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Start on Cloud

A unified distributed database ready for your transactional, analytical, and AI workloads.

DEPLOY YOUR WAY

OceanBase Cloud

The best way to deploy and scale OceanBase

OceanBase Enterprise

Run and manage OceanBase on your infra

TRY OPEN SOURCE

OceanBase Community Edition

The free, open-source distributed database

OceanBase seekdb

Open source AI native search database

Customer Stories

Real-world success stories from enterprises across diverse industries.

View All
BY USE CASES

Mission-Critical Transactions

Global & Multicloud Application

Elastic Scaling for Peak Traffic

Real-time Analytics

Active Geo-redundancy

Database Consolidation

Comprehensive knowledge hub for OceanBase.

Blog

Live Demos

Training & Certification

Documentation

Official technical guides, tutorials, API references, and manuals for all OceanBase products.

View All
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OceanBase Database

SQL - V4.3.5

  • Documentation updates
  • What's New
  • What is OceanBase Database
    • Overview
    • Differences between Enterprise Edition and Community Edition
    • System architecture
    • Compatibility with Oracle
      • Overview
      • SQL data types
      • Built-in functions
      • System views
    • Compatibility with MySQL
    • Limitations
  • Get Started
    • Quick start with OceanBase Database Community Edition
    • Learn OceanBase SQL
      • Before you begin
      • Basic SQL operations (MySQL mode)
      • Basic SQL operations (Oracle mode)
    • Build a sample application (MySQL mode)
      • Build a Python application
      • Build a Java application
      • Build a C application
      • Build a Go application
    • Build a sample application (Oracle mode)
      • Build a Java application
      • Build a C application
    • Try out advanced features of OceanBase Database
      • Scalable OLTP
        • Run the TPC-C benchmark in OceanBase Database
        • Try out the hot row update capability of OceanBase Database
      • Try out operational OLAP
      • Try out parallel import and data compression
      • Try out the multi-tenant feature
    • Video tutorial
  • Develop
    • Develop applications (MySQL mode)
      • Connect to OceanBase Database
        • Overview
        • Connect to an OceanBase tenant by using the mysql client
        • Connect to an OceanBase tenant by using OBClient
        • Connect to OceanBase Database by using ODC
        • Connect to OceanBase Database by using DBeaver
        • Connect to OceanBase Database by using Navicat
        • Use database connection pool
          • Database connection pool configuration
          • Tomcat
          • c3p0
          • Proxool
          • HikariCP
          • DBCP
          • Commons Pool
          • Druid
          • JDBC
      • Sample applications
        • Java
          • Spring Boot
          • Spring Batch
          • Spring JDBC
          • Spring Data JPA
          • Hibernate
          • MyBatis
          • Connector/J
          • TestContainers
        • Python
          • mysqlclient
          • PyMySQL
          • MySQL-connector-python
        • C
          • MySQL Connector/C
        • Go
          • Go-SQL-Driver/MySQL
          • GORM
        • PHP
          • EXT
          • MySQLi
          • PDO
        • Rust
          • Connect to OceanBase Database by using Rust
          • Connect to OceanBase Database by using SeaORM
      • Plan database objects
        • Create a database
        • Create a table group
        • Create a table
        • Create an index
        • Create an external table
      • Write data
        • Insert data
        • Update data
        • Delete data
        • Replace data
        • Generate test data in batches
      • Read data
        • Single-table queries
        • Join tables
          • INNER JOIN queries
          • FULL JOIN queries
          • LEFT JOIN queries
          • RIGHT JOIN queries
          • Subqueries
          • Lateral derived table
        • Use operators and functions in queries
          • Use arithmetic operators in queries
          • Use numerical functions in queries
          • Use string concatenation operators in queries
          • Use string functions in queries
          • Use datetime functions in queries
          • Use type conversion functions in queries
          • Use aggregate functions in queries
          • Use NULL-related functions in queries
          • Use the CASE conditional operator in queries
          • Lock query results with SELECT FOR UPDATE
          • Use the SELECT ... LOCK IN SHARE MODE statement to lock query results
        • Use a DBLink in queries
        • Set operations
      • Transactions
        • Overview
        • Start a transaction
        • Savepoints
          • Mark a savepoint
          • Roll back a transaction to a savepoint
          • Release a savepoint
        • Commit a transaction
        • Roll back a transaction
      • Application errors
        • Troubleshooting guidelines
          • About error codes
          • Error handling specifications for MySQL-compatible applications
        • Common errors and troubleshooting practices
          • Disconnected from the server, with ERROR 2013 reported
          • Idle transaction timed out, with ERROR 6002 reported
          • Transaction timed out, with ERROR 4012 reported
          • User locked, with ERROR 3118 reported
          • Incorrect user password, with ERROR 1045 reported
          • Table already exists, with ERROR 1050 reported
          • Table does not exist, with ERROR 1146 reported
          • Duplicate data inserted, with ERROR 1062 reported
          • ERROR 1215 reported in foreign key addition
          • Data truncated while being inserted, with ERROR 1265 reported
    • Develop applications (Oracle mode)
      • Connect to OceanBase Database
        • Overview
        • Connect to an OceanBase tenant by using OBClient
        • Connect to OceanBase Database by using ODC
        • Use database connection pool
          • Database connection pool configuration
          • Tomcat
          • c3p0
          • Proxool
          • HikariCP
          • DBCP
          • Commons Pool
          • Druid
      • Sample applications
        • Java
          • OceanBase Connector/J
          • Spring Boot
          • Spring Batch
          • Spring Data JDBC
          • Spring Data JPA
          • Hibernate
          • MyBatis
          • JFinal
        • Python
          • Python Driver Oracle Mode
        • C/C++
          • OceanBase Connector/C
          • OceanBase Connector/ODBC
          • SqlSugar
      • Plan database objects
        • Create a table group
        • Create a table
        • Create an index
        • Create an external table
      • Write data
        • Insert data
        • Update data
        • Delete data
        • Replace data
        • Generate test data in batches
      • Read data
        • Single-table queries
        • Join tables
          • INNER JOIN queries
          • FULL JOIN queries
          • LEFT JOIN queries
          • RIGHT JOIN queries
          • Subqueries
          • Lateral derived tables
        • Use operators and functions in queries
          • Use arithmetic operators in queries
          • Use numerical functions in queries
          • Use string concatenation operators in queries
          • Use string functions in queries
          • Use datetime functions in queries
          • Use type conversion functions in queries
          • Use aggregate functions in queries
          • Use NULL-related functions in queries
          • Use CASE functions in queries
          • Use the SELECT...FOR UPDATE statement to lock query results
        • Use a DBLink in queries
        • Set operations
      • Transactions
        • Overview
        • Start a transaction
        • Savepoints
          • Mark a savepoint
          • Roll back a transaction to a savepoint
        • Commit a transaction
        • Roll back a transaction
      • Application errors
        • Troubleshooting guidelines
          • About error codes
          • Error handling specifications for Oracle-compatible applications
        • Common errors and troubleshooting practices
          • Idle transaction timed out, with Error OBE-24761 reported
          • Transaction timed out, with Error OBE-00600 reported
          • User locked, with ERROR 3118 reported
          • Incorrect user password, with ERROR 1045 reported
          • Table already exists, with Error OBE-00955 reported
          • Table does not exist, with Error OBE-04043 reported
          • Duplicate data inserted, with Error OBE-00001 reported
          • Error OBE-00600 reported in foreign key addition
          • Inconsistent data types, with Error OBE-00932 reported
  • Deploy
    • Overview
    • HA deployment solutions for OceanBase clusters
    • Deploy OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition
      • Deployment process
      • Before deployment
        • Prepare servers
        • Configure servers
        • Prepare installation packages
        • Deploy OAT
      • Deploy through GUI
        • Configure deployment environment using OAT
          • Add a server
        • Deploy OCP
          • Overview
          • Upload installation packages
          • Create MetaDB
          • Deploy OCP
        • Deploy OceanBase clusters using OCP
          • Deploy a standalone OceanBase database by using OCP
          • Deploy a two-replica OceanBase cluster with the arbitration service by using OCP
          • Deploy a single-replica OceanBase cluster by using OCP
          • Deploy a three-replica OceanBase cluster by using OCP
        • (Optional) Deploy ODP
      • Deploy through CLI
        • Configure deployment environment
          • Initialize an OBServer node by using oatcli
          • (Optional) Configure the clock source
        • Deploy OceanBase clusters using CLI
          • Deploy a standalone OceanBase database by using the CLI
          • Deploy a two-replica OceanBase cluster with the arbitration service by using the CLI
          • Deploy a single-replica OceanBase cluster by using the CLI
          • Deploy a three-replica OceanBase cluster by using the CLI
        • (Optional) Deploy ODP
      • Deploy the Java SDK environment for OceanBase Database
    • Deploy OceanBase Database Community Edition
      • Overview
      • Deploy locally
        • Software and hardware requirements
        • Before deployment
          • (Optional) Check resources
          • (Optional) Set password-free SSH login
          • (Optional) Configure the clock source
          • (Optional) Perform disk planning
          • (Optional) Configure limits.conf
          • (Optional) Configure sysctl.conf
          • (Optional) Disable the firewall and SELinux
          • (Optional) Create a user
        • Deploy through GUI
          • Deploy an OceanBase cluster by using the obd GUI
          • Deploy an OceanBase cluster through the GUI of OCP
        • Deploy OceanBase Database in a production environment by using the CLI
        • Deploy OceanBase Database by using systemd
        • Deploy OceanBase Database in a container
      • Deploy an OceanBase cluster in a Kubernetes environment
      • Install OceanBase Desktop
    • Clear an OceanBase cluster
    • Recommended configurations
  • Migrate
    • Overview
    • Migrate from MySQL databases to OceanBase Database
      • Use OMS to migrate data from a MySQL database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database
      • Use mydumper and myloader to migrate data from a MySQL database to OceanBase Database
      • Use DBCAT to migrate schemas from a MySQL database to OceanBase Database
      • Use DataX to migrate table data from a MySQL database to OceanBase Database
      • Use CloudCanal to migrate data from a MySQL database to OceanBase Database
      • Use Canal to synchronize data from a MySQL database to OceanBase Database
      • Use Flink CDC to synchronize data from a MySQL database to OceanBase Database
      • Use ChunJun to migrate data from a MySQL database to OceanBase Database
    • Migrate from OceanBase Database to MySQL databases
      • Use OMS to migrate data from a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
      • Use OMS to migrate incremental data from an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
      • Use DBCAT to migrate schemas from OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
      • Use DataX to migrate table data from OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
      • Use Canal to synchronize data from OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
      • Use CloudCanal to migrate data from OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
      • Use Flink CDC to migrate data from OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
      • Use ChunJun to migrate data from OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
    • Migrate from Oracle databases to OceanBase Database
      • Use OMS to migrate data from an Oracle database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database
      • Use OMS to migrate data from an Oracle database to an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database
      • Use DBCAT to migrate schemas from an Oracle database to OceanBase Database
      • Use DataX to migrate table data from an Oracle database to OceanBase Database
    • Migrate from OceanBase Database to Oracle databases
      • Use OMS to migrate data from an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database to an Oracle database
      • Use DBCAT to migrate schemas from OceanBase Database to an Oracle database
      • Use DataX to migrate table data from OceanBase Database to an Oracle database
    • Migrate from DB2 databases to OceanBase Database
      • Use OMS to migrate data from a DB2 LUW database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database
      • Use OMS to migrate data from a DB2 LUW database to an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database
      • Use DBCAT to migrate table schemas from a DB2 LUW database to OceanBase Database
    • Migrate from OceanBase Database to DB2 databases
      • Use OMS to migrate data from a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database to a DB2 LUW database
      • Use OMS to migrate data from an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database to a DB2 LUW database
    • Migrate from TiDB databases to OceanBase Database
      • Use OMS to migrate data from a TiDB database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database
    • Migrate from PostgreSQL databases to OceanBase Database
      • Use OMS to migrate data from a PostgreSQL database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database
    • Migrate from CSV files to OceanBase Database
      • Use DataX to migrate CSV files to OceanBase Database
      • Import data by using the LOAD DATA statement
    • Import data from SQL files to OceanBase Database
    • Migrate data between OceanBase Database
      • Use OMS to migrate data from an OceanBase tenant to another of the same type
      • Use OMS to migrate data from an OceanBase tenant to another of the same type in active-active disaster recovery scenarios
      • Use obloader & obdumper to migrate data between MySQL tenants in OceanBase Database
      • Use obloader & obdumper to migrate data from a MySQL tenant to an Oracle tenant in OceanBase Database
      • Use obloader & obdumper to migrate data between Oracle tenants in OceanBase Database
      • Use obloader & obdumper to migrate data from an Oracle tenant to a MySQL tenant in OceanBase Database
    • Migrate data using SQL statements
      • Migrate data between tables
      • Migrate resource units
      • Export data using the OUTFILE statement
    • Overview of direct load
  • Manage
    • Log in to an OceanBase tenant
    • Manage clusters
      • Overview
      • Cluster parameters
      • Common cluster operations
        • View a zone
        • View a node
        • Restart a node
        • Add a node
        • Delete a node
        • Isolate a node
        • Replace a node
        • Start a zone
        • Add a zone
        • Delete a zone
        • Modify a zone
        • Isolate a zone
        • View cluster parameters
        • Modify cluster parameters
        • Reset cluster parameters
        • Online upgrade from standalone deployment to distributed deployment
        • Upgrade a cluster
          • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition
            • Overview
            • Upgrade an arbitration service
            • Upgrade an OceanBase cluster
            • Check upgrade results
          • OceanBase Database Community Edition
            • Upgrade OceanBase Database by using obd
      • Troubleshoot common problems
        • Failures of a minority of nodes
        • Failures of the majority of nodes
    • Manage tenants
      • Tenant introduction
      • Tenant capacity
      • Tenant types
      • User tenant introduction
      • Tenant system variables
      • Common tenant operations
        • Create a tenant
        • Resource isolation
          • Overview
          • Manage resource isolation (Oracle mode)
            • Configure cgroups
            • Configure global CPU resource isolation for frontend and backend tasks
            • Calibrate the disk performance
            • Configure resource isolation within a tenant
            • Update a plan directive
            • Delete a plan directive
            • Delete a resource management plan
            • Delete a resource group
            • Clear cgroup configurations
          • Manage resource isolation (MySQL mode)
            • Configure cgroups
            • Configure global CPU resource isolation for foreground and background tasks
            • Calibrate the disk performance
            • Configure resource isolation within a tenant
            • Update resource management plan directive
            • Delete a plan directive
            • Delete a resource management plan
            • Delete a resource group
            • Clear cgroup configurations
        • View tenant and resource information
        • View and set the tenant allowlist
        • View system variables of a tenant
        • Modify system variables of a tenant
        • Scale in/out
          • Introduction to scaling in/out
          • Plan resources
          • Modify the unit config for a tenant
          • Modify the number of resource units for a tenant
          • Modify the number of primary zones for a tenant
        • Modify attributes of a resource pool
        • Modify attributes of a tenant
        • Lock and unlock a tenant
        • Clone a tenant
        • Cancel tenant cloning
        • Drop a tenant
        • Restore a tenant
        • Rename a tenant
        • Manage resource pools
          • View resource pool information
          • Allocate a resource pool to a tenant
          • Remove resource pools from a tenant
          • Merge and split a resource pool
          • Drop a resource pool
        • Manage unit configs
          • Query unit configs
          • Modify a unit config
          • Drop a unit config
        • Manage services
          • Create a service
          • Query the service status
          • Start a service
          • Stop a service
          • Delete a service
    • Manage replicas
      • Overview
      • Use columnstore replicas
      • Replica distribution
        • Locality
        • Common locality operations
          • View locality
          • Modify locality
          • Add replicas
          • Remove replicas
          • Convert the type of a replica
          • Adjust the distribution of replicas
          • View the locality change history
          • Migrate replicas
          • Modify the number of Paxos replicas of a log stream
          • Cancel a replica task
      • Traffic distribution
      • Data distribution
      • Data load balancing
        • Overview
        • Transfer a partition
        • Cancel a partition transfer task
        • Cancel a load balancing job
    • High availability
      • High availability overview
      • Multi-replica disaster recovery
        • Data link introduction
        • ODP high availability
        • Database-level high availability
        • Disaster recovery architecture and levels
      • Physical standby database disaster recovery
        • Overview
        • Limitations
        • Create a standby tenant
          • Preparations
          • Create an empty standby tenant
          • Create a standby tenant by using the backup and restore (with complete logs) feature
          • Create a standby tenant by using the BACKUP DATABASE PLUS ARCHIVELOG feature
