expressions
          • Type constructor expressions
          • Expression list
        • Conditions
          • Overview of SQL conditions
          • Condition precedence
          • Comparison conditions
          • Floating-point conditions
          • Logical conditions
          • Pattern-matching conditions
          • Null conditions
          • Compound conditions
          • BETWEEN condition
          • EXISTS condition
          • IN condition
        • Queries and subqueries
          • Overview of queries and subqueries
          • Simple query
          • Hierarchical query
          • Compound queries
          • Join queries
          • Subquery
          • DUAL table query
        • SQL statements
          • DDL
            • ALTER INDEX
            • ALTER KEYSTORE
            • ALTER OUTLINE
            • ALTER PROFILE
            • ALTER ROLE
            • ALTER SEQUENCE
            • ALTER SESSION
            • ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH PLAN CACHE
            • ALTER SYSTEM PARAMETER
            • ALTER TABLE
            • ALTER TABLEGROUP
            • ALTER USER
            • CREATE DIRECTORY
            • CREATE DATABASE LINK
            • CREATE INDEX
            • CREATE KEYSTORE
            • CREATE OUTLINE
            • CREATE PROFILE
            • CREATE RESTORE POINT
            • CREATE ROLE
            • CREATE SEQUENCE
            • CREATE SYNONYM
            • CREATE TABLE
            • CREATE TABLEGROUP
            • CREATE TABLESPACE
            • CREATE USER
            • CREATE VIEW
            • DROP DIRECTORY
            • DROP DATABASE LINK
            • DROP INDEX
            • DROP OUTLINE
            • DROP PROFILE
            • DROP RESTORE POINT
            • DROP ROLE
            • DROP SEQUENCE
            • DROP SYNONYM
            • DROP TABLE
            • DROP TABLEGROUP
            • DROP TABLESPACE
            • DROP USER
            • DROP VIEW
            • RENAME
            • TRUNCATE TABLE
          • DML
            • DELETE
            • INSERT
            • MERGE
            • PURGE
            • SELECT
              • SIMPLE SELECT
              • Set-based SELECT
              • WITH clause
            • UPDATE
          • DCL
            • ANALYZE
            • AUDIT
            • COMMENT
            • COMMIT
            • EXPLAIN
            • FLASHBACK TABLE BEFORE DROP
            • GRANT
            • KILL
            • REVOKE
            • ROLLBACK
            • SAVEPOINT
            • SET NAMES
            • SET PASSWORD
            • SET ROLE
            • SET VARIABLE
            • SHOW
            • SHRINK
            • TRANSACTION
    • PL reference
      • What is PL?
        • Overview
        • Main features of PL
        • PL architecture
      • PL reference (MySQL mode)
        • Syntax of PL stored programs
        • Stored programs
          • Overview
          • Variables in stored programs
          • Stored procedures
          • Stored functions
          • Triggers
          • Access control and account management
          • Limitations on stored programs
        • Cursors
          • Overview
          • Cursor execution process
          • Limitations on server cursors
        • Conditional control statements
          • CASE
          • IF
          • ITERATE
          • LEAVE
          • LOOP
          • REPEAT
          • RETURN
          • WHILE
        • Data manipulation statements
          • CALL
          • DO
        • Data definition statements
          • CREATE FUNCTION
          • CREATE PROCEDURE
          • CREATE TRIGGER
          • DROP FUNCTION
          • DROP PROCEDURE
          • DROP TRIGGER
        • Database management statements
          • SHOW CREATE FUNCTION
          • SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE
          • SHOW CREATE TRIGGER
          • SHOW FUNCTION STATUS
          • SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS
          • SHOW TRIGGERS
        • Dictionary view
          • INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARAMETERS
          • INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES
          • INFORMATION_SCHEMA TRIGGERS
        • Exception handling
          • Overview
          • DECLARE ... CONDITION
          • DECLARE ... HANDLER
          • GET DIAGNOSTICS
          • RESIGNAL
          • SIGNAL
          • Effective scope of an exception handler
          • Diagnostics area
          • Exception handling and OUT/INOUT parameters
          • Limitations on exception handling
        • PL packages
          • DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER
            • Overview
            • CREATE_CONSUMER_GROUP
            • CREATE_PLAN
            • CREATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
            • DELETE_CONSUMER_GROUP
            • DELETE_PLAN
            • DELETE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
            • SET_CONSUMER_GROUP_MAPPING
            • UPDATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
          • DBMS_STATS
            • Overview
            • DELETE_COLUMN_STATS
            • DELETE_TABLE_STATS
            • EXPORT_COLUMN_STATS
            • EXPORT_TABLE_STATS
            • FLUSH_DATABASE_MONITORING_INFO
            • GATHER_TABLE_STATS
            • IMPORT_COLUMN_STATS
            • IMPORT_TABLE_STATS
            • LOCK_PARTITION_STATS
            • LOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
            • LOCK_TABLE_STATS
            • SET_COLUMN_STATS
            • SET_TABLE_STATS
            • UNLOCK_PARTITION_STATS
            • UNLOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
            • UNLOCK_TABLE_STATS
        • Reserved and non-reserved PL keywords
      • PL reference (Oracle mode)
        • Language basics
          • Character sets
          • Lexical units
          • Declaration
          • Reference identifiers
          • Scope and visibility of identifiers
          • Assign values
          • Expressions
          • PL blocks
          • Subprograms
          • Error-reporting functions
        • Data types
          • Overview
          • SQL data types
          • LOB data types
          • BOOLEAN type
          • User-defined subtypes
          • PLS_INTEGER and BINARY_INTEGER
          • Arrays
        • Flow control
          • Overview
          • Conditional control
          • Loop control
          • Sequential control
        • Collections and records
          • Overview
          • Collections
          • Associative arrays
          • Varrays
          • Nested tables
          • Collection constructor function
          • Collection methods
            • Overview of collection methods
            • DELETE method
            • TRIM method
            • EXTEND method
            • EXISTS method
            • FIRST and LAST methods
            • COUNT method
            • LIMIT method
            • PRIOR and NEXT methods
          • Records
          • Insert records into a table and update a table by using records
          • Create and call a subprogram with record type parameters
        • Static SQL
          • Overview
          • Cursors
            • Overview
            • Cursor attributes
            • Implicit cursors
            • Explicit cursors
            • Cursor variables
            • Traverse cursor data by using the FOR loop
            • Modify and drop a cursor
          • Transaction processing and control
          • Autonomous transactions
            • Overview
            • Control autonomous transactions
            • Autonomous triggers
        • Dynamic SQL
          • Overview
          • Execute dynamic SQL statements
          • DBMS_SQL system package
        • Stored procedures and functions
          • Overview
          • Create a stored procedure
          • Create a function
          • Manage stored procedures and functions
          • Privilege control
          • User-defined aggregate functions
            • Overview
            • Interface for user-defined aggregate functions
            • Create user-defined aggregate functions
            • Use user-defined aggregate functions
        • Triggers
          • Overview
          • Create a DML trigger
          • Modify and drop a trigger
          • Disable or enable a trigger
          • Query trigger information
          • INSTEAD OF DML trigger
        • Packages
          • Overview
          • Create a program package
          • Overloaded programs in a package
          • Manage program packages
          • Definition of the PL environment by the STANDARD package
        • Exception handling
          • Overview
          • Compile-Time alerts
          • Exception types
          • Exception handling processes
        • DDL operations on stored PL units
          • Overview
          • ALTER FUNCTION
          • ALTER PACKAGE
          • ALTER PROCEDURE
          • ALTER TRIGGER
          • ALTER TYPE
          • CREATE FUNCTION
          • CREATE PACKAGE
          • CREATE PACKAGE BODY
          • CREATE PROCEDURE
          • CREATE TRIGGER
          • CREATE TYPE
          • CREATE TYPE BODY
          • DROP FUNCTION
          • DROP PACKAGE
          • DROP PROCEDURE
          • DROP TRIGGER
          • DROP TYPE
          • DROP TYPE BODY
        • PL packages
          • Overview
          • DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO
            • Overview
            • READ_CLIENT_INFO
            • READ_MODULE
            • SET_ACTION
            • SET_CLIENT_INFO
            • SET_MODULE
          • DBMS_CRYPTO
            • Overview
            • ENCRYPT
            • DECRYPT
            • HASH
          • DBMS_DEBUG
            • Overview
            • ATTACH_SESSION
            • CONTINUE
            • DEBUG_ON
            • DEBUG_OFF
            • DETACH_SESSION
            • DELETE_BREAKPOINT
            • DISABLE_BREAKPOINT
            • ENABLE_BREAKPOINT
            • GET_VALUE
            • GET_VALUES
            • GET_RUNTIME_INFO
            • GET_TIMEOUT_BEHAVIOUR
            • INITIALIZE
            • PROBE_VERSION
            • PRINT_BACKTRACE
            • SET_TIMEOUT
            • SET_TIMEOUT_BEHAVIOUR
            • SET_BREAKPOINT
            • SHOW_BREAKPOINTS
          • DBMS_DESCRIBE
            • Overview
            • DESCRIBE_PROCEDURE
          • DBMS_JOB
            • Overview
            • BROKEN
            • CHANGE
            • ZONE
            • INTERVAL
            • NEXT_DATE
            • REMOVE
            • RUN
            • SUBMIT
            • USER_EXPORT
            • WHAT
          • DBMS_LOB
            • Overview
            • APPEND
            • CLOSE
            • COMPARE
            • COPY
            • CREATETEMPORARY
            • ERASE
            • FREETEMPORARY
            • GETLENGTH
            • ISOPEN
            • INSTR
            • OPEN
            • READ
            • SUBSTR
            • TRIM
            • WRITE
            • WRITEAPPEND
          • DBMS_LOCK
            • Overview
            • SLEEP
          • DBMS_METADATA
            • Overview
            • GET_DDL
          • DBMS_OUTPUT
            • Overview
            • DISABLE
            • ENABLE
            • GET_LINE
            • GET_LINES
            • NEW_LINE
            • PUT
            • PUT_LINE
          • DBMS_PLAN_CACHE
            • Overview
            • PURGE
          • DBMS_RANDOM
            • Overview
            • INITIALIZE
            • NORMAL
            • RANDOM
            • SEED
            • STRING
            • TERMINATE
            • VALUE
          • DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER
            • Overview
            • CREATE_CONSUMER_GROUP
            • CREATE_PLAN
            • CREATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
            • DELETE_CONSUMER_GROUP
            • DELETE_PLAN
            • DELETE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
            • SET_CONSUMER_GROUP_MAPPING
            • UPDATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
          • DBMS_SCHEDULER
            • Overview
            • CREATE_JOB
            • CREATE_PROGRAM
            • DEFINE_PROGRAM_ARGUMENT
            • DISABLE
            • DROP_JOB
            • DROP_PROGRAM
            • ENABLE
            • GENERATE_JOB_NAME
            • RUN_JOB
            • SET_ATTRIBUTE
            • SET_JOB_ARGUMENT_VALUE
          • DBMS_SESSION
            • Overview
            • CLEAR_ALL_CONTEXT
            • CLEAR_CONTEXT
            • CLEAR_IDENTIFIER
            • SET_CONTEXT
            • SET_IDENTIFIER
          • DBMS_SQL
            • Overview
            • BIND_VARIABLE
            • CLOSE_CURSOR
            • COLUMN_VALUE
            • DEFINE_COLUMN
            • DEFINE_ARRAY
            • DESCRIBE_COLUMNS
            • EXECUTE
            • EXECUTE_AND_FETCH
            • FETCH_ROWS
            • IS_OPEN
            • OPEN_CURSOR
            • PARSE
          • DBMS_STATS
            • Overview
            • DELETE_COLUMN_STATS
            • DELETE_TABLE_STATS
            • EXPORT_COLUMN_STATS
            • EXPORT_TABLE_STATS
            • FLUSH_DATABASE_MONITORING_INFO
            • GATHER_TABLE_STATS
            • IMPORT_COLUMN_STATS
            • IMPORT_TABLE_STATS
            • LOCK_PARTITION_STATS
            • LOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
            • LOCK_TABLE_STATS
            • SET_COLUMN_STATS
            • SET_TABLE_STATS
            • UNLOCK_PARTITION_STATS
            • UNLOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
            • UNLOCK_TABLE_STATS
          • DBMS_UTILITY
            • Overview
            • ACTIVE_INSTANCES
            • COMMA_TO_TABLE
            • CURRENT_INSTANCE
            • DB_VERSION
            • FORMAT_CALL_STACK
            • FORMAT_ERROR_BACKTRACE
            • FORMAT_ERROR_STACK
            • GET_ENDIANNESS
            • GET_HASH_VALUE
            • GET_PARAMETER_VALUE
            • GET_SQL_HASH
            • GET_TIME
            • IS_BIT_SET
            • IS_CLUSTER_DATABASE
            • NAME_RESOLVE
            • NAME_TOKENIZE
            • OLD_CURRENT_SCHEMA
            • OLD_CURRENT_USER
            • PORT_STRING
            • TABLE_TO_COMMA
          • DBMS_XA
            • Overview
            • DBMS_XA constants
            • DBMS_XA_XID object type
            • DIST_TXN_SYNC
            • XA_COMMIT
            • XA_END
            • XA_FORGET
            • XA_GETLASTOER
            • XA_PREPARE
            • XA_RECOVER
            • XA_ROLLBACK
            • XA_SETTIMEOUT
            • XA_START
          • ODCICONST
            • Overview
            • ODCIArgDesc.ArgType
            • ODCIEnv.CallProperty
            • ODCIEnv.Envflags
            • ODCIIndexAlter
            • ODCIIndexAlter parameter alter_option
            • ODCIIndexInfo.IndexInfoFlags
            • ODCIIndexInfo.IndexParaDegree
            • ODCIPredInfo.Flags
            • ODCIQueryInfo.Flags
            • ODCIStatsOptions.Flags
            • ODCIStatsOptions.Options
            • Return Status
            • ScnFlg
          • UTL_FILE
            • Overview
            • FCLOSE
            • FFLUSH
            • FOPEN
            • FGETPOS
            • FREMOVE
            • FRENAME
            • FSEEK
            • NEW_LINE
            • GET_LINE
            • PUT
            • PUT_LINE
          • UTL_ENCODE
            • Overview
            • BASE64_DECODE
            • BASE64_ENCODE
          • UTL_I18N
            • Overview
            • RAW_TO_CHAR
            • STRING_TO_RAW
          • UTL_RAW
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OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V3.2.3