        • Log transmission service
          • Overview
          • Configure log transmission service
            • Set a log restore source
            • Specify a log restore endpoint
          • View log restore source information
          • View the log synchronization progress
          • Pause or resume log synchronization
          • Optimize the log synchronization performance
          • Set the log synchronization bandwidth limit
          • Specify log compression
        • Log storage service
        • Switch roles
          • Overview of tenant roles
          • Switchover
          • Failover
        • Drop primary and standby tenants
      • Arbitration high availability
        • Arbitration service overview
        • Enable the arbitration service for a tenant
        • Disable the arbitration service for a tenant
        • Modify the log stream downgrade control time
        • Query log stream upgrade/downgrade information
        • Replace the arbitration service for a cluster
        • Remove the arbitration service for a cluster
        • Clear residual cluster information
      • Manage recycle bin
        • Overview
        • Enable or disable the recycle bin
        • View objects in the recycle bin
        • Restore objects from the recycle bin
        • Purge the recycle bin
      • Flashback queries
    • Security and permissions
      • Overview
      • Identification and authentication
        • MySQL mode
          • Identity authentication
          • Password complexity
          • Login failure processing
        • Oracle mode
          • Identity authentication
          • Password complexity
          • Login failure processing
      • Access control
        • Overview
        • Users and permissions
          • Overview
          • MySQL mode
            • Privilege types in MySQL-compatible mode
            • Create a user
            • Grant direct privileges
            • Privilege delegation
            • Role management
              • Overview
              • Create a role
              • Grant privileges to a role
              • Grant a role to a user or another role
              • Activate a role
              • View roles
              • Revoke privileges from a role
              • Revoke a role from a user or another role
              • Drop a role
            • Grant indirect privileges
            • View user privileges
            • Revoke privileges
            • Lock or unlock a user
            • Drop a user
          • Oracle mode
            • Privilege types in Oracle mode
            • Create a user
            • View the information of a user
            • Grant direct privileges
            • Privilege delegation
            • Manage roles
              • Overview
              • Create a role
              • Grant a role to another role
              • Grant a role to a user
              • Activate or deactivate roles for a user
              • View roles
              • Modify a role
              • Revoke a role
              • Drop a role
            • Grant indirect privileges
            • View user privileges
            • Revoke privileges
            • Use a proxy user
            • Lock or unlock a user
            • Drop a user
        • Network security access control
        • RPC connection authentication
        • Row-level access control
      • Data transmission encryption
        • Overview
        • OBServer transmission encryption
        • ODP transmission encryption
      • Transparent data encryption
        • Overview
        • MySQL mode
          • Enable TDE for new tables
          • Enable TDE for existing tables
          • Decrypt a table
        • Oracle mode
          • Enable TDE for new tables
          • Enable TDE for existing tables
          • Decrypt a table
      • Column encryption
        • Overview of column encryption
        • Create column encryption rules
        • Manage column encryption privileges
        • Column encryption FAQ
      • Security auditing
        • Security auditing overview
        • MySQL-compatible mode
          • Enable security auditing
          • Set an auditing rule
          • View auditing records
          • Disable security auditing
        • Oracle-compatible mode
          • Enable security auditing
          • Set and view auditing rules
          • View auditing records
          • Audit user logins
          • Audit user operations
          • Audit specified database objects
    • Backup and restore
      • Physical backup and restore
      • Experience physical backup and restore with simplified deployment
      • Deploy NFS
      • Log archive
        • Overview
        • Prepare for log archiving
        • Enable ARCHIVELOG
        • Suspend archiving
        • Disable ARCHIVELOG
        • View information about pieces
        • View the archiving progress
        • View the archiving history
        • View archiving parameter settings
        • Change the log archive destination
        • Clear the archive path setting
        • Views related to log archiving
      • Data backup
        • Prepare for backup
        • Initiate a full data backup job
        • Initiate an incremental data backup job
        • Back up parameters
        • Stop a backup job
        • View the data backup progress
        • View the data backup history
        • View parameters related to data backup
        • Change the backup destination
        • Views related to data backup
      • Update `access_id` and `access_key` information for the backup or archive path
      • Clear backup data
        • Automatic cleanup of expired backups
        • Stop backup cleanup
        • Query the backup cleanup progress
        • Query the backup cleanup history
        • Backup cleanup parameter
        • Views related to backup cleanup
      • Restore data
        • Preparations
        • Perform physical restore
        • Perform restore from the specified paths
        • Cancel physical restore
        • View the physical restore progress
        • View physical restore results
        • Replay logs to a standby tenant
        • Convert a standby tenant into primary tenant
        • Upgrade a tenant after restore
        • Parameters related to physical restore
        • Views related to physical restore
      • Restore by table
        • Overview of table-level restore
        • Preparations
        • Restore by table
        • Schema recovery during table-level recovery
        • Cancel table restore
        • View the table restore progress
        • View the table restore result
        • Parameters related to table restore
        • Views related to table restore
      • Backup and restore performance tuning
    • Monitor
      • Overview
      • Metrics
        • System monitoring
          • Overview
          • Metrics
          • Wait events
          • Latch events
        • SQL monitoring
          • Overview
          • SQL audit
          • Execution plans
      • Cases
    • Logs
      • Overview
      • Log levels
      • Log stability
      • Log control
      • Log compression and decompression
      • Log metrics
      • Alert logs
      • View logs
        • Search for the logs of a specific SQL request
        • Query the log of a previous SQL request by using the SQL Trace feature
    • Daily inspection
      • Overview
      • Check cluster parameters
      • Check the host status
      • Check tenant resource usage
      • Check cluster resource usage
      • Check the OBServer node status
      • Check the NTP offset
      • Deadlock detection
      • End-to-end tracing
        • Overview
        • Process
        • Methods
        • Show end-to-end tracing information
        • Quick start: End-to-end diagnosis with obdiag
    • Performance tuning
      • Overview
      • Identify bottlenecks on the data link
      • Identify bottlenecks within components
        • ODP performance bottlenecks
        • ODP performance analysis
        • OBServer performance bottlenecks
          • Overview
          • Non-optimal plan
            • Non-optimal plan
            • Buffer tables
            • Cardinality
          • Hard parsing
          • Capacity issues
          • Internal wait events
      • SQL tuning
        • SQL tuning system
        • Execution plan optimization
          • Statistical information and row estimation
            • Overview
            • Statistical information
              • Overview
              • Collect statistical information
                • Overview
                • Manually collect statistics
                • Automatic statistics collection
              • Query statistics
              • Manage statistical information
                • Overview
                • Delete and set statistics
                • Import and export statistics
                • Lock statistics
                • Query historical versions of statistics and roll back to a specified version
                • Configure statistics collection strategies
            • Row estimation
              • Overview
              • Row estimation based on the selectivity
              • Row estimation based on the storage layer
            • Use statistical information and row estimation
          • Plan management
            • Plan cache
            • Disadvantages of the plan cache and countermeasures
            • Views related to the plan cache
          • Index selection
            • Overview
            • Reduce row reads
            • Avoid table access by index primary key
            • Avoid sorting
          • Join
            • Joins
            • Join algorithm
              • Nested loop joins
              • Hash Join
              • Merge join
              • Common business issues
            • Join types
            • Join order
          • Order and limit optimization
            • Overview
            • SORT assignment and optimization
            • Optimization in ORDER BY + LIMIT scenarios
        • Business logic optimization
          • SQL specifications
          • Schema specifications
        • Locate and analyze slow queries I
        • Locate and analyze slow queries II
        • Typical scenarios and cases
    • Troubleshooting
      • Overview
      • Bootstrap
      • Storage
        • Minor compaction and major compaction
        • Memory-related errors
        • Migration, replication, and rebuild tasks
      • Election
        • Election
        • Leader switchover exceptions
        • Absence of the leader
      • Transaction
        • Transaction-related errors
        • Transaction rollbacks
        • Long-running transactions
        • Suspended transactions
        • Idle transactions
      • Log synchronization-related errors
      • Physical standby database
        • Log synchronization stuck for the physical standby database
        • Switchover and failover issues
        • Other issues
      • Backup and restore
        • Data backup failures
        • Physical restore failures
      • Arbitration server process startup failures
      • Troubleshoot SQL execution errors
      • Application exceptions -- error messages without OceanBase error codes
      • Application exceptions -- error messages with OceanBase error codes
      • Troubleshoot application disconnection issues
    • Emergency response
      • Emergency response overview
      • Analysis, diagnosis, and decision-making procedure
      • Common emergency problem handling
        • Hardware issues
          • Node failure
          • Network failure
          • ODP failure
          • Other hardware and network issues
        • Capacity issues
          • Exceptions of SQL queries
          • Node disk I/O high
          • Node network card overload
          • Tenant memory full
          • obproxy thread exhaustion
          • Node clog disk full
          • Node data disk full
          • Tenant request queue backlog
        • Other cluster issues
          • sys tenant or RootService exceptions
          • Insufficiency or leakage of system memory
  • OceanBase AP
    • Release note for AP core features
    • Overview of OceanBase AP
    • Core features
    • Quickly try out OceanBase AP
    • Deployment
      • Overview
      • Recommended parameter configurations in AP scenarios
    • Data table design
      • Table overview
      • Best practices for data table design
        • Unit 1: Best practices for optimizing storage structures and query performance
        • Unit 2: Best practices for creating special indexes
    • Import data
      • Overview
      • Direct load
        • Overview of direct load
        • Full direct load
        • Incremental direct load
        • Import data in direct load mode by using obloader
      • Import data to an external table
      • Strategies and best practices
    • Export data
    • Query acceleration
      • Statistics
      • Accelerate queries by using materialized views
      • Select a query parallelism level
    • OceanBase data processing
    • Data visualization
    • Performance diagnosis and tuning
      • Use the DBMS_XPLAN package for performance diagnostics
      • Use the GV$SQL_PLAN_MONITOR view for performance analysis
      • Views related to AP performance analysis
    • Performance testing
    • Ecosystem integration in AP scenarios
    • Recommended practical tutorials for analytical processing
  • Vector Search
    • Overview
      • Overview of vector search
      • Core features of vector search
      • AI application workflow with OceanBase vector search
    • Quick starts
      • Perform vector search by using SQL
      • Perform a vector search by using Python
    • Vector embedding
    • Store vector data
    • Vector index
      • Overview of vector indexes
      • Vector index memory management
      • Dense index
        • Overview of dense indexes
        • Choose an index type
        • HNSW series indexes
        • IVF series indexes
      • Maintain indexes
      • Optimize index performance
    • Use SQL functions
    • Text embedding for vector search
    • Vector similarity search
    • Migrate to OceanBase Database from a vector database
    • Tutorials
      • Overview
      • Build an image search application with OceanBase Database
      • Build an intelligent Q&A assistant with OceanBase Database
    • AI integrations
      • Overview of AI integration
    • Benchmark testing with VectorDBBench
    • References
      • Overview of vector data types
      • Compatibility
      • Supported clients and languages
        • Supported clients and languages for vector search
        • pyobvector Python SDK API reference
        • Java SDK interface
    • Vector search FAQs
  • Shared storage
    • Shared storage architecture
  • Integrations
    • Overview of the ecosystem
    • ORM frameworks
      • Java
        • Spring Boot
        • Spring Batch
        • Spring JDBC
        • Spring Data JPA
        • Hibernate
        • MyBatis
      • Python
        • SQLAlchemy
        • peewee
        • Tortoise ORM
      • Go
        • GORM
        • beego ORM
      • Rust
        • SeaORM
        • Diesel
      • Ruby
        • Active Record
        • Sequel
        • Ruby on Rails
      • Node.js
        • Sequelize
        • TypeORM
        • Prisma
        • Drizzle
      • C#
        • Dapper
        • SqlSugar
        • FreeSQL
      • PHP
        • Yii 2.0 ORM
        • Laravel Eloquent ORM
        • CakePHP
    • Database version management
      • Liquibase
      • Flyway
    • Data integration
      • Flink
        • Apache Flink
        • Flink DirectLoad
        • Flink Connector OceanBase
      • dbt
      • SeaTunnel
      • Dataphin
      • Maxwell
      • Debezium
      • Spark Catalog
      • NiFi
      • Qlik Replicate
      • RisingWave CDC
    • SQL development
      • WebLogic
      • DBeaver
      • Navicat
      • DataGrip
      • TablePlus
      • DMS
    • Orchestration and scheduling
      • Airflow
      • PowerJob
      • DolphinScheduler
      • Linkis
    • Visualization tools
      • Superset
      • Excel
      • Power BI
      • Quick BI
      • Tableau
      • GuanData
      • vividime
    • Database management
      • NineData
      • Bytebase
      • DataHub
      • Zabbix
    • AI
      • OpenAI
      • Qwen
      • LangChain
      • LlamaIndex
      • Dify
      • n8n
      • Trae
      • SpringAI
      • Cline
      • Cursor
      • Continue
      • MCP Toolbox
      • CamelAI
      • Firecrawl
      • Hugging Face
      • Ollama
      • Google Gemini
      • Cloudflare Workers AI
      • DB GPT
      • Jina AI
      • Augment Code
      • Claude Code
      • Kiro
  • Tutorials
    • Build an image search application with OceanBase Database
    • Build an intelligent Q&A chatbot with OceanBase
    • Build a cultural tourism assistant with OceanBase multi-model integration
    • Build a real-time data warehouse and visual dashboard with OceanBase
    • Analyze data in OceanBase Database using Superset
    • Build a WordPress website with OceanBase Database
    • Use direct load to accelerate massive data import
  • Reference
    • OceanBase concepts
      • OceanBase Database architecture
      • Development of OceanBase Database
      • Multi-tenant architecture
        • Overview
        • Compatibility modes
        • Tenants
        • Tenants and resource management
          • Tenant resource management
          • Multi-tenant resource isolation
          • Resource unit balancing
      • Database objects
        • Oracle mode
          • Introduction
            • Overview
            • Database object types
            • Database object storage
            • Dependencies between database objects
          • Tables
            • Overview
            • Data type
              • Overview
              • Character data types
              • Numeric data types
              • Datetime data types
              • ROWID data types
              • LOB data types
              • Format model
                • Overview
                • Number format models
                • Datetime format models
              • Multi-model data types
            • Integrity constraints
            • Table storage
            • Table compression
            • Partitioned table
            • Replicated table
            • Tables with and without a primary key
            • Temporary tables
            • Table groups
          • Indexes
            • Overview of indexes
            • Local and global indexes
            • Unique and non-unique indexes
            • Use indexes
            • Index storage
          • Partitions
            • Overview
            • Partitioning keys
            • Partitioning types
            • Partitioned indexes
            • External table partitions
          • Views
            • Views in a database
            • Standard views
              • Standard views
              • Overview
              • OceanBase-specific views
              • Oracle-compatible views
              • View operations and data access
            • Materialized views
              • Materialized views
              • Materialized view logs
              • Creation and update strategies for materialized views
          • Other objects
            • Sequences
            • Synonyms
          • System views
            • Dictionary views
            • Performance views
          • Data integrity
            • Overview
            • Integrity constraint type
              • Overview
              • NOT NULL constraints
              • UNIQUE KEY constraints
              • PRIMARY KEY constraints
              • FOREIGN KEY constraints
              • CHECK constraints
            • Use of integrity constraints
        • MySQL mode
          • Introduction
            • Overview
            • Database object types
            • Database object storage
            • Dependencies between database objects
          • Tables
            • Overview
            • Data type
              • Overview
              • Numeric data types
              • Datetime data types
              • Character data types
              • LOB data types
              • Multi-model data types
              • Spatial data types
              • JSON data types
            • Integrity constraints
            • Table storage
            • Table compression
            • Partitioned table
            • Replicated table
            • Tables with and without a primary key
            • Temporary tables
            • Table groups
          • Indexes
            • Overview of indexes
            • Local and global indexes
            • Unique and non-unique indexes
            • Spatial indexes
            • Full-text index
            • Use indexes
            • Index storage
          • Partitions
            • Overview
            • Partitioning keys