Last Updated:2023-10-24 09:23:04  Updated
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What is on this page
V3.2.3 BP9
Version information
Enhanced features
Behavioral changes
Parameter changes
Bug fixes
Considerations
V3.2.3 BP8
Version information
Enhanced features
Parameter changes
Bug fixes
Considerations
V3.2.3 BP7
Version information
Enhanced features
Compatibility changes
Fixed issues
Considerations
V3.2.3 BP6
Version information
Enhanced features
Bug fixes
Considerations
V3.2.3 BP5
Version information
Enhanced features
Compatibility changes
Bug Fixes
Considerations
V3.2.3 BP4
Version information
Enhanced features
Compatibility changes
Supported components
Bug fixes
Considerations
V3.2.3 BP3
Version information
Enhanced features
Added parameters
Bug fixes
Considerations
V3.2.3 BP2
Version information
Enhanced features
Bug fixes
V3.2.3 BP1
Version information
Enhanced features
Compatibility changes
Bug fixes
V3.2.3
Version information
Overview
New features
Compatibility changes
Upgrade notes
Supported components
Bug fixes

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V3.2.3 BP9

Version information

  • Release date: July 14, 2023
  • Version: V3.2.3 BP9
  • RPM version: oceanbase-3.2.3.3-109000182023071410

Enhanced features

  • MySQL data types are optimized. Specifically, the NCHAR and NVARCHAR data types and the SELECT N'xxx' syntax are supported.