            • Partitioning types
            • Partitioned indexes
            • External table partitions
          • Views
            • Views in a database
            • Standard views
              • Overview
              • Overview
              • OceanBase-specific views
              • MySQL-compatible views
              • Oracle-compatible views in MySQL tenants
              • Oracle-compatible views in the sys tenant
              • View operations and data access
            • Materialized views
              • Materialized views
              • Materialized view logs
              • Creation and update strategies for materialized views
          • System views
            • Dictionary views
            • Performance views
          • Data integrity
            • Overview
            • Integrity constraint type
              • Overview
              • NOT NULL constraints
              • UNIQUE KEY constraints
              • PRIMARY KEY constraints
              • Foreign key constraints
            • Use of integrity constraints
      • Distributed database objects
        • Overview
        • Cluster architecture
        • Data partitions and replicas
          • Overview
          • Log streams
          • Partition replica type
            • Overview
            • Full-featured replica
            • Read-only replicas
            • Columnstore replica
          • Multi-replica consensus protocols
          • Data balancing
            • Intra-tenant balancing
            • Views and parameters related to data balancing
        • Dynamic scaling
          • Cluster scaling
          • Tenant resource scaling
            • Overview
            • Horizontal scaling of tenant resources
            • Vertical scaling of tenant resources
            • Cross-zone management of tenant resources
      • Data link
        • Overview
        • Database proxy
          • Overview
          • SQL routing
          • Connection management
          • ODP configuration management
          • Logs and monitoring
        • Database connector
          • Overview
          • OBCI
          • OceanBase Connector/J
          • OceanBase Connector/C
        • Cross-data source access through DBLink
          • DBLink in MySQL mode
          • DBLink in Oracle mode
      • User interface and query language
        • SQL
          • Introduction
            • Overview
            • SQL data access
            • SQL standards
          • SQL statements
            • Overview
            • DDL statements
            • Monitor DDL execution progress
            • DML statements
            • DCL
          • Execution process of SQL queries
          • Query SQL execution plans
          • Distributed execution plan
            • Perform distributed execution and parallel queries
            • Generate distributed execution plans
            • Run and disable a parallel query
            • Manage distributed execution plans
            • Perform parameter tuning for PX
        • PL
          • PL concepts
            • Oracle mode
              • Subprograms
              • Stored procedures
              • Functions
              • Triggers
              • Packages
            • MySQL mode
              • Subprograms
              • Stored procedures
              • Functions
              • Triggers
          • PL subprogram execution mechanism
        • Client programming languages
      • Transaction management
        • Transaction
          • Overview
          • Transaction structure
          • Statement-level atomicity
          • GTS
          • Transaction control
            • Overview
            • Active transactions
            • Savepoint
            • Transaction control statements
              • MySQL transaction control
              • Oracle transaction control
          • Redo logs
          • Local transactions
          • Distributed transaction
            • Overview
            • Two-phase commit
          • XA transactions
        • Transaction concurrency and consistency
          • Overview
          • Multi-version read consistency
          • Concurrency control
            • Overview
            • Lock mechanism
          • Transaction isolation level
            • Overview
            • Transaction isolation levels in Oracle mode
            • Transaction isolation levels in MySQL mode
          • Weak-consistency read
      • Storage architecture
        • Overview
        • Data storage
          • Data storage overview
          • MemTables
          • SSTables
          • Columnar storage
          • Compression and encoding
        • Compaction
          • Overview
          • Compaction
          • Major compaction
        • Multi-level caching in shared-nothing architecture
        • Multi-level caching in shared storage
        • Query processing
        • Data integrity
          • Detect silent data corruption
      • Data reliability and high availability
        • High availability architecture
          • Overview
          • ODP high availability
          • Leader election in distributed systems
          • Multi-replica log synchronization
          • Paxos protocol
          • Automatic handling of node failures
        • Deployment solutions for disaster recovery
        • Data protection
          • Overview
          • Flashback queries
          • Recycle bin
        • Backup and restore
          • Overview
          • Backup directory structure
          • Backup architecture
          • Restore process
        • Arbitration-based high availability solution
        • Physical Standby Database solution
      • Database security
        • Overview
        • Authentication
        • Access control
        • Data transmission encryption
        • Data storage encryption
        • Monitoring and alerting
        • Security audit
      • OBServer node architecture
        • Structure of the OBServer node installation directory
        • Configuration file
        • observer thread model
          • Threads
          • Worker threads
          • Background threads
        • Logs
        • Memory management
          • Overview
          • Memory-related parameters
          • Memory-related views
          • Memory usage logs
          • Diagnose memory errors
      • OceanBase plugin mechanism
    • System management
      • Configuration management
        • Overview
        • Set parameters
        • Set variables
      • Storage management
        • Minor compaction management
          • Overview
          • Automatically trigger a minor compaction
          • Manually initiate a minor compaction
          • View minor compaction information
          • Modify minor compaction parameters
        • Major compaction management
          • Overview
          • Automatically trigger a major compaction
          • Configure scheduled major compactions
          • Adaptive major compactions
          • Manually initiate a major compaction
          • Manually control a major compaction
          • View major compaction information
          • Modify major compaction settings
        • Data compression
          • Overview
          • Data encoding and compression
      • Memory management
        • Overview
        • Memory structure
        • Set the maximum memory for an OceanBase database
        • Manage internal system memory
        • Memory management in a tenant
        • Manage the memory of the plan cache
        • Memleak-based regular memory leak diagnostics mechanism
        • Query memory usage information
        • FAQ about memory
      • Process management
        • Overview
        • Multi-tenant threads of OceanBase Database
        • View the thread status
        • Background threads of OceanBase Database
        • FAQ about multi-tenant threads
      • Disk management
        • Configure automatic scale-out of disk space for data files
        • View the disk space used by a tenant or table
    • Database object management
      • Overview
      • MySQL mode
        • Create and manage databases
          • Create a database
          • View databases
          • Modify a database
          • Drop a database
        • Create and manage tables
          • Overview
          • Create a table
          • Column skip index attribute
          • Define an auto-increment column
          • Define column constraints
          • Query tables
          • Modify a table
          • Change the attribute of a table
          • Empty a table
          • Drop a table
          • Lock a table
          • Create and manage external tables
            • External tables
            • Create an external table
            • Add partitions for an external table
            • Manage external files
            • Data type mapping
        • Create and manage partitions
          • Overview
          • Create a partitioned table
          • Partition splitting
            • Overview
            • Manual partition splitting
            • Automatic partition splitting
          • Dynamic partitioning
            • Overview of dynamic partitioning
            • Create a dynamic partitioned table
            • Query a dynamic partitioned table
            • Modify a dynamic partitioned table
            • Dynamic partition management tasks
          • Modify partitioning rules
          • Add a partition
          • Drop a partition
          • Truncate a partition
          • Partition pruning
          • Query data in specified partitions
          • Create indexes on partitioned tables
            • Overview
            • Local indexes
            • Global indexes
          • Partition exchange
        • Create and manage table groups
          • Overview
          • Create a table group
          • Query information about a table group
          • Add tables to a table group
          • Modify the SHARDING attribute of a table group
          • Manage tables in a table group
          • Drop a table group
        • Create and manage indexes
          • Overview
          • Create an index
          • Query indexes
          • Monitor indexes
          • Drop an index
          • System functions supported for function-based indexes
          • System functions not supported for function-based indexes
        • Manage views
          • Manage standard views
          • Manage materialized views
            • Overview of materialized views
            • Materialized view log
            • Automatic management of materialized view logs
            • Create a materialized view
            • Refresh materialized views
            • Rewrite queries based on materialized views
            • Query materialized views
            • Modify the attributes of a materialized view
            • Drop a materialized view
        • Create and manage sequences
          • Create a sequence
          • Query sequences
          • Reference a sequence
          • Modify a sequence
          • Drop a sequence
        • Create and manage triggers
          • Overview
          • Create a DML trigger
          • Query trigger information
          • Drop a trigger
        • Create and manage DBLinks
          • Create a DBLink
          • Query existing DBLinks
          • Manage DBLinks
          • Use a DBLink to access data in a remote database
          • Drop a DBLink
        • Create and manage catalogs
          • Catalog overview
          • Create a catalog
          • View a catalog
          • Delete a catalog
      • Oracle mode
        • Create and manage tables
          • Overview
          • Create a table
          • Column skip index attribute
          • Define column constraints
          • Query the definition of a table
          • Modify a table
          • Change the attribute of a table
          • Empty a table
          • Drop a table
          • Lock a table
          • Create and manage external tables
            • Overview
            • Create an external table
            • Add partitions for an external table
            • Manage external files
            • Data type mapping
        • Create and manage partitions
          • Overview
          • Create a partitioned table
          • Partition splitting
            • Overview
            • Manual partition splitting
            • Automatic subpartition splitting
          • Dynamic partitioning
            • Overview of dynamic partitioning
            • Create a dynamic partitioned table
            • Query a dynamic partitioned table
            • Modify a dynamic partitioned table
            • Dynamic partition management tasks
          • Modify partitioning rules
          • Rename a partition
          • Add a partition
          • Drop a partition
          • Truncate a partition
          • Partition pruning
          • Query data in specified partitions
          • Create indexes on partitioned tables
            • Overview
            • Local indexes
            • Global indexes
          • Partition exchange
        • Create and manage table groups
          • Overview
          • Create a table group
          • Query information about a table group
          • Add tables to a table group
          • Modify the SHARDING attribute of a table group
          • Manage tables in a table group
          • Drop a table group
        • Create and manage indexes
          • Overview
          • Create an index
          • Query indexes
          • Monitor indexes
          • Drop an index
          • System functions supported for function-based indexes
          • System functions not supported for function-based indexes
        • Manage views
          • Manage standard views
          • Manage materialized views
            • Overview of materialized views
            • Materialized view logs
            • Automatic management of materialized view logs
            • Create a materialized view
            • Refresh a materialized view
            • Rewrite queries based on materialized views
            • Query materialized views
            • Modify the attributes of a materialized view
            • Drop a materialized view
        • Manage sequences
        • Manage synonyms
        • Create and manage triggers
          • Overview
          • Create a DML trigger
          • Create an INSTEAD OF trigger
          • Create a composite trigger
          • Modify and drop a trigger
          • Disable or enable a trigger
          • Query trigger information
        • Manage directory objects
        • Create and manage DBLinks
          • Create a DBLink
          • Query existing DBLinks
          • Manage DBLinks
          • Use a DBLink to access data in a remote database
          • Use a DBLink to modify the data in a remote database
          • Drop a DBLink
          • Install and configure OCI
    • Database design specifications and practices
      • Object naming conventions
        • Overview
        • Tenant naming conventions
        • User naming conventions
        • Table naming conventions
        • Field naming conventions
        • Other naming conventions
      • Object structure design specifications
        • Field design
        • Table structure design
        • Partitioned table design
        • Index design
        • Other structural designs
      • Character set specifications
      • Database connection specifications
      • Comments
      • ORM conventions
      • Exception handling
    • SQL reference
      • Introduction to SQL
      • SQL syntax
        • System tenants
          • Overview
          • ALTER SYSTEM
            • ACTIVATE STANDBY
            • ADD REPLICA
            • ADD RESTORE SOURCE
            • SET LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST
            • SET LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE
            • ARCHIVELOG
            • NOARCHIVELOG
            • ARBITRATION
            • BOOTSTRAP
            • BACKUP KEY
            • BACKUP
            • BACKUP CLUSTER PARAMETERS
            • BALANCE TASK
            • CANCEL BACKUP
            • CANCEL BALANCE JOB
            • CANCEL CLONE
            • CANCEL DELETE BACKUP
            • CANCEL MIGRATE UNIT
            • CANCEL REPLICA TASK
            • CANCEL RESTORE
            • CANCEL RECOVER TABLE
            • CANCEL TRANSFER PARTITION
            • CLEAR RESTORE SOURCE
            • MAJOR and MINOR
            • MIGRATE REPLICA
            • MIGRATE UNIT
            • MODIFY PAXOS_REPLICA_NUM
            • MODIFY REPLICA
            • MODULE DATA
            • DELETE BACKUP POLICY
            • FLUSH PLAN CACHE
            • JOB
            • SET LOG_RESTORE_SOURCE
            • PARAMETER
            • RECOVER STANDBY
            • RECOVER STANDBY CANCEL
            • REMOVE REPLICA
            • REFRESH
            • RESTORE
            • RESTORE PREVIEW
            • RECOVER TABLE
            • SET DATA_BACKUP_DEST
            • SERVER
            • SERVICE_NAME
            • SWITCHOVER
            • THROTTLE
            • TRANSFER PARTITION
            • WASH MEMORY FRAGMENTATION
            • ZONE
          • ALTER RESOURCE POOL
          • ALTER RESOURCE TENANT
          • ALTER RESOURCE UNIT
          • ALTER TENANT
          • CREATE RESOURCE POOL
          • CREATE RESOURCE UNIT
          • CREATE TENANT
          • CREATE STANDBY TENANT
          • DROP RESOURCE POOL
          • DROP RESOURCE UNIT
          • DROP TENANT
          • SET DECRYPTION
          • SET ENCRYPTION
          • SHOW RESTORE PREVIEW
        • User tenants (MySQL mode)
          • Basic elements
            • Data types
              • Overview
              • Numeric types
                • Overview
                • Integer data types
                • Fixed-point data types
                • Floating-point data types
                • Bit value data type
              • Datetime types
                • Overview
                • DATE, DATETIME, and TIMESTAMP types
                • TIME type
                • YEAR type
              • String types
                • Overview
                • CHAR and VARCHAR
                • BINARY and VARBINARY
              • Large objects and text types
                • Overview
                • BLOB types
                • TEXT types
                • STRING types
                • LOB types
              • ENUM type
              • SET type
              • JSON data types
                • Overview
                • Create a JSON value
                • Query and modify JSON values
                • Convert a JSON data type
                • Update partial JSON data
              • Spatial data types
                • Overview
                • SRS
                • Create a spatial column
                • Create a spatial index
                • Spatial data formats
              • Roaring bitmap types
                • Overview
                • Create a highly compressed bitmap column
              • Array data types
                • Overview of array element types
                • Create an array column
              • Map data types
                • Overview of the map data type
                • ## Create map columns
            • Expressions
              • Overview
              • Expression syntax
              • Data type conversion rules
            • Character set and collation
              • Overview
              • CHARACTER SET
              • Collations
              • Database-level character set and collation
              • Table-level character set and collation
              • Column-level character sets and collations
              • Character sets and collations for character expressions
              • Character sets and collations for client connection
            • Literals
              • Overview
              • Strings
              • Numbers
              • Datetime values
              • Bit values
              • Boolean values
              • NULLs
            • Schema object names
            • User-defined variables
            • Comments
          • Operators
            • Overview of operators
            • Operator precedence
            • Arithmetic operators
            • Bitwise operators
            • Comparison operators
            • Logical operators
            • Assignment operators
            • Date and time operators
            • Concatenation operators
            • BINARY operator
            • CASE conditional operator
          • Functions
            • Overview
            • Single-row functions
              • Datetime functions
                • ADDDATE
                • CONVERT_TZ
                • CURDATE
                • CURRENT_DATE
                • CURRENT_TIME
                • CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
                • CURTIME
                • DATE
                • DATE_ADD
                • DATE_FORMAT