Behavioral changes

  • In this version, the optimization of IN predicate extraction is disabled by default. If large IN queries exist in the business SQL statements and the execution time or memory consumption of these large IN queries causes a bottleneck in the business system, you can set the value of the _enable_in_range_optimization parameter to True to enable the optimization of IN predicate extraction.

Parameter changes

Parameter Change type Default value Description
max_trx_2pc_retry_interval New 30s A cluster-level parameter that specifies the maximum message retry interval during the two-phase commit of transactions. If many transaction participants exist, set this parameter to an appropriately large value based on the actual situation.
_optimizer_better_inlist_costing New False A tenant-level parameter that specifies whether to enable IN expression optimization for the optimizer.
_enable_in_range_optimization New False A tenant-level parameter that specifies whether to optimize the query range of IN predicates.

Bug fixes

  • Fixed the issue where the query performance became poor due to a large number of IN queries were transformed into range queries when too many IN predicates and IN list values existed.
  • Fixed the issue where the memory usage of the SYS500 tenant was high because the liboblog cleanup task was not triggered due to a Time Stamp Counter (TSC) clock rollback.
  • Fixed the issue where a core dump of the observer process might occur when a stored procedure that contained CursorForLoop was debugged in OceanBase Developer Center (ODC).
  • Fixed the issue where a core dump might occur when SQL statements whose constants were commented using /*!*/ were used for query.
  • Fixed the issue of physical restore failure when using the TIMESTAMP or TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE data types as primary keys in a table in Oracle mode, after enabling TDE encryption, writing data, and archiving the generated clogs.
  • Fixed the issue of stack overflow caused by excessive loop iterations in stored procedures with GOTO (Oracle mode) or ITERATE (MySQL mode) statements.
  • Fixed the issue where when the getBigDecimal API of JDBC V1.1.10.6 was used in Oracle mode, a loss of significance occurred after Scale was set to 0.
  • Fixed the issue where a core dump may occur when the PL debug feature was used on the SUSE platform.
  • Fixed the issue where when a comment that contained two hyphens (--) was displayed in more than one line, the data in the next line was mistakenly considered as a comment.
  • Fixed the issue where when a single subpartition of a subpartitioned table was pruned, Error 5284 was returned while executing an SQL statement by using parallel data manipulation language (PDML).
  • Fixed the issue where when the alter table add partition operation was executed by using the prepared statement (PS) protocol, if an expression for boundary values of a new partition required implicit Cast conversion, the partition addition operation would fail in the new engine.
  • Fixed the issue where an out-of-memory (OOM) error was returned during package compilation after a memory leak occurred in PL Resolve View.
  • Fixed the issue where the load became unbalanced after nodes were added.
  • Fixed the issue where a stored procedure intermittently returned Error 4201.
  • Fixed the issue where the 4000 common error was returned for an UPDATE operation that contained subqueries.
  • Fixed the issue where some data was missing during migration because added subpartitions were not displayed in the DBA_OBJECTS view.
  • Fixed the issue where Error 6210 was returned during SQL execution because session variables were not recovered.
  • Fixed the issue where Error 4013 was returned for the SYS500 tenant because the occupied memory space could not be released. This issue occurred because clogs were recycled without being archived when the archiving disk was full.
  • Fixed the issue where Error 5226 was returned when the usage of the plan cache reached the limit because plan cache eviction failed.
  • Fixed the issue of generating a large query range and causing SQL execution error 4019 Size Overflow in an equijoin scenario where both tables had IN conditions. This issue occurred because duplicate IN predicates were not being eliminated.
  • Fixed the issue where the selected execution plan was not the optimal plan because PS Cursor used the old engine.
  • Fixed the issue where in Oracle mode, the scale and precision of the data returned by the ResultSetMetaData API were inconsistent with those returned in Oracle Database.
  • Fixed the issue where an error might return during cross-user schema identification if no database was specified for public synonyms in Oracle mode. Fixed the issue where executing an insert into select statement in Oracle mode, without hitting any partition, would result in an Oracle tenant executing the insertion of 0 rows successfully, but the OBServer node would throw an error.
  • Fixed the issue where in MySQL mode, the output sequence of the WM_CONCAT function was inconsistent with that in Oracle mode.
  • Fixed the issue where backup pieces were not deleted as expected when an automatic cleanup task was normally scheduled.
  • Fixed the issue where the error Entry not exist was returned when the CREATE RESOURCE UNIT statement was executed.
  • Fixed the issue where Error 4016 was returned if the base table of the trigger contained hidden columns.
  • Fixed the issue where Error 4029 was returned if DDL operations were performed on a table that was involved in remote SQL execution.
  • Fixed the issue where an error was returned during a package call because the plan cache was not hit after the OCI_ATTR_FETCH_ROWID attribute was set.
  • Fixed the issue where tenant parameters could not be specified if the number of timer tasks on the node exceeded 32 when many tenants existed.
  • Fixed the issue where the error clog role change timeout was returned when the leader elected by RootService failed to assume its role because the NTP clock was ahead of time by 2s after a hot migration triggered by a hardware threat on the ECS host.
  • Fixed the issue where after the tenant allowlist (ob_tcp_invited_nodes) was set to 1.1.1.1/24, the logon by using 1.1.1.1 failed.
  • Fixed the issue where if the package was recompiled by using ALTER PACKAGE when Error 4007 was returned during package compilation, the error message changed to unknown error message. the system doesn't declare this msg.
  • Fixed the issue where it took a long time to generate an execution plan for the INSERT ALL statement.
  • Fixed the issue where Error 4016 was returned during SQL execution because of a bug in the SQL rewriting module. SQL execution becomes normal after the no_rewrite hint is added.
  • Fixed the issue where a core dump occurred on an OBServer node during the parallel execution of an SQL statement because the OBServer node failed to obtain a valid server ID when it started after the cluster was scaled out.
  • Fixed the issue of inaccurate estimation of the number of physical rows on the storage engine.
  • Fixed the issue where an error was returned for a ROWNUM query in Oracle mode.
  • Fixed the issue where OceanBase Database Proxy (ODP) could not obtain routing information when two synonyms were nested.
  • Fixed the issue where the optimization by using indexes failed because an IN clause that contained multiple parameters could not be transformed to OR conditions.
  • Fixed the issue where a major compaction for the standby tenant timed out due to a TSC time exception in the system.

Considerations

  • MySQL version number formats, such as 5.7.25-OceanBase-v3.2.3.1, are supported in OceanBase Database since V3.2.3 BP4. Use the latest versions of components.
  • OBServer nodes support prepared statement (PS) text since OceanBase Database V3.2.3 BP5. It is supported by ODP since V3.2.7.1.
  • Default column values can be obtained to implement accurate routing since OceanBase Database V3.2.3 BP6. ODP supports this feature since V3.2.9.
  • Storage encryption by using Key Management Service (KMS) is supported since OceanBase Database V3.2.3 BP6. To use this feature, upgrade liboblog to V3.2.4 or later and then upgrade OceanBase Database to V3.2.3 BP6.
  • To use versions later than OceanBase Database V3.2.3 BP8, upgrade JDBC to V1.1.10.7 or later.
  • To upgrade OceanBase Database to V3.2.3 BP9, make sure that the version of OceanBase Cloud Platform (OCP) is V3.3.2 or later.
  • We recommend that the number of partitions created on a single OBServer node does not exceed 100,000.