                • DATE_SUB
                • DATEDIFF
                • DAYOFMONTH
                • DAYOFWEEK
                • DAYOFYEAR
                • EXTRACT
                • FROM_DAYS
                • FROM_UNIXTIME
                • GET_FORMAT
                • HOUR
                • LAST_DAY
                • LOCALTIME
                • LOCALTIMESTAMP
                • MAKEDATE
                • MAKETIME
                • MICROSECOND
                • MINUTE
                • MONTH
                • MONTHNAME
                • NOW
                • PERIOD_ADD
                • PERIOD_DIFF
                • QUARTER
                • SEC_TO_TIME
                • SECOND
                • STR_TO_DATE
                • SUBDATE
                • SUBTIME
                • SYSDATE
                • TIME
                • TIME_FORMAT
                • TIME_TO_SEC
                • TIME_TO_USEC
                • TIMEDIFF
                • TIMESTAMP
                • TIMESTAMPADD
                • TIMESTAMPDIFF
                • TO_DAYS
                • TO_SECONDS
                • UNIX_TIMESTAMP
                • USEC_TO_TIME
                • UTC_DATE
                • UTC_TIME
                • UTC_TIMESTAMP
                • WEEK
                • WEEKDAY
                • WEEKOFYEAR
                • YEARWEEK
                • YEAR
                • ADDTIME
                • DAYNAME
                • DAY
              • String functions
                • ASCII
                • BIN
                • BIT_LENGTH
                • CHAR
                • CHAR_LENGTH
                • CHARACTER_LENGTH
                • CONCAT
                • CONCAT_WS
                • ELT
                • EXPORT_SET
                • FIELD
                • FIND_IN_SET
                • FORMAT
                • HEX
                • INSERT
                • INSTR
                • INT2IP
                • IP2INT
                • KEYVALUE
                • LCASE
                • LEFT
                • LENGTH
                • LOCATE
                • LOWER
                • LPAD
                • LTRIM
                • MAKE_SET
                • MD5_CONCAT_WS
                • MID
                • OCT
                • OCTET_LENGTH
                • ORD
                • POSITION
                • QUOTE
                • REGEXP
                • REGEXP_INSTR
                • REGEXP_LIKE
                • REGEXP_REPLACE
                • REGEXP_SUBSTR
                • REPEAT
                • REPLACE
                • REVERSE
                • RIGHT
                • RLIKE
                • RPAD
                • RTRIM
                • SPACE
                • SPLIT_PART
                • STRCMP
                • SUBSTR
                • SUBSTRING
                • SUBSTRING_INDEX
                • TRIM
                • UCASE
                • UNHEX
                • UPPER
                • URL_DECODE
                • URL_ENCODE
                • WEIGHT_STRING
                • TO_BASE64
                • FROM_BASE64
                • SOUNDEX
              • Conversion functions
                • CAST
                • CONVERT
                • DECODE_TRACE_ID
                • SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP
                • TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN
                • TO_CHAR(character)
                • TO_CHAR(number)
                • TO_CHAR(datetime)
              • Mathematical functions
                • ABS
                • ACOS
                • ASIN
                • ATAN
                • ATAN2
                • BIT_COUNT
                • CEIL
                • CEILING
                • CONV
                • COS
                • COT
                • CRC32
                • DEGREES
                • EXP
                • FLOOR
                • GENERATOR
                • LN
                • LOG
                • LOG10
                • LOG2
                • MOD
                • NEG
                • NORMAL
                • PI
                • POW
                • POWER
                • RADIANS
                • RAND
                • RANDOM
                • RANDSTR
                • ROUND
                • SIGN
                • SIN
                • SQRT
                • TAN
                • TRUNCATE
                • UNIFORM
                • ZIPF
              • Comparison functions
                • GREATEST
                • INTERVAL
                • ISNULL
                • LEAST
              • Process control functions
                • CASE
                • IF
                • IFNULL
                • NULLIF
                • ORA_DECODE
            • Aggregate functions
              • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
              • AVG
              • BIT_AND
              • BIT_OR
              • BIT_XOR
              • COUNT
              • GROUP_CONCAT
              • GROUPING
              • MAX
              • MIN
              • STD
              • STDDEV
              • STDDEV_POP
              • STDDEV_SAMP
              • SUM
              • VAR_POP
              • VAR_SAMP
              • VARIANCE
            • Analysis functions
              • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
              • AVG
              • BIT_AND
              • BIT_OR
              • BIT_XOR
              • COUNT
              • CUME_DIST
              • DENSE_RANK
              • FIRST_VALUE
              • LAG
              • LAST_VALUE
              • LEAD
              • MAX
              • MIN
              • NTH_VALUE
              • NTILE
              • PERCENT_RANK
              • PERCENTILE_CONT
              • RANK
              • ROW_NUMBER
              • STD
              • STDDEV
              • STDDEV_POP
              • STDDEV_SAMP
              • SUM
              • VAR_POP
              • VAR_SAMP
              • VARIANCE
            • Encryption functions
              • AES_DECRYPT
              • AES_ENCRYPT
              • COMPRESS
              • DECODE
              • DES_DECRYPT
              • DES_ENCRYPT
              • ENCODE
              • ENCRYPT
              • ENHANCED_AES_ENCRYPT
              • ENHANCED_AES_DECRYPT
              • MD5
              • PASSWORD
              • UNCOMPRESS
              • UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH
              • RANDOM_BYTES
              • SHA
              • SHA1
              • SHA2
              • VALIDATE_PASSWORD_STRENGTH
              • SM3
              • SM4_ENCRYPT
              • SM4_DECRYPT
            • Information functions
              • BENCHMARK
              • CHARSET
              • COERCIBILITY
              • COLLATION
              • CONNECTION_ID
              • CURRENT_ROLE
              • CURRENT_USER
              • DATABASE
              • FOUND_ROWS
              • LAST_INSERT_ID
              • LAST_INSERT_ID Behavior Description
              • ICU_VERSION
              • OB_TRANSACTION_ID
              • ROW_COUNT
              • SCHEMA
              • SESSION_USER
              • SYSTEM_USER
              • USER
              • VERSION
              • OB_VERSION
            • JSON functions
              • Overview
              • Functions for creating JSON text
                • JSON_ARRAY
                • JSON_OBJECT
                • JSON_QUOTE
              • Functions for searching JSON text
                • JSON_CONTAINS
                • JSON_CONTAINS_PATH
                • JSON_EXTRACT
                • JSON_KEYS
                • JSON_OVERLAPS
                • JSON_SEARCH
                • JSON_VALUE
                • MEMBER OF
              • Functions for modifying JSON text
                • JSON_ARRAY_APPEND
                • JSON_APPEND
                • JSON_ARRAY_INSERT
                • JSON_INSERT
                • JSON_MERGE
                • JSON_MERGE_PATCH
                • JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE
                • JSON_REMOVE
                • JSON_REPLACE
                • JSON_SET
                • JSON_UNQUOTE
              • Functions for returning JSON text properties
                • JSON_DEPTH
                • JSON_LENGTH
                • JSON_TYPE
                • JSON_VALID
              • `JSON_TABLE`
              • JSON utility functions
                • JSON_PRETTY
                • JSON_STORAGE_SIZE
              • JSON aggregate functions
                • JSON_ARRAYAGG
                • JSON_OBJECTAGG
              • JSON schema validation functions
                • JSON_SCHEMA_VALID
                • JSON_SCHEMA_VALIDATION_REPORT
            • XML functions
              • Overview
              • Functions for querying XML data
                • EXTRACTVALUE
              • Functions for modifying XML data
                • UPDATEXML
            • Spatial functions
              • Overview
              • Functions that create geometry values
              • Spatial operation functions
              • Spatial relation functions
              • Geometry property functions
              • Geometry format conversion functions
              • Spatial analysis functions
              • Spatial constructor functions
              • Spatial accessor functions
              • Spatial format conversion functions
              • Geometry processing functions
              • _ST_GeoHash
            • Performance schema functions
              • FORMAT_BYTES
              • FORMAT_PICO_TIME
            • Lock functions
              • Overview of lock functions
              • GET_LOCK
              • IS_FREE_LOCK
              • IS_USED_LOCK
              • RELEASE_ALL_LOCKS
              • RELEASE_LOCK
            • Bitmap functions
              • Overview
              • Bitmap constructors
              • Bitmap cardinality functions
              • Roaring bitmap operation functions
              • Roaring bitmap judgment functions
              • Roaring bitmap output functions
              • Roaring bitmap aggregate functions
            • Array functions
              • Overview
              • Array constructor functions
              • Array judgment functions
              • Array output functions
              • Array functions
            • Text processing functions
              • TOKENIZE
            • Audit functions
              • Overview
              • AUDIT_LOG_FILTER_REMOVE_FILTER
              • AUDIT_LOG_FILTER_REMOVE_USER
              • AUDIT_LOG_FILTER_SET_FILTER
              • AUDIT_LOG_FILTER_SET_USER
            • Map functions
              • Overview of map functions
              • Mapping constructor
              • Mapping comparison functions and operators
              • Mapping operation functions
            • Sequence functions
              • NEXTVAL(SEQ) function
              • CURRVAL(SEQ) function
            • Other functions
              • ANY_VALUE
              • BIN_TO_UUID
              • COALESCE
              • DEFAULT
              • NAME_CONST
              • INET_ATON
              • INET_NTOA
              • INET6_ATON
              • INET6_NTOA
              • IS_IPV4
              • IS_IPV4_COMPAT
              • IS_IPV6
              • IS_UUID
              • MATCH AGAINST
              • NVL
              • UUID_TO_BIN
              • SLEEP
              • UUID
              • UUID_SHORT
              • VALUES
          • Queries and subqueries
            • Overview
            • Subqueries
            • Joins
            • Full-text queries
          • SQL statements
            • General syntax
            • Common table expressions
            • ALTER COMPILE
            • ALTER DATABASE
            • ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
            • ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
            • ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE
            • ALTER OUTLINE
            • ALTER SENSITIVE RULE
            • ALTER SEQUENCE
            • ALTER/CHANGE/MODIFY EXTERNAL_STORAGE_DEST
            • MAJOR and MINOR
            • ALTER TABLE
            • ALTER TABLEGROUP
            • ALTER TABLESPACE
            • ALTER USER
            • ALTER VIEW
            • ALTER INSTANCE ROTATE INNODB MASTER KEY
            • ANALYZE
            • CACHE INDEX
            • CREATE CONCURRENT_LIMITING_RULE
            • CREATE DATABASE LINK
            • CREATE DATABASE
            • CREATE EXTERNAL CATALOG
            • CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE
            • CREATE INDEX
            • CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
            • CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
            • CREATE OUTLINE
            • CREATE FORMAT OUTLINE
            • CREATE RESTORE POINT
            • CREATE ROLE
            • CREATE SEQUENCE
            • CREATE SENSITIVE RULE
            • CREATE TABLE
            • CREATE TABLEGROUP
            • CREATE TABLESPACE
            • CREATE USER
            • CREATE VIEW
            • CHECKSUM TABLE
            • CREATE EVENT
            • DEALLOCATE PREPARE
            • DROP DATABASE LINK
            • DELETE
            • DESCRIBE
            • DROP CATALOG
            • DROP CONCURRENT_LIMITING_RULE
            • DROP DATABASE
            • DROP INDEX
            • DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
            • DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
            • DROP OUTLINE
            • DROP ROLE
            • DROP SENSITIVE RULE
            • DROP TABLE
            • DROP TABLEGROUP
            • DROP TABLESPACE
            • DROP SEQUENCE
            • DROP USER
            • DROP VIEW
            • DROP RESTORE POINT
            • EXECUTE
            • EXPLAIN
            • FLASHBACK
            • FLUSH TABLE
            • GRANT
            • HELP
            • INSERT
            • KILL
            • LOAD DATA
            • LOAD INDEX INTO CACHE
            • LOCK TABLES
            • OPTIMIZE
            • PREPARE
            • PURGE
            • PURGE RECYCLEBIN
            • RENAME USER
            • RENAME TABLE
            • REPLACE
            • REPAIR TABLE
            • REVOKE
            • SAVEPOINT
            • SCHEMA
            • SELECT INTO
            • SELECT
              • SELECT
              • JOIN clause
              • WINDOW clause
              • UNION clause
            • SET DEFAULT ROLE
            • SET
            • SET CATALOG
            • SET CHARSET
            • SET NAMES
            • SET PASSWORD
            • SET ROLE
            • SET TRANSACTION
            • SHOW
            • SUBMIT JOB
            • SHOW JOB STATUS
            • CANCEL JOB
            • TRANSACTION
            • TRUNCATE TABLE
            • UNLOCK TABLES
            • UPDATE
            • USE
            • VALUES
            • XA TRANSACTION
          • DDL feature
            • Overview
            • Online and offline DDL operations
            • Index operations
            • Primary key operations
            • Column operations
            • Generated column operations
            • Foreign key operations
            • Table operations
            • Partition operations
            • Column type change rules
            • Conversion rules for numeric data types
          • Pseudocolumns
            • Overview of pseudocolumns
            • PARTITIONID pseudo column
            • Sequence pseudo columns
        • User tenants (Oracle mode)
          • Pseudocolumns
            • Overview
            • Hierarchical query pseudocolumns
            • Sequence pseudocolumns
            • ORA_ROWSCN pseudocolumn
            • ROWNUM pseudocolumn
            • ROWID pseudocolumn
            • PARTITIONID pseudocolumns
          • Basic elements
            • Built-in data types
              • Overview
              • Character data types
                • Overview
                • CHAR data type
                • NCHAR data type
                • NVARCHAR2 data type
                • VARCHAR2 data type
                • VARCHAR data type
              • Numeric data types
                • Overview
                • NUMBER data type
                • FLOAT data type
                • Floating-point numbers
                • Precedence of numeric data types
              • Datetime and interval data types
                • Overview
                • DATE data type
                • TIMESTAMP data type
                • TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE data type
                • TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE data type
                • INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH data type
                • INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND data type
                • Calculation of dates, timestamps, and intervals
              • RAW data type
              • Large object data types
                • Overview
                • BLOB data type
                • CLOB data type
                • LOB types
              • Rowid data types
              • User-defined data types
              • Any types
              • JSON data types
                • Overview
                • Create a column of the JSON data type
                • Query JSON data
                • Conversion rules for JSON data types
              • XML data types
                • Overview
                • XML data definition
                • Create a column of the XMLType data type
                • Query XMLType data
                • Conversion of XMLType data
              • Spatial data types
                • Overview
                • Create a spatial column
                • SDO_GEOMETRY attribute access
                • Create a spatial index
            • Data type comparison rules
              • Overview
              • Numeric value comparison rules
              • Date value comparison rules
              • Character value comparison rules
              • Data type precedence
              • Data type conversion rules
              • Security considerations for data conversion
            • Literals
              • Overview
              • Text literals
              • Numeric literals
              • Datetime literals
                • Date literals
                • Timestamp literals
              • Interval literals
            • Format model
              • Overview
              • Number format models
              • Datetime format models
              • RR datetime format element
              • String-to-date conversion rules
            • NULL value
              • Overview
              • NULLs in SQL functions
              • NULLs in comparison conditions
              • NULLs in conditional expressions
            • Annotations
              • Overview
              • Comments for SQL statements
              • Comments on schema and non-schema objects
              • Hints
                • Overview
                • Use query block name and QB_NAME hint to control query optimization
                • Hint list
                  • Global hints
                    • Optimizer Stats Hint
                    • Transform Hint
                    • Other hints under the GLOBAL hint
                  • Optimized hints
                    • Access path hints under the Optimized Hint type
                    • Join Order Hints in the Optimized Hint Category
                    • Join operation hints in the Optimized Hint category
                    • Subquery hints under the Optimized Hint category
                    • Group By Hint
                    • DISTINCT hint
                    • Set Hint
                    • Distributed DML hints in the Optimized Hint category
                  • Transform hints
                    • Stmt Transform Hint
                    • Cost Based Transform Hint
                    • Heuristics transform hints
                    • Other hints under the Transform Hint type
                  • Outline related hints
                  • Other hints
            • Database objects
              • Schema objects
              • Non-schema objects
            • Database naming conventions
              • Overview
              • Suggestions on schema object names
            • Database object reference methods
              • Overview
              • Reference schema objects
              • Reference objects in a remote database
                • Create a DBLink
                • Reference a DBLink
              • Refer to partitioned tables and indexes
              • Reference an attribute or method of an object type
            • Character sets and collations
          • Operators
            • Overview of operators
            • Operator precedence
            • Arithmetic operators
            • Concatenation operator