V3.2.3 BP8

Version information

  • Release date: April 15, 2023
  • Version: V3.2.3 BP8
  • RPM version: oceanbase-3.2.3.3-108000062023041511

Enhanced features

  • In the case of node crash or leader switchover, the fast failure of SQL queries can be triggered to reduce the response latency.
  • OBStack is integrated into the OBServer installation package to obtain information about thread stacks in a lightweight and real-time manner.
  • The _enable_reserved_user_dcl_restriction parameter is provided to control whether general users can modify built-in users.

Parameter changes

Parameter Change type Default value Description
_max_trx_ctx_count New 700000 The maximum number of transaction contexts allowed for a single participant. This is a cluster-level parameter. Value range: [100000, MAX).
ob_query_switch_leader_retry_timeout New 0 The longest retry time allowed for a failed query, in microseconds (us). This is a tenant-level parameter. Value range: [0, unlimited). The value 0 indicates that the retry timeout check is disabled.
_with_subquery New 0 The policy that the optimizer uses to control common table expressions (CTEs). This is a tenant-level parameter. Valid values: 0, 1, 2.
  • 0: OPTIMIZE. The optimizer determines whether to materialize or expand the CTE.
  • 1: MATERIALIZE. The optimizer is forced to materialize the CTE.
  • 2: INLINE. The optimizer is forced to expand the CTE.
_xsolapi_generate_with_clause New true Specifies whether the optimizer extracts CTEs. This is a tenant-level parameter. Valid values: true, false.
_optimizer_group_by_placement New true Specifies whether to enable the GROUP BY PLACEMENT rewrite algorithm of the optimizer. This is a tenant-level parameter. Valid values: true, false.
_enable_reserved_user_dcl_restriction New false Specifies whether built-in users can be modified only by built-in users. This is a cluster-level parameter. Valid values: true, false.

Bug fixes

  • Fixed the issue where the query range extraction failed and the query results were incorrect if a WHERE clause contained four or more indexed columns that met the following conditions: the first column is an equivalent predicate, the second column a range predicate, the third column an IN expression, and the fourth column a random predicate.
  • Fixed the issue where when a subpartition was queried, the OBServer node returned empty routing information during the processing of default parameter exceptions. This issue caused the obproxy process to perform random routing and increases the query time.
  • Fixed the issue where in an XA transaction, the rollback of a failed nested SQL statement resulted in scheduler context leakage, which accumulated to exceed the upper limit and caused the unavailability of the transaction service on the corresponding node.
  • Fixed the issue where in a nested loop join, the execution plan failed if the TEMP TABLE TRANSFORMATION operator existed or pushdown predicates were generated for non-base table conditions.
  • Fixed the issue where in a multi-table join, the unexpected operator type error was returned if the right table of a nested loop join operator used a global index and the Broadcast to Host Distribution (BC2HOST) algorithm was used.
  • Fixed the issue where if any indexes existed on columns C1, C2, and C3, and the SQL statement contained the (C1 = ? OR C1 = ? ...) AND C2 IN (...) AND C3 ... clause, the range extraction failed, resulting in incorrect results.
  • Fixed the issue where if you use a collection constructor in PL to initialize the memory for collection variables, the memory cannot be released when PL exits. This is because the memory lifecycle is managed at the tenant level and causes memory leaks.
  • Fixed the issue where if too many user-defined functions (UDFs) were compiled at a time, statement memory was consumed for type checking and memory bloat occurs.
  • Fixed the issue where memory leaks occurred during the parsing of the SELECT part in the INSERT ALL statement.
  • Fixed the issue where some indexes were abnormal after a successful physical restore.
  • Fixed the issue where the following error was reported when you access a view that has a synonym: ORA-04063: view 'xxx' has errors.
  • Fixed the issue where the plan cache could not be hit due to incorrect settings of parameterized SQL IDs, which increased the execution time of the INSERT statement.
  • Fixed the issue where inaccurate error messages were returned if multiple layers of error stacks were nested in PL.
  • Fixed the issue where it took a long time to acquire a plan because the UPDATE IGNORE statement was not handled during expression precomputation.
  • Fixed the issue where in Oracle mode, information about DBLink-related views could not be displayed by running the DESC command.
  • Fixed the issue where in Oracle mode, when you use the TO_NUMBER function to convert a value of the NCHAR data type, the Internal error message was returned.
  • Fixed the issue where a syntax error was reported when the old engine or PX engine executed a stored procedure that contained the MERGE INTO statement where a DBLink was used to connect to a secondary cluster of the destination database.
  • Fixed the issue where SEQUENCE.NEXTVAL in the parallel DML (PDML) plan could not be executed in parallel.
  • Fixed the issue where if column C1 is an indexed column, the WHERE clause contains C1 in (xx) and C1 in (yy), and the number of parameters exceeds 128, the execution triggers memory leakage.
  • Fixed the issue where an error was reported during the execution in the following scenario: OCI is used to connect to the database and the attribute OCI_ATTR_FETCH_ROWID is set. A trigger that contains the SELECT ... FOR UPDATE statement is defined in the data table. The DML statements and the SELECT ... FOR UPDATE statement are sent to different servers for execution, and the DML statements hit the plan cache.
  • Fixed the issue where if a query statement contains two or more IN expressions and at least one vector expression, and both IN expressions have indexes, the extraction of query range fails and an error is reported.
  • Fixed the issue where when an SQL statement that contains a last_insert_id() expression in the WHERE clause is executed to query the primary key column or an index column, a full-table scan is performed during the query if the last_insert_id() expression is not precomputed.
  • Fixed the issue where if a row of a partitioned table contains a large object that overflows the storage capacity, an error is reported during the query.
  • Fixed the issue where in DBLink scenarios, unnesting errors occurred due to an incomplete unnesting mechanism for nested joins.

Considerations

  • We recommend that the number of partitions created on a single OBServer node does not exceed 100,000.
  • The fourth digit in the version number V3.2.3 BP4 of OceanBase Database is increased to 1. The fourth digit in the version number is for internal use and indicates the technical solution for the product upgrade.
  • OceanBase Database supports text editing by using prepared statements since V3.2.3 BP5. OceanBase Database Proxy (ODP) supports this feature since V3.2.7.1.
  • Since OceanBase Database V3.2.3 BP6, the default values of a column can be obtained to improve the routing accuracy. ODP supports this feature since V3.2.9.
  • Since OceanBase Database V3.2.3 BP4, the MySQL version number format is supported, such as 5.7.25-OceanBase-v3.2.3.1. Use the latest components as required.
  • KMS storage encryption is supported since OceanBase Database V3.2.3 BP6. To use this feature, you must upgrade Libloblog to V3.2.4 or later, and then upgrade OceanBase Database to V3.2.3 BP6.

V3.2.3 BP7

Version information

  • Release date: January 19, 2023
  • Version: V3.2.3 BP7
  • RPM version: oceanbase-3.2.3.3-107000092023011911

Enhanced features

  • The FROM_BASE64() and TO_BASE64() functions are supported in MySQL mode.
  • The GRANT syntax can be used to grant privileges on the DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER system package.
  • The access performance of the information_schema.table_constraints virtual table is improved.

Compatibility changes

The value range of the internal_sql_execute_timeout parameter is changed to [1000us, 1h]. The maximum value is changed from 10min to 1h, and the default value is still 30s.