            • Hierarchical query operators
            • Set operators
            • COLLATE operator
          • Functions
            • Overview
            • Single-row functions
              • Numeric functions
                • ABS
                • ACOS
                • ASIN
                • ATAN
                • ATAN2
                • BITAND
                • CEIL
                • COS
                • COSH
                • EXP
                • FLOOR
                • GENERATOR
                • LN
                • LOG
                • MOD
                • NANVL
                • NORMAL
                • POWER
                • REMAINDER
                • ROUND
                • RANDOM
                • RANDSTR
                • SIGN
                • SIN
                • SINH
                • SQRT
                • TAN
                • TANH
                • TRUNC
                • UNIFORM
                • WIDTH_BUCKET
                • ZIPF
              • String functions that return a string
                • CHR
                • CONCAT
                • INITCAP
                • LOWER
                • LPAD
                • LTRIM
                • NLS_LOWER
                • NLSSORT
                • NLS_UPPER
                • REGEXP_REPLACE
                • REGEXP_SUBSTR
                • REPLACE
                • RPAD
                • RTRIM
                • SUBSTR
                • TRANSLATE
                • TRANSLATE ... USING
                • TRIM
                • UPPER
              • String functions that return numbers
                • ASCII
                • INSTR
                • LENGTH
                • REGEXP_COUNT
                • REGEXP_INSTR
              • Datetime functions
                • ADD_MONTHS
                • CURRENT_DATE
                • CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
                • DBTIMEZONE
                • EXTRACT(datetime)
                • FROM_TZ
                • LAST_DAY
                • LOCALTIMESTAMP
                • MONTHS_BETWEEN
                • NEXT_DAY
                • NUMTODSINTERVAL
                • NUMTOYMINTERVAL
                • ROUND (date)
                • SESSIONTIMEZONE
                • SYS_EXTRACT_UTC
                • SYSDATE
                • SYSTIMESTAMP
                • TO_CHAR(datetime)
                • TO_DSINTERVAL
                • TO_TIMESTAMP
                • TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ
                • TO_YMINTERVAL
                • TRUNC (date)
                • TZ_OFFSET
              • Generic comparison functions
                • GREATEST
                • LEAST
              • Conversion functions
                • ASCIISTR
                • CAST
                • CHARTOROWID
                • CONVERT
                • HEXTORAW
                • NUMTODSINTERVAL
                • NUMTOYMINTERVAL
                • RAWTOHEX
                • ROWIDTOCHAR
                • ROWIDTONCHAR
                • SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP
                • TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN
                • TO_BINARY_DOUBLE
                • TO_BINARY_FLOAT
                • TO_BLOB
                • TO_CHAR(character)
                • TO_CHAR(datetime)
                • TO_CHAR(number)
                • TO_CLOB
                • TO_DATE
                • TO_DSINTERVAL
                • TO_MULTI_BYTE
                • TO_NUMBER
                • TO_NCHAR(character)
                • TO_NCHAR(datetime)
                • TO_NCHAR(number)
                • TO_SINGLE_BYTE
                • TO_TIMESTAMP
                • TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ
                • TO_YMINTERVAL
                • UNISTR
              • Encoding and decoding functions
                • DECODE
                • DUMP
                • ORA_HASH
                • VSIZE
              • Null value related functions
                • COALESCE
                • LNNVL
                • NANVL
                • NULLIF
                • NVL
                • NVL2
              • Environment and identifier functions
                • SYS_CONTEXT
                • SYS_GUID
                • UID
                • USER
                • USERENV
                • OB_VERSION
              • Hierarchical functions
                • SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH
              • JSON functions
                • Overview
                • Create JSON text functions
                  • JSON_ARRAY
                  • JSON_OBJECT
                  • JSON_ARRAYAGG
                  • JSON_OBJECTAGG
                • Query JSON text functions
                  • JSON_VALUE
                  • JSON_QUERY
                  • JSON_EXISTS
                  • JSON_TABLE
                • Validate JSON text functions
                  • JSON_EQUAL
                • Modify JSON text functions
                  • JSON_MERGEPATCH
              • XML functions
                • Overview
                • Construct XMLType data functions
                  • XMLAGG
                  • XMLATTRIBUTES
                  • XMLELEMENT
                  • XMLPARSE
                  • XMLCONCAT
                  • XMLFOREST
                • Query XMLType data functions
                  • EXTRACT
                  • EXTRACTVALUE
                  • XMLSERIALIZE
                  • XMLCAST
                  • XMLTABLE
                  • XMLSEQUENCE
                  • EXISTSNODE
                • Modify XMLType data functions
                  • UPDATEXML
                  • INSERTCHILDXML
                  • DELETEXML
              • Spatial functions
                • Overview of spatial functions
                • Constructor functions
                • Spatial query functions
                • Format conversion functions
            • Aggregate functions
              • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
              • AVG
              • CORR
              • COUNT
              • COVAR_POP
              • COVAR_SAMP
              • CUME_DIST
              • DENSE_RANK
              • GROUPING
              • KEEP
              • LISTAGG
              • MAX
              • MEDIAN
              • MIN
              • PERCENT_RANK
              • PERCENTILE_CONT
              • PERCENTILE_DISC
              • RANK
              • REGR_(Linear Regression)
              • ROLLUP
              • STDDEV
              • STDDEV_POP
              • STDDEV_SAMP
              • SUM
              • VAR_POP
              • VAR_SAMP
              • VARIANCE
              • WMSYS.WM_CONCAT/WM_CONCAT
              • GROUP_ID
              • GROUPING_ID
            • Analysis functions
              • Overview
              • AVG
              • CORR
              • COUNT
              • COVAR_POP
              • COVAR_SAMP
              • CUME_DIST
              • DENSE_RANK
              • FIRST_VALUE
              • KEEP
              • LAG
              • LAST_VALUE
              • LEAD
              • LISTAGG
              • MAX
              • MEDIAN
              • MIN
              • NTILE
              • NTH_VALUE
              • PERCENT_RANK
              • PERCENTILE_CONT
              • PERCENTILE_DISC
              • RANK
              • RATIO_TO_REPORT
              • REGR_(Linear Regression)
              • ROW_NUMBER
              • STDDEV
              • STDDEV_POP
              • STDDEV_SAMP
              • SUM
              • VAR_POP
              • VAR_SAMP
              • VARIANCE
              • WMSYS.WM_CONCAT/WM_CONCAT
            • Information functions
              • OB_TRANSACTION_ID
            • Sequence functions
              • NEXTVAL(SEQ) function
              • CURRVAL(SEQ) function
          • Expressions
            • Overview
            • Simple expressions
            • Compound expressions
            • Case expressions
            • Column expressions
            • CURSOR expressions
            • Datetime expressions
            • Function expressions
            • Interval expressions
            • Scalar subquery expressions
            • Type constructor expressions
            • Expression list
          • Conditions
            • Overview
            • Condition precedence
            • Comparison conditions
            • Floating-point conditions
            • Logical conditions
            • Pattern-matching conditions
            • NULL conditions
            • Compound conditions
            • BETWEEN condition
            • EXISTS condition
            • IN condition
          • Queries and subqueries
            • Overview
            • Simple queries
            • Hierarchical queries
            • Composite queries
            • JOIN queries
            • Subqueries
            • Lateral derived tables
            • DUAL table query
          • SQL statements
            • DDL
              • ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE
              • ALTER INDEX
              • ALTER KEYSTORE
              • ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
              • ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
              • ALTER OUTLINE
              • ALTER PROFILE
              • ALTER ROLE
              • ALTER SEQUENCE
              • ALTER SESSION
              • ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH CACHE
              • ALTER/CHANGE/MODIFY EXTERNAL_STORAGE_DEST
              • ALTER SYSTEM SET PARAMETER
              • ALTER TABLE
              • ALTER TABLEGROUP
              • ALTER TABLESPACE
              • ALTER USER
              • COMMENT
              • CREATE CONTEXT
              • CREATE CONCURRENT_LIMITING_RULE
              • CREATE DIRECTORY
              • CREATE DATABASE LINK
              • CREATE EXTERNAL CATALOG
              • CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE
              • CREATE INDEX
              • CREATE KEYSTORE
              • CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
              • CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
              • CREATE OUTLINE
              • CREATE PROFILE
              • CREATE FORMAT OUTLINE
              • CREATE ROLE
              • CREATE SEQUENCE
              • CREATE SYNONYM
              • CREATE TABLE
              • CREATE TABLEGROUP
              • CREATE TABLESPACE
              • CREATE USER
              • CREATE VIEW
              • DROP CATALOG
              • DROP CONTEXT
              • DROP CONCURRENT_LIMITING_RULE
              • DROP DATABASE LINK
              • DROP DIRECTORY
              • DROP INDEX
              • DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
              • DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
              • DROP OUTLINE
              • DROP PROFILE
              • DROP ROLE
              • DROP SEQUENCE
              • DROP SYNONYM
              • DROP TABLE
              • DROP TABLEGROUP
              • DROP TABLESPACE
              • DROP USER
              • DROP VIEW
              • RENAME
              • TRUNCATE TABLE
              • MAJOR and MINOR
            • DML
              • DELETE
              • INSERT
              • MERGE
              • PURGE
              • EXPLAIN
              • SELECT
                • SIMPLE SELECT
                • Set-based SELECT
                • WITH CLAUSE
                • JOIN clause
              • UPDATE
            • DCL
              • ANALYZE
              • ALTER SYSTEM KILL SESSION
              • AUDIT
              • COMMIT
              • FLASHBACK TABLE BEFORE DROP
              • GRANT
              • KILL
              • LOAD DATA
              • LOCK TABLE
              • REVOKE
              • ROLLBACK
              • SAVEPOINT
              • SELECT INTO
              • SET CATALOG
              • SET NAMES
              • SET PASSWORD
              • SET ROLE
              • SET VARIABLE
              • SHOW
              • SHRINK
              • TRANSACTION
          • DDL feature
            • Overview
            • Online and offline DDL operations
            • Index operations
            • Primary key operations
            • Column operations
            • Generated column operations
            • Foreign key operations
            • Table operations
            • Partition operations
            • Column type change rules
            • Conversion rules for numeric data types
      • SQL specifications and practices
        • Limitations on writing SQL statements
        • SQL writing specifications
          • SELECT statements
          • DML statement writing standards
          • DDL statements
          • Multi-table join statements
          • Table scan
          • Transactions
          • Cache
          • How to use hints
          • Others
        • SQL statement examples
          • Implicit data type conversion
          • Join tables
          • Weak consistency read
          • Paging
      • Reserved keywords (MySQL mode)
      • Reserved keywords (Oracle mode)
      • Data type conversion behavior in strict mode for MySQL tenants
    • PL reference
      • What is PL
        • PL overview
        • Main features of PL
        • PL architecture
      • PL reference (MySQL mode)
        • Syntax of PL stored programs
        • PL stored procedures
          • Overview
          • Variables in stored programs
          • Stored procedures
          • Stored objects and privilege management
          • Stored functions
          • Triggers
          • EVENT
          • Limitations on stored programs
        • PL cursors
          • Overview
          • Cursor execution process
          • Limitations on server cursors
        • PL conditional control statements
          • CASE
          • IF
          • ITERATE
          • LEAVE
          • LOOP
          • REPEAT
          • RETURN
          • WHILE
        • PL data manipulation statements
          • CALL
          • DO
        • PL data definition statements
          • ALTER FUNCTION
          • ALTER PROCEDURE
          • CREATE FUNCTION
          • CREATE PROCEDURE
          • CREATE TRIGGER
          • DROP FUNCTION
          • DROP PROCEDURE
          • DROP TRIGGER
        • PL database management statements
          • SHOW CREATE FUNCTION
          • SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE
          • SHOW CREATE TRIGGER
          • SHOW FUNCTION STATUS
          • SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS
          • SHOW TRIGGERS
        • PL related dictionary views
          • INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARAMETERS
          • INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES
          • INFORMATION_SCHEMA TRIGGERS
        • PL exception handling
          • Overview
          • DECLARE ... CONDITION
          • DECLARE ... HANDLER
          • GET DIAGNOSTICS
          • RESIGNAL
          • SIGNAL
          • Scope of procedures
          • Diagnostics area
          • Exception handling and OUT/INOUT parameters
          • Limitations on exception handling
        • PL system packages
          • Overview
          • DBMS_MVIEW
            • Overview
            • PURGE_LOG
            • REFRESH
          • DBMS_MVIEW_STATS
            • Overview
            • PURGE_REFRESH_STATS
            • SET_MVREF_STATS_PARAMS
            • SET_SYSTEM_DEFAULT
          • DBMS_PARTITION
            • DBMS_PARTITION overview
            • MANAGE_DYNAMIC_PARTITION
          • DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER
            • Overview
            • CREATE_CONSUMER_GROUP
            • CREATE_PLAN
            • CREATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
            • DELETE_CONSUMER_GROUP
            • DELETE_PLAN
            • DELETE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
            • SET_CONSUMER_GROUP_MAPPING
            • UPDATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
          • DBMS_SPM
            • Overview
            • ACCEPT_SQL_PLAN_BASELINE
            • ALTER_SQL_PLAN_BASELINE
            • CANCEL_EVOLVE_TASK
            • CONFIGURE
            • DROP_EVOLVE_TASK
            • DROP_SQL_PLAN_BASELINE
            • LOAD_PLANS_FROM_CURSOR_CACHE
          • DBMS_STATS
            • Overview
            • ALTER_STATS_HISTORY_RETENTION
            • CREATE_STAT_TABLE
            • DELETE_COLUMN_STATS
            • DELETE_INDEX_STATS
            • DELETE_TABLE_STATS
            • DELETE_SCHEMA_STATS
            • DELETE_SCHEMA_PREFS
            • DELETE_SYSTEM_STATS
            • DELETE_TABLE_PREFS
            • DROP_STAT_TABLE
            • EXPORT_COLUMN_STATS
            • EXPORT_INDEX_STATS
            • EXPORT_TABLE_STATS
            • EXPORT_SCHEMA_STATS
            • FLUSH_DATABASE_MONITORING_INFO
            • GATHER_INDEX_STATS
            • GATHER_TABLE_STATS
            • GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS
            • GATHER_SYSTEM_STATS
            • GET_STATS_HISTORY_AVAILABILITY
            • GET_STATS_HISTORY_RETENTION
            • GET_PARAM
            • GET_PREFS
            • IMPORT_INDEX_STATS
            • IMPORT_COLUMN_STATS
            • IMPORT_TABLE_STATS
            • IMPORT_SCHEMA_STATS
            • LOCK_PARTITION_STATS
            • LOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
            • LOCK_TABLE_STATS
            • RESTORE_TABLE_STATS
            • RESTORE_SCHEMA_STATS
            • RESET_GLOBAL_PREF_DEFAULTS
            • RESET_PARAM_DEFAULTS
            • PURGE_STATS
            • SET_COLUMN_STATS
            • SET_INDEX_STATS
            • SET_TABLE_STATS
            • SET_GLOBAL_PREFS
            • SET_PARAM
            • SET_SCHEMA_PREFS
            • SET_SYSTEM_STATS
            • SET_TABLE_PREFS
            • UNLOCK_PARTITION_STATS
            • UNLOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
            • UNLOCK_TABLE_STATS
            • CANCEL_GATHER_STATS
          • DBMS_TRUSTED_CERTIFICATE_MANAGER
            • Overview
            • ADD_TRUSTED_CERTIFICATE
            • DELETE_TRUSTED_CERTIFICATE
            • UPDATE_TRUSTED_CERTIFICATE
          • DBMS_UDR
            • Overview
            • CREATE_RULE
            • DISABLE_RULE
            • ENABLE_RULE
            • REMOVE_RULE
          • DBMS_VECTOR
            • Overview of DBMS_VECTOR
            • REFRESH_INDEX
            • REBUILD_INDEX
            • INDEX_VECTOR_MEMORY_ESTIMATE
            • INDEX_VECTOR_MEMORY_ADVISOR
          • DBMS_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY
            • Overview
            • ASH_REPORT
            • CREATE_SNAPSHOT
            • DROP_SNAPSHOT_RANGE
            • MODIFY_SNAPSHOT_SETTINGS
          • DBMS_XPLAN
            • Overview
            • DISPLAY_ACTIVE_SESSION_PLAN
            • DISPLAY_CURSOR
            • DISPLAY
            • DISABLE_OPT_TRACE
            • DISPLAY_SQL_PLAN_BASELINE
            • ENABLE_OPT_TRACE
            • SET_OPT_TRACE_PARAMETER
          • DBMS_LIMIT_CALCULATOR
            • Overview
            • CALCULATE_MIN_PHY_RES_NEEDED_BY_UNIT
            • CALCULATE_MIN_PHY_RES_NEEDED_BY_LOGIC_RES
            • CALCULATE_MIN_PHY_RES_NEEDED_BY_STANDBY_TENANT
          • DBMS_EXTERNAL_TABLE
            • Overview
            • AUTO_REFRESH_EXTERNAL_TABLE
        • Reserved and non-reserved PL keywords
      • PL reference (Oracle mode)
        • PL language basics
          • Character sets
          • Lexical elements
          • Syntax
          • Reference identifiers
          • Identifier scope and visibility
          • Assignment
          • Expressions
          • PL blocks
          • Subprograms
          • Error-reporting functions
        • PL data types
          • Overview
          • SQL data types
          • LOB data types
          • BOOLEAN type
          • User-defined subtypes
          • PLS_INTEGER and BINARY_INTEGER
          • Arrays
          • PL JSON data types
        • PL process control
          • Overview
          • Conditional control
          • Loop control
          • Sequential control
        • PL collections and records
          • Overview
          • Collections
          • Associative arrays
          • Varrays
          • Nested tables
          • Collection constructors
          • Collection methods
            • Overview
            • DELETE method
            • TRIM method
            • EXTEND method
            • EXISTS method
            • FIRST and LAST methods
            • COUNT method
            • LIMIT method
            • PRIOR and NEXT methods
          • Records
          • Insert records into a table and update a table by using records
          • Create and call a subprogram with record type parameters
        • PL static SQL