Fixed issues

  • Fixed the issue where some tables created by using CTAS were mistakenly deleted.
  • Fixed the issue where memory leak occurred when indexes were created on JSON generated columns.
  • Fixed the issue of incorrect execution results in the MERGE INTO statement when the plan was cached in the plan cache.
  • Fixed the issue where errors were returned when the LPAD function processed special characters whose ASCII codes were 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, and 0x06.
  • Fixed the issue where the error field list ambiguously defined was returned during PS execution when the SQL subqueries contained the same column names.
  • Fixed the issue where the out-of-bounds exception of dbms_sql.column_value caused an extend_size error, which further caused memory allocation and access errors.
  • Fixed the issue where the INSERT IGNORE INTO statement might be hung up if a freeze or minor compaction was triggered during the execution this statement.
  • Fixed the issue where after a maintenance operation was performed on a template-based subpartition, such as partition creation, the newly created partition could not be found in DBA/ALL/USER_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS.
  • Fixed the issue where an error was returned in an attempt to access JSON PATH SEEK of an internal subnode in an empty JSON object. This issue was not only involved in json_extract scenarios but also scenarios where JSON paths was used, such as JSON PATH:where col1->'$."data"."a"' = '123' in a WHERE condition.

Considerations

  • We recommend that the number of partitions created on a single OBServer node does not exceed 100,000.
  • The fourth digit in the version number V3.2.3 BP4 of OceanBase Database is increased to 1. The fourth digit in the version number is for internal use and indicates the product compatibility upgrade version.
  • OceanBase Database supports text editing by using prepared statements since V3.2.3 BP5. ODP supports this feature since V3.2.7.1.
  • Since OceanBase Database V3.2.3 BP6, the default values of a column can be obtained to improve the routing accuracy. ODP supports this feature since V3.2.9.
  • Since OceanBase Database V3.2.3 BP4, the MySQL version number format is supported, such as 5.7.25-OceanBase-v3.2.3.1. Use the latest components as required.
  • KMS storage encryption is supported since OceanBase Database V3.2.3 BP6. To use this feature, you must upgrade libloblog to V3.2.4 or later, and then upgrade OceanBase Database to V3.2.3 BP6.

V3.2.3 BP6

Version information

  • Release date: November 15, 2022
  • Version: V3.2.3 BP6
  • RPM version: oceanbase-3.2.3.3-106000102022111521

Enhanced features

  • You can change the AccessKey ID and AccessKey Secret during data backup and restore. The backup feature of OceanBase Database allows you to specify an Alibaba Cloud Object Storage Service (OSS), Tencent Cloud Object Storage (COS), or Huawei Object Storage Service (OBS) bucket as the backup destination. However, you cannot modify the access_id or access_key parameter of the backup destination during the backup. If the AccessKey ID or AccessKey Secret is changed, you must stop the log backup and change the backup directory. Therefore, this version provides the ALTER SYSTEM change external_storage_dest PATH[=]'xxx?host=xxx' set ACCESS_INFO[=]'access_id=xxx&access_key=xxx'; command for you to modify the AccessKey ID and AccessKey Secret of the backup destination. The relevant content in GConf is updated and saved accordingly. Observe the following considerations when you use this command:
    • Before you run the command to update the AccessKey ID and AccessKey Secret for accessing the OSS, COS, or OBS bucket, we recommend that you stop the ongoing second backup task. We also recommend that you delete the old AccessKey ID and AccessKey Secret one hour later after you run the command.
    • If you modify the AccessKey ID and AccessKey Secret during a second backup task, and the task is stuck, you must forcibly cancel the task and change the directory to resume the task.
  • You can specify the query range in an IN expression to improve the query performance. An IN expression can be considered a special equality expression. When a filter predicate contains an index, OceanBase Database first searches for data in the specified range in the indexed table based on the range determined by the predicate, thus avoiding full table scanning and improving the query efficiency.
  • Table API supports the Filter() and QueryAndMutate() functions. If you call only the Filter() function, it supports the LT, GT, LE, GE, NE, and EQ comparison operators. The FilterList() function is also supported. You can specify multiple Filter() functions in a FilterList() function by using the AND and OR relational operators.
  • Scalar functions are supported. A scalar function is a function that returns one value per row. For example, the ABS() function takes a numeric column as the argument and returns the absolute value of each value in the column. For example, SELECT {FN ABS(-1)} FROM DUAL;.
  • Partition routing is optimized. OceanBase Database Proxy (ODP) can obtain the default value of a column, which improves the routing accuracy.
  • Data security is enhanced. The Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) feature is integrated with Alibaba Cloud Key Management Service (KMS).

Bug fixes

  • Fixed the issue where Error 4013 was returned because the checksum values of the primary table and the index table were inconsistent when the SELECT FOR UPDATE statement and a major compaction task were executed in parallel.
  • Fixed the issue where a major compaction task timed out when a NULL value was written for the LOB data type during the major compaction.
  • Fixed the issue where the INSERT operation on a temporary table timed out and exited without releasing the memory.
  • Fixed the issue where in Oracle mode, Error 4016 was returned during the execution of a hierarchical query due to different parameter values.
  • Fixed the issue where in a public cloud environment, microblock prefetching increased I/Os when repeated I/O requests were sent and caused idle I/Os.
  • Fixed the issue where the OBServer node failed due to the abnormal closure of a cursor when the entity of the cursor was simultaneously used by multiple sessions at a high concurrency.
  • Fixed the issue where Error 5889 was returned during the execution of the GOTO LABEL statement in a loop.
  • Fixed the issue where the execution of the ALTER SYSTEM BACKUP DATABASE statement timed out because the schema information of the node was too much.
  • Fixed the issue where the progress of an Extended Architecture (XA) transaction was slow and all tenant threads were occupied due to the large number of participants in the transaction commit process, which caused excessive traffic of remote procedure calls (RPCs) between OBServer nodes.
  • Fixed the issue where when an SQL statement was executed in PS mode in an Oracle tenant, the following error message was returned because the value of the bound variable was not real: field list ambiguously defined.
  • Fixed the issue where when an SQL statement was executed in an Oracle tenant, the ORDER BY clause supported only valid columns. Constants or aliases were unsupported.
  • Fixed the issue where when a DDL statement was executed in PL, the data in the temporary table was not cleared.

Considerations

  • OceanBase Database V3.2.3 BP4 and later are compatible with the MySQL version number format, such as 5.7.25-OceanBase-v3.2.3.1. We recommend that you use the latest supporting tools.

  • The fourth digit in the version number of OceanBase Database V3.2.3 BP4 is increased to 1. The fourth digit in the version number is for internal use and indicates the product compatibility upgrade version.

  • We recommend that the number of partitions created on a single OBServer node does not exceed 100,000.

  • The OBServer supports text editing by using prepared statements since OceanBase Database V3.2.3 BP5. ODP supports this feature since V3.2.7.1.

  • OceanBase Database V3.2.3 BP6 and later can obtain the default values of a column to improve the routing accuracy. This feature is supported by ODP V3.2.9 and later.

  • OceanBase Database V3.2.3 BP6 and later support KMS storage encryption. To use this feature, you must upgrade libloblog to V3.2.4 or later, and then upgrade OceanBase Database to V3.2.3 BP6.

    Notice

    OceanBase Database V3.2.3 BP5 can be directly upgraded to V3.2.4, but OceanBase Database V3.2.3 BP6 cannot. Instead, it can be upgraded to V3.2.4 BP1.

V3.2.3 BP5

Version information

  • Release date: September 9, 2022
  • Version: V3.2.3 BP5
  • RPM version: oceanbase-3.2.3.2-105000062022090916

Enhanced features

  • Prepared statements are supported in SQL texts. The Prepared Statement API uses the binary protocol and achieves higher execution efficiency than the interactive SQL API. To use the Prepared Statement API, perform the following steps: ○ Use the PREPARE statement to prepare an SQL statement for execution. PREPARE stmt1 FROM 'SELECT SQRT(POW(?,2) + POW(?,2))'; ○ Use the EXECUTE statement to execute the prepared statement. SET @a = 3; SET @b = 4; EXECUTE stmt1 USING @a, @b; ○ Use the DEALLOCATE PREPARE statement to release the prepared statement. DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt1;
  • Independent I/O subprocesses of external storage media are supported for backup and restore. During the backup and restore process of OceanBase Database, I/O APIs of underlying storage media (external media) are called, such as the read/write APIs of Network File System (NFS) and Object Storage Service (OSS). To prevent the risk of OBServer node crash due to unstable read and write operations on external media, the storage I/O API for backup and restore is decoupled. Independent subprocesses are used to narrow the impact scope of faults. You can enable this feature by using the tenant-level parameter enable_ob_esi_process.
  • In MySQL mode, the ADDTIME() function is supported to add the specified time interval to the given date and time. For example, SELECT ADDTIME('2007-12-31 23:59:59.999999', '1 1:1:1.000002');.
  • In MySQL mode, the DAYNAME() function is supported to return the name of the workday of the given date. For example, SELECT DAYNAME('2018-01-8')
  • Log output is optimized. Unnecessary lbt log entries are deleted from created partitions.

Compatibility changes

  • The cluster-level parameter enable_ob_esi_process is added. ESI is short for External Storage Interface. This parameter specifies whether independent subprocesses of external storage media are used for backup and restore. The default value is FALSE. For example, alter system set enable_ob_esi_process = true;.
  • The cluster-level parameter ob_esi_session_timeout is added. This parameter specifies the timeout period of the active resources for the independent I/O subprocesses of external storage media. The value range is [10s, 30m]. The default value is 1m. For example, alter system set ob_esi_session_timeout = 40s;
  • The cluster-level parameter ob_esi_rpc_port is added. This parameter specifies the communication port between the independent I/O subprocess of the external storage medium and the OBServer. The value range is (1024, 65536). The default value is 2501. For example, alter system set ob_esi_rpc_port = 10088;
  • The upper limit of window functions is changed. A maximum of 32 window functions are allowed in OceanBase Database in both Oracle and MySQL modes. In Oracle mode, the number of allowed window functions is no longer limited and is consistent with that in Oracle. In MySQL mode, the number of named window functions cannot exceed 127.

Bug Fixes

  • Fixed the issue where when the UNION ALL operator generated a local execution plan, Error 4225 was returned because no leader check was performed for the queried partitions.
  • Fixed the issue where on the ARM platform, an OBServer node could not start due to the compatibility issue of the libunwind library on Kylin OS and Unity Operating System (UOS).
  • Fixed the issue where when batch jobs were run, minor compactions were frequently triggered due to high memory usage of the SqlExecutor module, which then caused the tenant performance to degrade drastically.
  • Fixed the issue where in Oracle mode, if the character set of the tenant was set to GBK, Error 4285 was returned when the UTL_I18N.STRING_TO_RAW function was executed because the character set specified for parameters is invalid.
  • Fixed the issue where during the two-phase commit of an XA transaction, the RPC traffic was heavy due to an excessive number of participants in the commit process, which slowed down the advancement of the transaction.
  • Fixed the issue where major compactions in the system were suspended after Error 4013 was returned because the checksums of the data table and index table were inconsistent.
  • Fixed the issue where the cluster restart timed out due to an excessive number of schema history records.
  • Fixed the issue where when a type was created, the field AUTHID was incorrectly displayed as AS THID.
  • Fixed the issue where backup files could not be restored because the consistency timestamp in the backup files was different from that in restore verification.
  • Fixed the issue where if you set the parameter type to object type when you create a procedure, the parameter is directly generated by the construction method when the procedure is executed, and a warning is generated, indicating internal error code, arguments: -5180, Incorrect argument type to variable.
  • Fixed the issue where if a backup task failed to be forcibly canceled, the backup status stayed in Stopping.
  • Fixed the issue where in the primary-standby deployment mode, records in the virtual table __all_server_event_history expanded fast due to the frequent execution of the ALTER SYSTEM CHANGE TENANT operation on the primary database.
  • Fixed the issue where custom aggregate functions could not be called across schemas.
  • Fixed the issue where Error ORA-00904 was returned when a cursor in PL was triggered by using the ROWID alias.
  • Fixed the issue where in MySQL mode, when the SQL mode was set to NO_ZERO_DATE or STRICT_ALL_TABLES, the query results returned by using the STR_TO_DATE function were different from those in MySQL.
  • Fixed the issue where Error 1074 was returned when the CREATE TABLE AS SELECT JSON_ARRAY statement was used to create a table.
  • Fixed the issue where in Oracle mode, the system returned an error indicating PL primary key conflicts when the OCI_BATCH_ERRORS handle was executed by using OBCI.
  • Fixed the issue where in MySQL mode, a large number of CPU resources were consumed when ArcGIS expressions were executed in parallel. As a result, the client terminated the execution of the SQL statement. However, the background thread continued the execution.
  • Fixed the issue where when the __min_full_resource_pool_memory parameter was set to an abnormal value, the OBServer node could still be started.

Considerations

  • Since OceanBase Database V3.2.3 BP4, the MySQL version number format is supported, such as 5.7.25-OceanBase-v3.2.3.1. Use the latest components as required.
  • The fourth digit in the version number V3.2.3 BP4 is increased to 1. The fourth digit in the version number is an internal version number and indicates the technical solution for the product upgrade.
  • We recommend that the number of partitions created on a single OBServer does not exceed 100,000.
  • The OBServer supports text editing by using prepared statements since OceanBase Database V3.2.3 BP5. ODP supports this feature since V3.2.7.1.

V3.2.3 BP4

Version information

  • Release date: August 5, 2022
  • Version: V3.2.3 BP4
  • RPM version: oceanbase-3.2.3.1-20220805104621

Enhanced features

  • Table-level hints can be set in parallel. For exmple, select/*+ parallel(a 2) */ * from t1 a;.
  • The debugging stability is enhanced for stored procedures. Debugging on the ARM platform is supported.
  • Adding partitions is supported in specific scenarios. You can add partitions at the beginning or in the middle of RANGE-partitioned tables. When you add a partition, make sure that no data is written to this partition. You can enable this feature by using the tenant-level parameter _enable_add_between_range_partitions.

Compatibility changes

  • The display of version numbers is changed. You can use the select version() function to query the version number compatible with MySQL, such as 5.7.25-OceanBase-v3.2.3.1. You can customize the settings of compatible version numbers. You can use the select ob_version() function to query the version number of OceanBase Database, such as V3.2.3.1.
  • In MySQL mode, the definition and acquisition of the system variable have_query_cache are supported. The value of this system variable is always NO.
  • In MySQL mode, the NO_ZERO_DATE and ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO modes are added, and the NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER, and NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION modes are supported.
  • In Oracle mode, the value of the data_length field in the ALL_TAB_COLUMNS view is compatible with the field length in Oracle.
  • In Oracle mode, the length of a created variable array must be a positive integer.
  • The cluster-level parameter _enable_fuse_row_cache is added. This parameter specifies whether to use the snapshot version to check whether the row cache is invalid. The default value is FALSE.