          • Overview
          • Cursors
            • Overview
            • Cursor attributes
            • Implicit cursors
            • Explicit cursors
            • Cursor variables
            • Use FOR loops to iterate over a cursor
            • Modify and drop a cursor
          • Transaction processing and control
          • Autonomous transactions
            • Overview
            • Control autonomous transactions
            • Autonomous triggers
            • Call autonomous functions from SQL statements
          • FORALL and BULK COLLECT
        • PL dynamic SQL
          • Overview
          • Execute dynamic SQL statements
          • DBMS_SQL system package
        • PL stored procedures and functions
          • Overview
          • Create a stored procedure
          • Create a function
          • Manage stored procedures and functions
          • Privilege control
          • Pipeline functions
            • Overview
            • Create a pipelined table function
            • Application
          • User-defined functions
            • Overview
            • Interface for user-defined aggregate functions
            • Create a user-defined aggregate function
            • Use user-defined aggregate functions
          • Collection of stored procedure information and its impact on parallel execution of SQL statements
          • PL Database Link
        • PL triggers
          • Overview
          • Create a DML trigger
          • Modify and drop a trigger
          • Disable or enable a trigger
          • Query trigger information
          • INSTEAD OF DML triggers
          • Composite DML triggers
          • System triggers
        • PL packages
          • Overview
          • Create a package
          • Overloaded programs in a package
          • Manage packages
          • Definition of the PL environment by the STANDARD package
        • PL exception handling
          • Overview
          • Compile-time warnings
          • Exception types
          • Exception handling processes
        • DDL operations on stored PL units
          • Overview
          • ALTER FUNCTION
          • ALTER PACKAGE
          • ALTER PROCEDURE
          • ALTER TRIGGER
          • ALTER TYPE
          • CREATE FUNCTION
          • CREATE PACKAGE
          • CREATE PACKAGE BODY
          • CREATE PROCEDURE
          • CREATE TRIGGER
          • CREATE TYPE
          • CREATE TYPE BODY
          • DROP FUNCTION
          • DROP PACKAGE
          • DROP PROCEDURE
          • DROP TRIGGER
          • DROP TYPE
          • DROP TYPE BODY
        • PL label security package
          • Overview
          • SA_SYSDBA policy management package
            • Overview
            • SA_SYSDBA.ALTER_POLICY
            • SA_SYSDBA.CREATE_POLICY
            • SA_SYSDBA.DROP_POLICY
          • SA_COMPONENTS label component package
            • Overview of the SA_COMPONENTS package
            • SA_COMPONENTS.ALTER_LEVEL
            • SA_COMPONENTS.CREATE_LEVEL
            • SA_COMPONENTS.DROP_LEVEL
          • SA_LABEL_ADMIN label management package
            • Overview
            • SA_LABEL_ADMIN.ALTER_LABEL
            • SA_LABEL_ADMIN.CREATE_LABEL
            • SA_LABEL_ADMIN.DROP_LABEL
          • SA_POLICY_ADMIN policy management package
            • Overview
            • SA_POLICY_ADMIN.APPLY_TABLE_POLICY
            • SA_POLICY_ADMIN.DISABLE_TABLE_POLICY
            • SA_POLICY_ADMIN.ENABLE_TABLE_POLICY
            • SA_POLICY_ADMIN.REMOVE_TABLE_POLICY
          • SA_USER_ADMIN user label management package
            • Overview
            • SA_USER_ADMIN.SET_LEVELS
          • SA_SESSION session management package
            • Overview
            • SA_SESSION.LABEL
            • SA_SESSION.RESTORE_DEFAULT_LABELS
            • SA_SESSION.ROW_LABEL
            • SA_SESSION.SET_LABEL
            • SA_SESSION.SET_ROW_LABEL
        • PL system package (Oracle mode)
          • Overview
          • DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO
            • Overview
            • READ_CLIENT_INFO
            • READ_MODULE
            • SET_ACTION
            • SET_CLIENT_INFO
            • SET_MODULE
          • DBMS_AUDIT_MGMT
            • Overview
            • CLEAN_AUDIT_TRAIL
            • CREATE_PURGE_JOB
            • DROP_PURGE_JOB
            • SET_LAST_ARCHIVE_TIMESTAMP
            • SET_PURGE_JOB_STATUS
          • DBMS_CRYPTO
            • Overview
            • ENCRYPT
            • DECRYPT
            • HASH
          • DBMS_DEBUG
            • Overview
            • ATTACH_SESSION
            • CONTINUE
            • DEBUG_ON
            • DEBUG_OFF
            • DETACH_SESSION
            • DELETE_BREAKPOINT
            • DISABLE_BREAKPOINT
            • ENABLE_BREAKPOINT
            • GET_VALUE
            • GET_VALUES
            • GET_RUNTIME_INFO
            • GET_TIMEOUT_BEHAVIOUR
            • INITIALIZE
            • PROBE_VERSION
            • PRINT_BACKTRACE
            • SET_TIMEOUT
            • SET_TIMEOUT_BEHAVIOUR
            • SET_BREAKPOINT
            • SHOW_BREAKPOINTS
          • DBMS_DESCRIBE
            • Overview
            • DESCRIBE_PROCEDURE
          • DBMS_JOB
            • Overview
            • BROKEN
            • CHANGE
            • ZONE
            • INTERVAL
            • NEXT_DATE
            • REMOVE
            • RUN
            • SUBMIT
            • USER_EXPORT
            • WHAT
          • DBMS_LOB
            • Overview
            • APPEND
            • CLOSE
            • COPY
            • CREATETEMPORARY
            • ERASE
            • FREETEMPORARY
            • GETLENGTH
            • ISOPEN
            • INSTR
            • ISTEMPORARY
            • OPEN
            • READ
            • SUBSTR
            • TRIM
            • WRITE
            • WRITEAPPEND
          • DBMS_LOCK
            • Overview
            • ALLOCATE_UNIQUE
            • ALLOCATE_UNIQUE_AUTONOMOUS
            • REQUEST
            • SLEEP
            • RELEASE
          • DBMS_METADATA
            • Overview
            • GET_DDL
            • GET_TABLE_INDEX_DDL
          • DBMS_MVIEW
            • Overview
            • PURGE_LOG
            • REFRESH
          • DBMS_MONITOR
            • Overview
            • OB_SESSION_TRACE_ENABLE
            • OB_SESSION_TRACE_DISABLE
            • OB_CLIENT_ID_TRACE_ENABLE
            • OB_CLIENT_ID_TRACE_DISABLE
            • OB_MOD_ACT_TRACE_ENABLE
            • OB_MOD_ACT_TRACE_DISABLE
            • OB_TENANT_TRACE_ENABLE
            • OB_TENANT_TRACE_DISABLE
          • DBMS_MVIEW_STAT
            • Overview
            • PURGE_REFRESH_STATS
            • SET_MVREF_STATS_PARAMS
            • SET_SYSTEM_DEFAULT
          • DBMS_OUTPUT
            • Overview
            • DISABLE
            • ENABLE
            • GET_LINE
            • GET_LINES
            • NEW_LINE
            • PUT
            • PUT_LINE
          • DBMS_PLAN_CACHE
            • Overview
            • PURGE
          • DBMS_PARTITION
            • Overview of DBMS_PARTITION
            • MANAGE_DYNAMIC_PARTITION
          • DBMS_RANDOM
            • Overview
            • INITIALIZE
            • NORMAL
            • RANDOM
            • SEED
            • STRING
            • TERMINATE
            • VALUE
          • DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER
            • Overview
            • CREATE_CONSUMER_GROUP
            • CREATE_PLAN
            • CREATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
            • DELETE_CONSUMER_GROUP
            • DELETE_PLAN
            • DELETE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
            • SET_CONSUMER_GROUP_MAPPING
            • UPDATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
          • DBMS_SCHEDULER
            • Overview
            • CREATE_JOB
            • CREATE_JOB_CLASS
            • CREATE_PROGRAM
            • DEFINE_PROGRAM_ARGUMENT
            • DISABLE
            • DISABLE
            • DROP_JOB
            • DROP_JOB_CLASS
            • DROP_PROGRAM
            • ENABLE
            • ENABLE
            • GENERATE_JOB_NAME
            • PURGE_LOG
            • RUN_JOB
            • SET_ATTRIBUTE
            • SET_JOB_ARGUMENT_VALUE
            • STOP_JOB
          • DBMS_SESSION
            • Overview
            • CLEAR_ALL_CONTEXT
            • CLEAR_CONTEXT
            • CLEAR_IDENTIFIER
            • RESET_PACKAGE
            • SET_CONTEXT
            • SET_IDENTIFIER
          • DBMS_SPM
            • Overview
            • ACCEPT_SQL_PLAN_BASELINE
            • ALTER_SQL_PLAN_BASELINE
            • CANCEL_EVOLVE_TASK
            • CONFIGURE
            • DROP_EVOLVE_TASK
            • DROP_SQL_PLAN_BASELINE
            • LOAD_PLANS_FROM_CURSOR_CACHE
          • DBMS_SQL
            • Overview of DBMS_SQL
            • BIND_VARIABLE
            • CLOSE_CURSOR
            • COLUMN_VALUE
            • DEFINE_COLUMN
            • DEFINE_ARRAY
            • DESCRIBE_COLUMNS
            • EXECUTE
            • EXECUTE_AND_FETCH
            • FETCH_ROWS
            • IS_OPEN
            • LAST_ERROR_POSITION
            • OPEN_CURSOR
            • PARSE
            • VARIABLE_VALUE
          • DBMS_STATS
            • Overview
            • ALTER_STATS_HISTORY_RETENTION
            • CREATE_STAT_TABLE
            • DELETE_COLUMN_STATS
            • DELETE_INDEX_STATS
            • DELETE_TABLE_STATS
            • DELETE_SCHEMA_STATS
            • DELETE_SCHEMA_PREFS
            • DELETE_SYSTEM_STATS
            • DELETE_TABLE_PREFS
            • DROP_STAT_TABLE
            • EXPORT_COLUMN_STATS
            • EXPORT_INDEX_STATS
            • EXPORT_TABLE_STATS
            • EXPORT_SCHEMA_STATS
            • FLUSH_DATABASE_MONITORING_INFO
            • GATHER_INDEX_STATS
            • GATHER_TABLE_STATS
            • GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS
            • GATHER_SYSTEM_STATS
            • GET_STATS_HISTORY_AVAILABILITY
            • GET_STATS_HISTORY_RETENTION
            • GET_PARAM
            • GET_PREFS
            • IMPORT_INDEX_STATS
            • IMPORT_COLUMN_STATS
            • IMPORT_TABLE_STATS
            • IMPORT_SCHEMA_STATS
            • LOCK_PARTITION_STATS
            • LOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
            • LOCK_TABLE_STATS
            • RESTORE_TABLE_STATS
            • RESTORE_SCHEMA_STATS
            • RESET_GLOBAL_PREF_DEFAULTS
            • RESET_PARAM_DEFAULTS
            • PURGE_STATS
            • SET_COLUMN_STATS
            • SET_INDEX_STATS
            • SET_TABLE_STATS
            • SET_GLOBAL_PREFS
            • SET_PARAM
            • SET_SCHEMA_PREFS
            • SET_SYSTEM_STATS
            • SET_TABLE_PREFS
            • UNLOCK_PARTITION_STATS
            • UNLOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
            • UNLOCK_TABLE_STATS
            • COPY_TABLE_STATS
            • CANCEL_GATHER_STATS
          • DBMS_UDR
            • Overview
            • CREATE_RULE
            • DISABLE_RULE
            • ENABLE_RULE
            • REMOVE_RULE
          • DBMS_UTILITY
            • Overview of DBMS_UTILITY
            • ACTIVE_INSTANCES
            • CURRENT_INSTANCE
            • DB_VERSION
            • FORMAT_CALL_STACK
            • FORMAT_ERROR_BACKTRACE
            • FORMAT_ERROR_STACK
            • GET_ENDIANNESS
            • GET_HASH_VALUE
            • GET_PARAMETER_VALUE
            • GET_SQL_HASH
            • GET_TIME
            • IS_BIT_SET
            • IS_CLUSTER_DATABASE
            • NAME_RESOLVE
            • NAME_TOKENIZE
            • OLD_CURRENT_SCHEMA
            • OLD_CURRENT_USER
            • PORT_STRING
            • TABLE_TO_COMMA
            • COMMA_TO_TABLE
            • VALIDATE
          • DBMS_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY
            • Overview
            • ASH_REPORT
          • DBMS_XA
            • Overview
            • DBMS_XA constants
            • DBMS_XA_XID object type
            • DIST_TXN_SYNC
            • XA_COMMIT
            • XA_END
            • XA_FORGET
            • XA_GETLASTOER
            • XA_PREPARE
            • XA_RECOVER
            • XA_ROLLBACK
            • XA_SETTIMEOUT
            • XA_START
          • DBMS_XMLGEN
            • Overview
            • CONVERT
          • DBMS_PROFILER
            • Overview of DBMS_PROFILER
            • START_PROFILER
            • STOP_PROFILER
            • PAUSE_PROFILER
            • RESUME_PROFILER
            • FLUSH_DATA
            • GET_VERSION
            • INTERNAL_VERSION_CHECK
            • ROLLUP_UNIT
            • ROLLUP_RUN
            • OB_INIT_OBJECTS
            • OB_DROP_OBJECTS
          • DBMS_XPLAN
            • Overview
            • DISPLAY_ACTIVE_SESSION_PLAN
            • DISPLAY_CURSOR
            • DISPLAY
            • DISABLE_OPT_TRACE
            • DISPLAY_SQL_PLAN_BASELINE
            • ENABLE_OPT_TRACE
            • SET_OPT_TRACE_PARAMETER
          • DBMS_EXTERNAL_TABLE
            • Overview
            • AUTO_REFRESH_EXTERNAL_TABLE
          • DBMS_DDL
            • Overview of DBMS_DDL
            • WRAP
            • CREATE_WRAPPED
          • ODCIConst
            • Overview
            • ODCIArgDesc.ArgType
            • ODCIEnv.CallProperty
            • ODCIEnv.Envflags
            • ODCIIndexAlter
            • ODCIIndexAlter parameter alter_option
            • ODCIIndexInfo.IndexInfoFlags
            • ODCIIndexInfo.IndexParaDegree
            • ODCIPredInfo.Flags
            • ODCIQueryInfo.Flags
            • ODCIStatsOptions.Flags
            • ODCIStatsOptions.Options
            • Return Status
            • ScnFlg
          • UTL_ENCODE
            • Overview
            • BASE64_DECODE
            • BASE64_ENCODE
          • UTL_FILE
            • Overview
            • FCLOSE
            • FFLUSH
            • FOPEN
            • FGETPOS
            • FREMOVE
            • FRENAME
            • FSEEK
            • NEW_LINE
            • GET_LINE
            • PUT
            • PUT_LINE
          • UTL_I18N
            • Overview
            • RAW_TO_CHAR
            • STRING_TO_RAW
          • UTL_RECOMP
            • Overview
            • RECOMP_PARALLEL
            • RECOMP_SERIAL
            • TRUNCATE_UTL_RECOMP_SKIP_LIST
            • POPULATE_UTL_RECOMP_SKIP_LIST
            • PARALLEL_SLAVE
          • UTL_RAW
            • Overview of UTL_RAW
            • BIT_AND
            • BIT_COMPLEMENT
            • BIT_OR
            • BIT_XOR
            • CAST_FROM_BINARY_DOUBLE
            • CAST_FROM_BINARY_FLOAT
            • CAST_FROM_BINARY_INTEGER
            • CAST_FROM_NUMBER
            • CAST_TO_BINARY_DOUBLE
            • CAST_TO_BINARY_FLOAT
            • CAST_TO_BINARY_INTEGER
            • CAST_TO_NUMBER
            • CAST_TO_RAW
            • CAST_TO_VARCHAR2
            • COMPARE
            • CONCAT
            • COPIES
            • LENGTH
            • REVERSE
            • SUBSTR
            • TRANSLATE
          • UTL_TCP
            • Overview of UTL_TCP
            • OPEN_CONNECTION
            • CLOSE_CONNECTION
            • CLOSE_ALL_CONNECTIONS
            • WRITE_LINE
            • WRITE_TEXT
            • WRITE_RAW
            • GET_LINE
            • GET_TEXT
          • UTL_SMTP
            • Overview of UTL_SMTP
            • OPEN_CONNECTION
            • CLOSE_CONNECTION
            • QUIT
            • AUTH
            • COMMAND
            • COMMAND_REPLIES
            • HELO
            • EHLO
            • MAIL
            • RCPT
            • OPEN_DATA
            • WRITE_DATA
            • WRITE_RAW_DATA
            • CLOSE_DATA
            • DATA
            • VRFY
            • HELP
            • NOOP
            • RSET
          • ANYDATA TYPE
            • Overview of ANYDATA type
            • BEGINCREATE static procedure
            • ENDCREATE member procedure
            • GET* member functions
            • GETTYPE member function
            • GETTYPENAME member function
            • PIECEWISE member procedure
            • SET* member procedures
          • XMLType
            • Overview of XMLType
            • CREATEXML
            • GETCLOBVAL
            • GETSTRINGVAL
            • TRANSFORM
            • XMLTYPE
            • EXISTSNODE
            • EXTRACT
        • Reserved PL keywords
    • System views
      • System views overview
      • System views overview
      • Views in OceanBase Database V3.x and V4.x
      • SYS tenant views
        • Dictionary views
          • information_schema.CONNECTION_CONTROL_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS
          • information_schema.CHARACTER_SETS
          • information_schema.CHECK_CONSTRAINTS
          • information_schema.COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY
          • information_schema.COLLATIONS
          • information_schema.COLUMN_PRIVILEGES
          • information_schema.COLUMNS
          • information_schema.ENGINES
          • information_schema.events
          • information_schema.GLOBAL_STATUS
          • information_schema.GLOBAL_VARIABLES
          • information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
          • information_schema.PARAMETERS
          • information_schema.PARTITIONS
          • information_schema.PROCESSLIST
          • information_schema.QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME
          • information_schema.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS
          • information_schema.role_table_grants
          • information_schema.role_column_grants
          • information_schema.role_routine_grants
          • information_schema.ROUTINES
          • information_schema.SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES
          • information_schema.SCHEMATA
          • information_schema.SESSION_STATUS
          • information_schema.SESSION_VARIABLES
          • information_schema.STATISTICS
          • information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
          • information_schema.TABLE_PRIVILEGES
          • information_schema.TABLES
          • information_schema.USER_PRIVILEGES
          • information_schema.VIEW_TABLE_USAGE
          • information_schema.VIEWS
          • mysql.columns_priv
          • mysql.db
          • mysql.default_roles
          • mysql.help_category
          • mysql.help_keyword
          • mysql.help_relation
          • mysql.help_topic
          • mysql.proc
          • mysql.procs_priv
          • mysql.role_edges
          • mysql.time_zone
          • mysql.time_zone_name
          • mysql.time_zone_transition
          • mysql.time_zone_transition_type
          • mysql.user
          • oceanbase.ALL_OB_EXTERNAL_TABLE_FILES
          • oceanbase.CDB_CKPT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_DATABASE_PRIVILEGE
          • oceanbase.CDB_IND_COLUMNS
          • oceanbase.CDB_IND_PARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.CDB_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
          • CDB_INDEX_USAGE
          • oceanbase.CDB_INDEXES
          • CDB_MVIEW_LOGS
          • oceanbase.CDB_MVIEW_RUNNING_JOBS
          • CDB_MVIEWS
          • CDB_MVREF_CHANGE_STATS
          • CDB_MVREF_RUN_STATS
          • CDB_MVREF_STATS
          • CDB_MVREF_STATS_PARAMS
          • CDB_MVREF_STATS_SYS_DEFAULTS
          • CDB_MVREF_STMT_STATS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_ACCESS_POINT
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS_ARB_REPLICA_TASKS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_ARCHIVE_DEST
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_ARCHIVELOG
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_ARCHIVELOG_PIECE_FILES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_ARCHIVELOG_SUMMARY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_AUTO_INCREMENT
          • CDB_OB_AUX_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_JOBS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_POLICY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_TASKS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_JOBS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_PARAMETER
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_SET_FILES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_STORAGE_INFO
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_STORAGE_INFO_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_TASKS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BALANCE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BALANCE_JOBS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BALANCE_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BALANCE_TASKS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_COLUMN_CHECKSUM_ERROR_INFO