Supported components

The MySQL-compatible version numbers in MySQL mode are displayed since OceanBase Database V3.2.3 BP4. The following table lists the versions of the required components. |Component|Version| |---|----| |ODP| V3.2.3.2| |OCP |V3.3.2| |ODC |V3.3.3| |OMS |V3.3.1| |OBCI |V2.0.2| |ECOB |V1.1.6| |JDBC |V2.2.10.2| |OBClient |V2.1.1.3| |ob_loader_dumper |V3.0.1|

Bug fixes

  • Fixed the issue where the observer process unexpectedly exited in Oracle mode while processing a query that used the ORA_ROWSCN pseudocolumn.
  • Fixed the issue where if you do not specify to rebuild the global indexes when you drop or truncate a partition, the subsequent locality change may be suspended.
  • Fixed the issue where after physical backups were restored, the latest data records could not be queried due to inconsistent log IDs.
  • Fixed the issue where when you call a member procedure in a user-defined type, the system reports an error indicating that the number of parameters is incorrect.
  • Fixed the issue where when you create a DBLink to query data in a table in Oracle mode, an error occurs if the Oracle character set is set to WE8ISO8859P1.
  • Fixed the issue where when the locality of a tenant was inconsistent with that of the tables, the restore of the tenant failed.
  • Fixed the issue where when the ROLLUP operator contained columns of the INTERVAL DAY type, the returned results were incorrect.
  • Fixed the issue where an error occurred when the CONVERT function was used to convert non-binary data.
  • Fixed the issue where an OBServer node stopped providing services due to a deadlock caused by the failure in applying for memory for log printing.
  • Fixed the issue where the query results returned for analytic functions that use the ORDER BY NULL keywords were inconsistent with those of MySQL and Oracle databases.
  • Fixed the issue where when a partition was truncated, the system returned the 4016 timeout error.

Considerations

  • Since OceanBase Database V3.2.3 BP4, the MySQL version number format is supported, such as 5.7.25-OceanBase-v3.2.3.1. Use the latest components as required.
  • The fourth digit in the version number V3.2.3 BP4 is increased to 1. The fourth digit in the version number is for internal use and indicates the technical solution for the product upgrade.
  • We recommend that the number of partitions created on a single OBServer node does not exceed 100,000.

V3.2.3 BP3

Version information

  • Release date: June 22, 2022
  • Version: V3.2.3 BP3
  • RPM version: oceanbase-3.2.3.0-20220622171245

Enhanced features

  • The SM4 algorithm is supported for transparent data encryption (TDE).
  • In Oracle mode, default values of column fields can be defined by using the Sequence function.
  • Stored procedures support the definition and use of struct functions.
  • The performance of the Limit operator is improved. The Limit operator can be pushed down to the Join operator.
  • You can specify a character set for files by using the SELECT INTO statement.

Added parameters

  • The cluster-level parameter _load_tde_encrypt_engine is added. This parameter specifies whether to load the qualified encryption engine provided by BabaSSL for data encryption. The default value NONE indicates that no encryption engine is loaded. When the parameter is set to "antssm_sm4", the encryption engine is loaded. To use the encryption engine, you must install the encryption software module in advance.

Bug fixes

  • Fixed the issue where logs were generated excessively with the size overflow issue.
  • Fixed the issue where the observer process unexpectedly exited due to an array index out of bounds error in the fast parse phase.
  • Fixed the issue where when a prepared statement was enabled in Oracle mode, the return value of theNUMTODSINTERVAL() function was truncated to a specific precision.
  • Fixed the issue where after deadlock detection was enabled, memory usage of LockWaitMgr in the sys tenant soared.
  • Fixed the issue where a character set conversion error occurred in Oracle mode when a DBLink was created to query data in the Oracle database.
  • Fixed the issue where when a lock conflict occurred during the execution of a stored procedure, the SQL statements that have been executed were not rolled back.
  • Fixed the issue where duplicate data was returned for queries in the parallel execution framework, because the pushdown of the predict failed.
  • Fixed the issue where a syntax error occurred when a hint was specified in the UPDATE clause of the MERGE INFO statement.
  • Fixed the issue where an error occurred when the DBMS_JOB package was used to create a scheduled task in Oracle mode, and a value was assigned to the INTERVAL parameter to extract the date.
  • Fixed the issue where a compilation error was returned when the SELECT INFO statement was used in a stored procedure in Oracle mode to define a cursor.
  • Fixed the issue where when the plan cache reached the upper limit, the execution of setAutoCommit failed after the client restarts.
  • Fixed the issue where an error occurred when a trigger was executed in MySQL mode by using an INSERT statement to insert an object into a column of the SET data type.
  • Fixed the issue where the queue_time field was displayed as a negative value in the v$sql_audit view.
  • Fixed the issue where Error 4013 was frequently returned when SELECT statements were concurrently executed after I/O throttling was enabled.
  • Fixed the issue where an error occurred when an array element in a stored procedure directly called a member function.
  • Fixed the issue where the renamed files were not persistently stored on the disk because clog files were migrated upon a server failure.

Considerations

  • For V3.2.2 and later, if the value of the ob_enable_batched_multi_statement parameter is set to True in batch processing scenarios such as BenchmarkSQL TPC-C benchmark, the performance is degraded. We recommend that you use the default value False.
  • We recommend that the number of partitions created on a single OBServer node does not exceed 100,000.

V3.2.3 BP2

Version information

  • Release date: May 30, 2022
  • Version: V3.2.3 BP2
  • RPM version: oceanbase-3.2.3.0-20220530152606

Enhanced features

  • The export of table data directly to an Alibaba Cloud Object Storage Service (OSS) bucket by running the SELECT INTO command is supported.
  • The DETERMINISTIC attribute is supported for stored procedures and methods in MySQL mode.

Bug fixes

  • Fixed the issue where the local index scheduling job did not end when it was complete, which led to log spamming.
  • Fixed the issue where after a session was killed, the record of the session still existed in the __all_virtual_processlist table.
  • Fixed the issue where the execution of SQL statements returned Error 4013 because the OBServer node and the client used different character sets.
  • Fixed the issue where when a minority of replicas failed, the obtained information about the replica table was incorrect because of the delayed update of the location cache.
  • Fixed the issue where the query of the information_schema.columns view in MySQL mode by using a null condition returned incorrect column values.
  • Fixed the issue where it took quite some time to get the value of data_size in a scan of the __all_virtual_storage_stat table table.

V3.2.3 BP1

Version information

  • Release date: April 29, 2022
  • Version: V3.2.3 BP1
  • RPM version: oceanbase-3.2.3.0-20220429172811

Enhanced features

  • The keyword DISTINCTROW is supported in MySQL mode.

Compatibility changes

  • The value range of the high_priority_net_thread_count parameter is changed to 0-64.

Bug fixes

  • Fixed the adaptation issue between the DBLink and ODP by adding the cluster name.
  • Fixed the issue where the leader was immediately switched after a DELETE transaction was committed. This issue led to transient data inconsistency in read-only queries that were executed on the new leader because the transaction information was not fully obtained in time.

V3.2.3

Version information

  • Release date: April 18, 2022
  • Version: V3.2.3
  • RPM version: oceanbase-3.2.3.0-20220418212020

Overview

OceanBase Database V3.2.3 improves the compatibility and performance of the database kernel and enhances quality assurance to meet the production requirements of customers. Core enhancements include:

  • Enhanced compatibility with MySQL

    Sequence objects, common table expressions (CTEs), CHECK constraints, character set settings in the CAST function, GET DIAGNOSTICS statements in stored procedures, and the SEND_LONG_DATA(24) protocol are supported.

  • Enhanced compatibility with Oracle

    Database links to Oracle (DBLink) are supported. This version allows you to set initial values for sequence objects and introduces the DBMS_LOB.COMPARE system package function.

  • Optimized performance

    Table API queries, NLJ operators for partitioned tables, and regular expressions are optimized.

  • Improved stability

    Data integrity verification for backup files is enhanced, and selectivity computing logic is optimized.

New features

Enhanced compatibility

  • Compatibility with MySQL

    • Supports sequence objects.

      Project delivery results show that business systems of customers are highly dependent on sequence objects. To simplify adaptation during business migration and improve the convenience of migration, in MySQL mode, OceanBase Database supports sequence objects and the CREATE/ALTER/DROP SEQUENCE operations. It allows you to perform the CURRVAL and NEXTVAL operations and reset the values of the objects. The value range of an object is INT64_MIN to INT64_MAX.

    • Supports common table expressions (CTEs).

      A CTE is a temporary result set that is not stored. It is usually referenced multiple times during a query. The CONNECT BY statement can be replaced with a CTE in some scenarios. The CTE syntax of OceanBase Database is compatible with MySQL 8.0. OceanBase Database supports recursive and non-recursive CTEs.

    • Supports CHECK constraints.

      CHECK constraints are intended to maintain user-defined integrity and are usually used to check acceptable data or data formats of specified columns in a table. In earlier versions of OceanBase Database, the CHECK clause is parsed but not executed and is only used for partition pruning and optimization. This is consistent with that of the CHECK clause in MySQL 5.7. In this version, the behavior and restrictions of CHECK constraints are modified to be compatible with MySQL 8.0. You can use the CREATE/ALTER/DROP TABLE statements to create, modify, and destroy CHECK constraints.

    • Supports character set settings in the CAST function.

      A character set parameter is added to the CAST function. This allows you to convert any type of value into a value of the specified type and character set, as shown in the sample statement: SELECT CAST(1 AS CHAR CHARACTER SET UTF8MB4) FROM DUAL.

    • Supports the GET DIAGNOSTICS statement.

      Stored procedures usually use the GET DIAGNOSTICS statement to process or debug programs. The GET DIAGNOSTICS statement allows applications to check diagnostic information generated by SQL statements. In addition to the handler context, it obtains current diagnostic information to check the execution of SQL statements.

    • Supports the SEND_LONG_DATA(24) protocol.

      OceanBase Database supports stream processing of data by using PrepareStatment. When you set the useServerPrepStmts parameter of JDBC to True and use the setAsciiStream/setBinaryStream/setCharacterStream/setBlob/setClob function to set column values, the data is sent to the destination (OBServer or ODP) in batches by using a SEND_LONG_DATA(24) protocol command. When the Execute_statement(23) command is received, the destination reads the cached data and continues with the next message interaction.

    • Supports subqueries in stored procedures.

      OceanBase Database enhances SQL capabilities of stored procedures and allows you to execute subquery statements in stored procedures.

  • Compatibility with Oracle

    • Supports database links to Oracle (DBLinks).

      DBLink is a built-in query client that allows business applications to access a remote database in the same way DBLink accesses a local database during SQL query execution. OceanBase Database adopts the Oracle Call Interface (OCI) driver to connect to Oracle databases in read-only mode. OceanBase Database supports access to table objects, displays query plans, and optimizes most built-in operators such as SCAN, SORT, and JOIN of Oracle databases.

    • OceanBase Database allows you to set initial values for sequence objects.

      You can reset the initial values of sequence objects or set the initial values to specified values. For example, ALTER SEQUENCE S1 RESTART WITH 3.

    • Supports the DBMS_LOB.COMPARE system package function.

      OceanBase Database supports BLOB and CLOB data types and supports comparison of complete or partial LOB data.

Performance optimization

  • Optimizes Table API queries.

    Table API data interaction is optimized from the blocking query mode to the non-blocking query mode. This prevents a query request from exclusively occupying a worker thread and affecting the overall processing efficiency of the cluster. After executing a bulk scan and sending the results to the client, the worker thread of the query request starts to execute another query task, without waiting for interactive requests from the client. After optimization, the batch query throughput of the Table API is increased by approximately 300%.

  • Optimizes NLJ operators for partitioned tables.

    This optimization improves the reuse of the associated Rescan, Table Scan, and Merge operators, the caching of macroblock metadata, and the selection of code-level execution paths. The NLJ performance is increased by 60% and the batch query performance by 40% in running the Sysbench benchmark.

  • Optimizes regular expressions.

    When executing regular expressions, OceanBase Database calls regular expressions from third-party libraries for parsing and matching. If the business data volume is large, additional locked resource conflicts caused by the initialization of regular expressions increase the latency. To resolve this issue, OceanBase Database optimizes the context reuse logic for regular expressions to reduce the frequency of calling regular expressions from third-party libraries. This improves the processing performance of a single-query regular expression that involves millions of rows of data by approximately 500%.

Enhanced stability

  • Enhances data integrity verification for backup files.

    Data backup is an important capability for improving database reliability and protecting data security. However, the correctness of data cannot be ensured due to uncontrollable factors such as damage and aging of storage devices. Therefore, OceanBase Database enhances the verification of backup data. This allows you to initiate data verification tasks by cluster, tenant, or shard. You can recompute macroblock verification values and intra-block data organization relationships and compare them to identify damaged data blocks at the earliest opportunity. This helps reduce the impact of data damage. In addition, OceanBase Database optimizes the concurrency and scheduling logic to improve verification performance.

  • Optimizes the selectivity computing logic.

    OceanBase Database optimizes the selectivity computing logic to reduce redundant memory usage in the log plan and the frequency of querying statistics. In addition, OceanBase Database optimizes the logic of producing and maintaining NULL numbers and MIN/MAX values to improve the selectivity computing accuracy. OceanBase Database also optimizes the histogram processing logic to reduce the selectivity computing error in scenarios where base table predicates are not used.

Compatibility changes

Parameters

Parameter Default value Change type New default value Description
trace_log_slow_query_watermark 100 ms Modified 1s Specifies the execution time threshold for queries. A query whose execution time exceeds this threshold is recorded as a slow query in trace logs. The default value is changed to 1s to prevent massive logs from affecting the performance when the system is overloaded.
enable_merge_by_turn True Modified False Specifies whether to enable the multi-zone rotating compaction strategy. This strategy is disabled for business applications in most scenarios to speed up compactions.
clog_sync_time_warn_threshold 100 ms Modified 1s Specifies the time threshold of transaction log synchronization between the leader and follower. If the synchronization time exceeds the threshold, alerts are sent. The default value is modified based on the performance of business applications in most scenarios.
clog_sync_time_warn_threshold 5 Modified 100 Specifies the number of minor freezes between two major freezes. The default value is increased to avoid business jitters caused by frequent major compactions.

Behavioral changes

  • In MySQL mode, the behavior of CHECK constraints is changed to be compatible with MySQL 8.0. The earlier versions are compatible with MySQL 5.7.

    • Compatible with MySQL 5.7: CHECK constraints with duplicate names are not allowed in the same table but are allowed in different tables of the same database.

    • Compatible with MySQL 8.0: CHECK constraints with duplicate names are not allowed in the same table or in different tables of the same database.

    • An earlier version may contain CHECK constraints with duplicate names. After you upgrade OceanBase Database to this version, you must modify the duplicate names.

  • In Oracle mode, OceanBase Database returns an error if you update a field in the UPDATE statement multiple times, which is the same in Oracle.

Upgrade notes

  • Upgrade from V3.2.1 or V3.2.2 to V3.2.3 is supported.

  • Upgrade from V3.1.2 to V3.2.3 is supported. You must download the software packages V3.2.0, V3.2.1, and V3.2.2 and upload them to OceanBase Cloud Platform (OCP).

  • Upgrade from V2.2.77 is supported. You must upgrade OceanBase Database to V3.1.2 first and then to V3.2.3.

Supported components

The following table describes the recommended versions of components used with OceanBase Database V3.2.3.

Component Version
ODP V3.2.3
OCP V3.2.3
ODC V3.2.3
OMS V3.3.0
OBCI V2.0.2
ECOB V1.1.6
JDBC V2.2.9
OBClient V2.1.1.2
OBLOADER/OBDUMPER V2.3.0

Bug fixes

  • Fixed the issue where clog files could not be opened when system file handles were insufficient.

  • Fixed the issue where an error occurred if you use the CREATE TABLE AS statement to create a partitioned table in MySQL mode.

  • Fixed the issue where restored tenant statistics could not be updated for a long time. This caused inaccuracy of the SQL plan.

  • Fixed the issue where the length of a table name in MySQL mode was inconsistent with the maximum length in a MySQL database.

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