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_CCL_RULES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_CS_REPLICA_STATS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_DATA_DICTIONARY_IN_LOG
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_DATABASES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_DEADLOCK_EVENT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_DYNAMIC_PARTITION_TABLES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_EXTERNAL_TABLE_FILES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_FREEZE_INFO
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_JOBS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_TASKS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_KV_REDIS_TABLE
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_KV_TTL_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_KV_TTL_TASKS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_LOG_RESTORE_SOURCE
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS_ARB_REPLICA_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS_LOCATIONS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS_LOG_ARCHIVE_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS_REPLICA_TASKS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS_REPLICA_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_MAJOR_COMPACTION
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_RECOVER_TABLE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_RECOVER_TABLE_JOBS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_SERVICES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_RESTORE_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_RESTORE_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_RSRC_DIRECTIVES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_SENSITIVE_COLUMNS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_SENSITIVE_RULE_PLAINACCESS_USERS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_SENSITIVE_RULES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_SERVER_SPACE_USAGE
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_SPACE_USAGE
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_SYS_VARIABLES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_STORAGE_IO_USAGE
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLE_LOCATIONS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLEGROUP_PARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLEGROUP_SUBPARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLEGROUP_TABLES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLEGROUPS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLET_CHECKSUM_ERROR_INFO
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLET_REPLICAS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLET_TO_LS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLE_SPACE_USAGE
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TEMP_FILES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TENANT_EVENT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TRANSFER_PARTITION_TASKS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TRANSFER_PARTITION_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TRANSFER_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TRANSFER_TASKS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_USERS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_VECTOR_INDEX_TASKS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_VECTOR_INDEX_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_ZONE_MAJOR_COMPACTION
          • oceanbase.CDB_OBJECTS
          • oceanbase.CDB_PART_INDEXES
          • oceanbase.CDB_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • oceanbase.CDB_PART_TABLES
          • oceanbase.CDB_SCHEDULER_JOB_RUN_DETAILS
          • oceanbase.CDB_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • oceanbase.CDB_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
          • oceanbase.CDB_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.CDB_TAB_COLS
          • oceanbase.CDB_TAB_COLS_V$
          • oceanbase.CDB_TAB_PARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.CDB_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.CDB_TABLES
          • oceanbase.CDB_WR_ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_WR_CONTROL
          • oceanbase.CDB_WR_EVENT_NAME
          • oceanbase.CDB_WR_SNAPSHOT
          • oceanbase.CDB_WR_SQLSTAT
          • oceanbase.CDB_WR_SQLTEXT
          • oceanbase.CDB_WR_STATNAME
          • oceanbase.CDB_WR_SYS_TIME_MODEL
          • oceanbase.CDB_WR_SYSSTAT
          • oceanbase.CDB_WR_SYSTEM_EVENT
          • oceanbase.DBA_DB_LINKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_IND_PARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_IND_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_INDEX_USAGE
          • oceanbase.DBA_MVIEW_DEPS
          • oceanbase.DBA_MVIEW_LOGS
          • oceanbase.DBA_MVIEW_RUNNING_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_MVIEWS
          • DBA_MVREF_CHANGE_STATS
          • oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_RUN_STATS
          • oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_STATS
          • oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_STATS_PARAMS
          • oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_STATS_SYS_DEFAULTS
          • oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_STMT_STATS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ACCESS_POINT
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARBITRATION_SERVICE
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVE_DEST
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVELOG
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVELOG_PIECE_FILES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVELOG_SUMMARY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_AUTO_INCREMENT
          • DBA_OB_AUX_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_POLICY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_PARAMETER
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_SET_FILES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_STORAGE_INFO
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_STORAGE_INFO_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BALANCE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BALANCE_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BALANCE_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BALANCE_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_CLONE_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_CLONE_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_CLUSTER_EVENT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_CONCURRENT_LIMIT_SQL
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_CCL_RULES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_CS_REPLICA_STATS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_DATA_DICTIONARY_IN_LOG
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_DATABASE_PRIVILEGE
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_DATABASES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_DEADLOCK_EVENT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_DYNAMIC_PARTITION_TABLES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_EXTERNAL_TABLE_FILES
          • DBA_OB_FORMAT_OUTLINES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_FREEZE_INFO
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_KV_TTL_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_KV_TTL_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LOG_RESTORE_SOURCE
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_ARB_REPLICA_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_ARB_REPLICA_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_LOCATIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_LOG_ARCHIVE_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_REPLICA_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_REPLICA_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_MAJOR_COMPACTION
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_OUTLINE_CONCURRENT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_OUTLINES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RECOVER_TABLE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_SERVICES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RECOVER_TABLE_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RESOURCE_POOLS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RESTORE_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RESTORE_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ROOTSERVICE_EVENT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RSRC_IO_DIRECTIVES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RSRC_DIRECTIVES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_SEQUENCE_OBJECTS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_SERVER_EVENT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_SERVER_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_SERVERS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_STORAGE_IO_USAGE
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_SYS_VARIABLES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLE_LOCATIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLE_OPT_STAT_GATHER_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLE_STAT_STALE_INFO
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUP_PARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUP_SUBPARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUP_TABLES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUPS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLET_REPLICAS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLET_TO_LS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TASK_OPT_STAT_GATHER_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TEMP_FILES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TENANT_EVENT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TENANT_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TENANTS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TRANSFER_PARTITION_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TRANSFER_PARTITION_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TRANSFER_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TRANSFER_TASKS
          • DBA_OB_TRUSTED_ROOT_CERTIFICATE
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_UNIT_CONFIGS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_UNIT_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_UNITS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_USER_DEFINED_RULES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_USERS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_VECTOR_INDEX_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_VECTOR_INDEX_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ZONE_MAJOR_COMPACTION
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ZONES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ZONE_STORAGE
          • oceanbase.DBA_OBJECTS
          • oceanbase.DBA_PART_COL_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_PART_HISTOGRAMS
          • oceanbase.DBA_PART_INDEXES
          • oceanbase.DBA_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • oceanbase.DBA_PART_TABLES
          • oceanbase.DBA_RECYCLEBIN
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUPS
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_GROUP_MAPPINGS
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_PLAN_DIRECTIVES
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_PLANS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SCHEDULER_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SCHEDULER_JOB_RUN_DETAILS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SCHEDULER_WINDOWS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SEQUENCES
          • oceanbase.DBA_SQL_MANAGEMENT_CONFIG
          • oceanbase.DBA_SQL_PLAN_BASELINES
          • oceanbase.DBA_SUBPART_COL_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SUBPART_HISTOGRAMS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_HISTOGRAMS
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_MODIFICATIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_STATS_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_CONTROL
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_EVENT_NAME
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_SNAPSHOT
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_SQLSTAT
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_SQLTEXT
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_STATNAME
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_SYS_TIME_MODEL
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_SYSSTAT
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_SYSTEM_EVENT
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LICENSE
        • Performance views
          • GV$ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
          • GV$DML_STATS
          • GV$LATCH
          • GV$OB_ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
          • GV$OB_COMPACTION_DIAGNOSE_INFO
          • GV$OB_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
          • GV$OB_COMPACTION_SUGGESTIONS
          • GV$OB_CGROUP_CONFIG
          • GV$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
          • GV$OB_FLT_TRACE_CONFIG
          • GV$OB_FUNCTION_IO_STAT
          • GV$OB_GROUP_IO_STAT
          • GV$OB_IO_BENCHMARK
          • GV$OB_IO_CALIBRATION_STATUS
          • GV$OB_KVCACHE
          • GV$OB_KV_GROUP_COMMIT_STATUS
          • GV$OB_LOG_STAT
          • GV$OB_LOG_TRANSPORT_DEST_STAT
          • GV$OB_LS_SNAPSHOTS
          • GV$OB_MEMORY
          • GV$OB_MEMSTORE
          • GV$OB_MEMSTORE_INFO
          • GV$OB_MERGE_INFO
          • GV$OB_NIC_INFO
          • GV$OB_RPC_INCOMING
          • GV$OB_RPC_OUTGOING
          • GV$OB_PARAMETERS
          • GV$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_EXPLAIN
          • GV$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_STAT
          • GV$OB_PLAN_CACHE_STAT
          • GV$OB_PROCESSLIST
          • GV$OB_PS_ITEM_INFO
          • GV$OB_PS_STAT
          • GV$OB_PX_P2P_DATAHUB
          • GV$OB_PX_TARGET_MONITOR
          • GV$OB_PX_WORKER_STAT
          • GV$OB_QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME_HISTOGRAM
          • GV$OB_RES_MGR_SYSSTAT
          • GV$OB_SERVER_SCHEMA_INFO
          • GV$OB_SERVERS
          • GV$OB_SERVER_STORAGE
          • GV$OB_SESS_TIME_MODEL
          • GV$OB_SESSION
          • GV$OB_SHARED_STORAGE_QUOTA
          • GV$OB_SQL_AUDIT
          • GV$OB_SQL_CCL_STATUS
          • GV$SQL_JOIN_FILTER
          • GV$OB_SQL_PLAN
          • GV$SQL_PLAN_MONITOR
          • GV$OB_SQL_WORKAREA_MEMORY_INFO
          • GV$OB_SQLSTAT
          • GV$OB_SSTABLES
          • GV$OB_SS_LOCAL_CACHE
          • GV$OB_STORAGE_CACHE_TASKS
          • GV$OB_SYS_TIME_MODEL
          • GV$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_HISTORY
          • GV$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
          • GV$OB_TABLET_LOCAL_CACHE
          • GV$OB_TENANT_MEMORY
          • GV$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT
          • GV$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT_DETAIL
          • GV$OB_TENANT_RUNTIME_INFO
          • GV$OB_TRANSACTION_PARTICIPANTS
          • GV$OB_TRANSACTION_SCHEDULERS
          • GV$OB_UNITS
          • GV$OB_VECTOR_MEMORY
          • GV$SESSION_EVENT
          • GV$SESSION_LONGOPS
          • GV$SESSION_WAIT
          • GV$SESSION_WAIT_HISTORY
          • GV$SESSTAT
          • GV$SQL_WORKAREA
          • GV$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE
          • GV$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM
          • GV$SYSSTAT
          • GV$SYSTEM_EVENT
          • gv$tenant
          • gv$tenant_memstore_allocator_info
          • GV$OB_ARBITRATION_MEMBER_INFO
          • GV$OB_ARBITRATION_SERVICE_STATUS
          • GV$OB_KV_CLIENT_INFO
          • GV$OB_LOCKS
          • GV$OB_OPT_STAT_GATHER_MONITOR
          • GV$OB_THREAD
          • GV$OB_PL_CACHE_OBJECT
          • GV$UNIT
          • GV$VECTOR_MEMORY
          • V$OB_PL_CACHE_OBJECT
          • V$ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
          • V$DML_STATS
          • V$ENCRYPTED_TABLESPACES
          • V$EVENT_NAME
          • V$LATCH
          • V$OB_ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
          • V$OB_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATUS
          • V$OB_COMPACTION_DIAGNOSE_INFO
          • V$OB_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
          • V$OB_COMPACTION_SUGGESTIONS
          • V$OB_COMPATIBILITY_CONTROL
          • V$OB_CGROUP_CONFIG
          • V$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
          • V$OB_DYNAMIC_PARTITION_TABLES
          • V$OB_ENCRYPTED_TABLES
          • V$OB_FUNCTION_IO_STAT
          • V$OB_GROUP_IO_STAT
          • V$OB_IO_BENCHMARK
          • V$OB_IO_CALIBRATION_STATUS
          • V$OB_KVCACHE
          • V$OB_KV_CLIENT_INFO
          • V$OB_KV_GROUP_COMMIT_STATUS
          • V$OB_LOG_STAT
          • V$OB_LOG_TRANSPORT_DEST_STAT
          • V$OB_LS_LOG_RESTORE_STATUS
          • V$OB_LS_REPLICA_TASK_PLAN
          • V$OB_LS_SNAPSHOTS
          • V$OB_MEMORY
          • V$OB_MEMSTORE
          • V$OB_MEMSTORE_INFO
          • V$OB_MERGE_INFO
          • V$OB_NIC_INFO
          • V$OB_RPC_INCOMING
          • V$OB_RPC_OUTGOING
          • V$OB_PARAMETERS
          • V$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_EXPLAIN
          • V$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_STAT
          • V$OB_PLAN_CACHE_STAT
          • V$OB_PROCESSLIST
          • V$OB_PS_ITEM_INFO
          • V$OB_PS_STAT
          • V$OB_PX_P2P_DATAHUB
          • V$OB_PX_TARGET_MONITOR
          • V$OB_PX_WORKER_STAT
          • V$OB_QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME_HISTOGRAM
          • V$OB_RES_MGR_SYSSTAT
          • V$OB_SERVER_SCHEMA_INFO
          • V$OB_SERVERS
          • V$OB_SERVER_STORAGE
          • V$OB_SESS_TIME_MODEL
          • V$OB_SESSION
          • V$SESSION_EVENT
          • V$OB_SHARED_STORAGE_QUOTA
          • V$OB_SQL_AUDIT
          • V$OB_SQL_CCL_STATUS
          • V$SQL_JOIN_FILTER
          • V$OB_SQL_PLAN
          • V$OB_SQL_WORKAREA_MEMORY_INFO
          • V$OB_SQLSTAT
          • V$OB_SSTABLES
          • V$OB_SS_LOCAL_CACHE
          • V$OB_STORAGE_CACHE_TASKS
          • V$OB_SYS_TIME_MODEL
          • V$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_HISTORY
          • V$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
          • V$OB_TABLET_LOCAL_CACHE
          • V$OB_TENANT_MEMORY
          • V$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT
          • V$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT_DETAIL
          • V$OB_TENANT_RUNTIME_INFO
          • V$OB_TIMESTAMP_SERVICE
          • V$OB_TRANSACTION_PARTICIPANTS
          • V$OB_TRANSACTION_SCHEDULERS
          • V$OB_UNITS
          • V$RESTORE_POINT
          • V$RSRC_PLAN
          • V$SESSION_LONGOPS
          • V$SESSION_WAIT
          • V$SESSION_WAIT_HISTORY
          • V$SESSTAT
          • V$SQL_MONITOR_STATNAME
          • V$SQL_PLAN_MONITOR
          • V$SQL_WORKAREA
          • V$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE
          • V$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM
          • V$STATNAME
          • V$SYSSTAT
          • V$SYSTEM_EVENT
          • V$OB_ARBITRATION_MEMBER_INFO
          • V$OB_ARBITRATION_SERVICE_STATUS
          • V$OB_LOCKS
          • V$OB_OPT_STAT_GATHER_MONITOR
          • V$OB_THREAD
          • V$OB_VECTOR_MEMORY
          • v$tenant_memstore_allocator_info
          • V$UNIT
          • V$VECTOR_MEMORY
      • MySQL tenant views
        • Dictionary views
          • information_schema.CONNECTION_CONTROL_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS
          • information_schema.CHARACTER_SETS
          • information_schema.CHECK_CONSTRAINTS
          • information_schema.COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY
          • information_schema.COLLATIONS
          • information_schema.COLUMN_PRIVILEGES
          • information_schema.COLUMNS
          • information_schema.ENGINES
          • information_schema.events
          • information_schema.GLOBAL_STATUS
          • information_schema.GLOBAL_VARIABLES
          • information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
          • information_schema.PARAMETERS
          • information_schema.PARTITIONS
          • information_schema.PROCESSLIST
          • information_schema.QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME
          • information_schema.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS
          • information_schema.role_table_grants
          • information_schema.role_column_grants
          • information_schema.role_routine_grants
          • information_schema.ROUTINES
          • information_schema.SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES
          • information_schema.SCHEMATA
          • information_schema.SESSION_STATUS
          • information_schema.SESSION_VARIABLES
          • information_schema.ST_GEOMETRY_COLUMNS
          • information_schema.ST_SPATIAL_REFERENCE_SYSTEMS
          • information_schema.STATISTICS
          • information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
          • information_schema.TABLE_PRIVILEGES
          • information_schema.TABLES
          • information_schema.USER_PRIVILEGES
          • information_schema.VIEW_TABLE_USAGE
          • information_schema.VIEWS
          • mysql.audit_log_filter
          • mysql.audit_log_user
          • mysql.columns_priv
          • mysql.db
          • mysql.default_roles
          • mysql.help_category
          • mysql.help_keyword
          • mysql.help_relation
          • mysql.help_topic
          • mysql.proc
          • mysql.procs_priv
          • mysql.role_edges
          • mysql.time_zone
          • mysql.time_zone_name
          • mysql.time_zone_transition
          • mysql.time_zone_transition_type
          • mysql.user
          • oceanbase.ALL_OB_EXTERNAL_TABLE_FILES
          • oceanbase.DBA_DB_LINKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_IND_PARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_IND_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_INDEX_USAGE
          • oceanbase.DBA_MVIEW_DEPS
          • oceanbase.DBA_MVIEW_LOGS
          • oceanbase.DBA_MVIEW_RUNNING_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_MVIEWS
          • DBA_MVREF_CHANGE_STATS
          • oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_RUN_STATS
          • oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_STATS
          • oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_STATS_PARAMS
          • oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_STATS_SYS_DEFAULTS
          • oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_STMT_STATS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ACCESS_POINT
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVE_DEST
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVELOG
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVELOG_PIECE_FILES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVELOG_SUMMARY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_AUTO_INCREMENT
          • DBA_OB_AUX_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_POLICY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_PARAMETER
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_SET_FILES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_STORAGE_INFO
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_STORAGE_INFO_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BALANCE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BALANCE_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BALANCE_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BALANCE_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_CONCURRENT_LIMIT_SQL
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_CCL_RULES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_CS_REPLICA_STATS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_DATA_DICTIONARY_IN_LOG
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_DATABASE_PRIVILEGE
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_DATABASES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_DEADLOCK_EVENT_HISTORY
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          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_EXTERNAL_TABLE_FILES
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          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_FREEZE_INFO
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_KV_REDIS_TABLE
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_KV_TTL_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_KV_TTL_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LOG_RESTORE_SOURCE
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_ARB_REPLICA_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_ARB_REPLICA_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_LOCATIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_LOG_ARCHIVE_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_REPLICA_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_REPLICA_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_MAJOR_COMPACTION
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_OUTLINE_CONCURRENT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_OUTLINES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RECOVER_TABLE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RECOVER_TABLE_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_SERVICES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RESTORE_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RESTORE_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RSRC_IO_DIRECTIVES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RSRC_DIRECTIVES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_SENSITIVE_COLUMNS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_SENSITIVE_RULE_PLAINACCESS_USERS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_SENSITIVE_RULES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_SEQUENCE_OBJECTS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_STORAGE_IO_USAGE
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_SYS_VARIABLES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLE_LOCATIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLE_OPT_STAT_GATHER_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLE_STAT_STALE_INFO
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUP_PARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUP_SUBPARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUP_TABLES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUPS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLET_REPLICAS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLE_SPACE_USAGE
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLET_TO_LS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TASK_OPT_STAT_GATHER_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TENANT_EVENT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TENANTS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TEMP_FILES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TRANSFER_PARTITION_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TRANSFER_PARTITION_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TRANSFER_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TRANSFER_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_USER_DEFINED_RULES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_USERS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_VECTOR_INDEX_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_VECTOR_INDEX_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ZONE_MAJOR_COMPACTION
          • oceanbase.DBA_OBJECTS
          • oceanbase.DBA_PART_COL_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_PART_HISTOGRAMS
          • oceanbase.DBA_PART_INDEXES
          • oceanbase.DBA_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • oceanbase.DBA_PART_TABLES
          • oceanbase.DBA_RECYCLEBIN
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUPS
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_GROUP_MAPPINGS
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_PLAN_DIRECTIVES
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_PLANS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SCHEDULER_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SCHEDULER_JOB_RUN_DETAILS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SCHEDULER_WINDOWS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SEQUENCES
          • oceanbase.DBA_SQL_MANAGEMENT_CONFIG
          • oceanbase.DBA_SQL_PLAN_BASELINES
          • oceanbase.DBA_SUBPART_COL_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SUBPART_HISTOGRAMS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_HISTOGRAMS
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_MODIFICATIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_STATS_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_CONTROL
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_EVENT_NAME
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_SNAPSHOT
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_SQLSTAT
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_SQLTEXT
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_STATNAME
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_SYS_TIME_MODEL
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_SYSSTAT
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_SYSTEM_EVENT
        • Performance views
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          • V$OB_MEMORY
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          • V$OB_RPC_INCOMING
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          • V$OB_PARAMETERS
          • V$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_EXPLAIN
          • V$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_STAT
          • V$OB_PLAN_CACHE_STAT
          • V$OB_PROCESSLIST
          • V$OB_PS_ITEM_INFO
          • V$OB_PS_STAT
          • V$OB_PX_P2P_DATAHUB
          • V$OB_PX_TARGET_MONITOR
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          • V$OB_QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME_HISTOGRAM
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          • V$RSRC_PLAN
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          • V$OB_SESS_TIME_MODEL
          • V$OB_SESSION
          • V$SESSION_EVENT
          • V$OB_SHARED_STORAGE_QUOTA
          • V$OB_SQL_AUDIT
          • V$OB_SQL_CCL_STATUS
          • V$SQL_JOIN_FILTER
          • V$OB_SQL_PLAN
          • V$OB_SQL_WORKAREA_MEMORY_INFO
          • V$OB_SQLSTAT
          • V$OB_SSTABLES
          • V$OB_SS_LOCAL_CACHE
          • V$OB_STORAGE_CACHE_TASKS
          • V$OB_SYS_TIME_MODEL
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          • V$OB_TABLET_LOCAL_CACHE
          • V$OB_TENANT_MEMORY
          • V$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT
          • V$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT_DETAIL
          • V$OB_TIMESTAMP_SERVICE
          • V$OB_TRANSACTION_PARTICIPANTS
          • V$OB_TRANSACTION_SCHEDULERS
          • V$OB_UNITS
          • V$OB_VECTOR_MEMORY
          • V$RESTORE_POINT
          • V$SESSION_LONGOPS
          • V$SESSION_WAIT
          • V$SESSION_WAIT_HISTORY
          • V$SESSTAT
          • V$SQL_MONITOR_STATNAME
          • V$SQL_PLAN_MONITOR
          • V$SQL_WORKAREA
          • V$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE
          • V$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM
          • V$STATNAME
          • V$SYSSTAT
          • V$SYSTEM_EVENT
          • V$OB_ARBITRATION_MEMBER_INFO
          • V$OB_ARBITRATION_SERVICE_STATUS
          • V$OB_LOCKS
          • V$OB_OPT_STAT_GATHER_MONITOR
          • V$OB_THREAD
      • Oracle tenant views
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          • DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_POLICY
          • DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_TASK_HISTORY
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          • DBA_OB_BACKUP_TASK_HISTORY
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          • DBA_OB_BALANCE_JOB_HISTORY
          • DBA_OB_BALANCE_JOBS
          • DBA_OB_BALANCE_TASK_HISTORY
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          • DBA_OB_CONCURRENT_LIMIT_SQL
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          • DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_TASKS
          • DBA_OB_LOG_RESTORE_SOURCE
          • DBA_OB_LS
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          • DBA_OB_LS_ARB_REPLICA_TASK_HISTORY
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          • DBA_OB_LS_REPLICA_TASK_HISTORY
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          • USER_ARGUMENTS
          • USER_AUDIT_OBJECT
          • USER_AUDIT_SESSION
          • USER_AUDIT_STATEMENT
          • USER_AUDIT_TRAIL
          • USER_COL_COMMENTS
          • USER_COL_PRIVS
          • USER_COLL_TYPES
          • USER_CONS_COLUMNS
          • USER_CONSTRAINTS
          • USER_DB_LINKS
          • USER_DEPENDENCIES
          • USER_ERRORS
          • USER_IND_COLUMNS
          • USER_IND_EXPRESSIONS
          • USER_IND_PARTITIONS
          • USER_IND_STATISTICS
          • USER_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
          • USER_INDEXES
          • USER_PLSQL_TYPES
          • USER_PLSQL_COLL_TYPES
          • USER_PLSQL_TYPE_ATTRS
          • USER_JOBS
          • USER_MVIEW_LOGS
          • USER_MVIEWS
          • USER_MVREF_CHANGE_STATS
          • USER_MVREF_RUN_STATS
          • USER_MVREF_STATS
          • USER_MVREF_STATS_PARAMS
          • USER_MVREF_STATS_SYS_DEFAULTS
          • USER_MVREF_STMT_STATS
          • USER_OBJECTS
          • USER_OB_SOURCE
          • USER_PART_COL_STATISTICS
          • USER_PART_HISTOGRAMS
          • USER_PART_INDEXES
          • USER_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • USER_PART_TABLES
          • USER_POLICIES
          • USER_POLICY_CONTEXTS
          • USER_POLICY_GROUPS
          • USER_PROCEDURES
          • USER_PROFILES
          • USER_RECYCLEBIN
          • USER_ROLE_PRIVS
          • USER_SCHEDULER_JOB_ARGS
          • USER_SCHEDULER_PROGRAM_ARGS
          • USER_SEC_RELEVANT_COLS
          • USER_SEGMENTS
          • USER_SEQUENCES
          • USER_SOURCE
          • USER_SUBPART_COL_STATISTICS
          • USER_SUBPART_HISTOGRAMS
          • USER_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • USER_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
          • USER_SYNONYMS
          • USER_SYS_PRIVS
          • USER_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
          • USER_TAB_COLS
          • USER_TAB_COLUMNS
          • USER_TAB_COMMENTS
          • USER_TAB_HISTOGRAMS
          • USER_TAB_MODIFICATIONS
          • USER_TAB_PARTITIONS
          • USER_TAB_PRIVS
          • USER_TAB_STATISTICS
          • USER_TAB_STATS_HISTORY
          • USER_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
          • USER_TABLES
          • USER_TABLESPACES
          • USER_TRIGGER_ORDERING
          • USER_TRIGGERS
          • USER_TYPE_ATTRS
          • USER_TYPE_METHODS
          • USER_TYPES
          • USER_USERS
          • USER_VIEWS
        • Performance views
          • GV$ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
          • GV$DBLINK
          • GV$DML_STATS
          • GV$GLOBAL_TRANSACTION
          • GV$INSTANCE
          • GV$OB_ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
          • GV$OB_ARBITRATION_MEMBER_INFO
          • GV$OB_COMPACTION_DIAGNOSE_INFO
          • GV$OB_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
          • GV$OB_COMPACTION_SUGGESTIONS
          • GV$OB_CGROUP_CONFIG
          • GV$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
          • GV$OB_FLT_TRACE_CONFIG
          • GV$OB_FUNCTION_IO_STAT
          • GV$OB_GLOBAL_TRANSACTION
          • GV$OB_GROUP_IO_STAT
          • GV$OB_KVCACHE
          • GV$OB_LOG_STAT
          • GV$OB_LOG_TRANSPORT_DEST_STAT
          • GV$OB_LS_SNAPSHOTS
          • GV$OB_MEMORY
          • GV$OB_MEMSTORE
          • GV$OB_MEMSTORE_INFO
          • GV$OB_NIC_INFO
          • GV$OB_OPT_STAT_GATHER_MONITOR
          • GV$OB_PARAMETERS
          • GV$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_EXPLAIN
          • GV$OB_PL_CACHE_OBJECT
          • GV$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_STAT
          • GV$OB_PLAN_CACHE_STAT
          • GV$OB_PROCESSLIST
          • GV$OB_PS_ITEM_INFO
          • GV$OB_PS_STAT
          • GV$OB_PX_P2P_DATAHUB
          • GV$OB_PX_TARGET_MONITOR
          • GV$OB_PX_WORKER_STAT
          • GV$OB_QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME_HISTOGRAM
          • GV$OB_RES_MGR_SYSSTAT
          • GV$OB_SERVER_SCHEMA_INFO
          • GV$OB_SESS_TIME_MODEL
          • GV$OB_SESSION
          • GV$OB_SHARED_STORAGE_QUOTA
          • GV$OB_SQL_AUDIT
          • GV$OB_SQL_CCL_STATUS
          • GV$SQL_JOIN_FILTER
          • GV$OB_SQL_PLAN
          • GV$OB_SQL_WORKAREA_MEMORY_INFO
          • GV$OB_SQLSTAT
          • GV$OB_SSTABLES
          • GV$OB_SS_LOCAL_CACHE
          • GV$OB_SYS_TIME_MODEL
          • GV$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_HISTORY
          • GV$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
          • GV$OB_TENANT_MEMORY
          • GV$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT
          • GV$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT_DETAIL
          • GV$OB_TRANSACTION_PARTICIPANTS
          • GV$OB_TRANSACTION_SCHEDULERS
          • GV$OB_UNITS
          • GV$OB_RESULT_CACHE_OBJECTS
          • GV$OPEN_CURSOR
          • GV$SESSION_WAIT
          • GV$SESSION_WAIT_HISTORY
          • GV$SESSTAT
          • GV$SQL_PLAN_MONITOR
          • GV$SQL_WORKAREA
          • GV$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE
          • GV$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM
          • GV$SYSSTAT
          • GV$SYSTEM_EVENT
          • GV$OB_ARBITRATION_SERVICE_STATUS
          • GV$OB_LOCKS
          • GV$OB_THREAD
          • V$ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
          • V$DBLINK
          • V$DML_STATS
          • V$OB_ENCRYPTED_TABLES
          • V$ENCRYPTED_TABLESPACES
          • V$EVENT_NAME
          • V$GLOBAL_TRANSACTION
          • V$GLOBALCONTEXT
          • V$INSTANCE
          • V$OB_MEMORY
          • V$OB_MEMSTORE
          • V$NLS_PARAMETERS
          • V$OB_ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
          • V$OB_ARBITRATION_MEMBER_INFO
          • V$OB_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATUS
          • V$OB_COMPACTION_DIAGNOSE_INFO
          • V$OB_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
          • V$OB_COMPACTION_SUGGESTIONS
          • V$OB_CGROUP_CONFIG
          • V$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
          • V$OB_DYNAMIC_PARTITION_TABLES
          • V$OB_FUNCTION_IO_STAT
          • V$OB_GLOBAL_TRANSACTION
          • V$OB_GROUP_IO_STAT
          • V$OB_KVCACHE
          • V$OB_LOG_STAT
          • V$OB_LOG_TRANSPORT_DEST_STAT
          • V$OB_LS_LOG_RESTORE_STATUS
          • V$OB_LS_SNAPSHOTS
          • V$OB_MEMSTORE_INFO
          • V$OB_NIC_INFO
          • V$OB_OPT_STAT_GATHER_MONITOR
          • V$OB_PARAMETERS
          • V$OB_PL_CACHE_OBJECT
          • V$OB_PROCESSLIST
          • V$OB_PX_P2P_DATAHUB
          • V$OB_PX_TARGET_MONITOR
          • V$OB_PX_WORKER_STAT
          • V$OB_QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME_HISTOGRAM
          • V$OB_RES_MGR_SYSSTAT
          • V$OB_RESULT_CACHE_OBJECTS
          • V$OB_SERVER_SCHEMA_INFO
          • V$OB_SESS_TIME_MODEL
          • V$OB_SESSION
          • V$OB_SHARED_STORAGE_QUOTA
          • V$OB_SQL_PLAN
          • V$OB_SQL_WORKAREA_MEMORY_INFO
          • V$OB_SQLSTAT
          • V$OB_SS_LOCAL_CACHE
          • V$OB_SYS_TIME_MODEL
          • V$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_HISTORY
          • V$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
          • V$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT
          • V$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT_DETAIL
          • V$OB_TIMESTAMP_SERVICE
          • V$OB_TRANSACTION_PARTICIPANTS
          • V$OB_TRANSACTION_SCHEDULERS
          • V$OB_UNITS
          • V$OPEN_CURSOR
          • V$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_EXPLAIN
          • V$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_STAT
          • V$OB_PLAN_CACHE_STAT
          • V$OB_PS_ITEM_INFO
          • V$OB_PS_STAT
          • V$RSRC_PLAN
          • V$SESSION_WAIT
          • V$SESSION_WAIT_HISTORY
          • V$SESSTAT
          • V$OB_SQL_AUDIT
          • V$OB_SQL_CCL_STATUS
          • V$SQL_JOIN_FILTER
          • V$SQL_MONITOR_STATNAME
          • V$SQL_PLAN_MONITOR
          • V$SQL_WORKAREA
          • V$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE
          • V$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM
          • V$OB_SSTABLES
          • V$RESTORE_POINT
          • V$STATNAME
          • V$SYSSTAT
          • V$SYSTEM_EVENT
          • V$OB_TENANT_MEMORY
          • V$TIMEZONE_NAMES
          • V$VERSION
          • V$OB_ARBITRATION_SERVICE_STATUS
          • V$OB_LOCKS
          • V$OB_LS_REPLICA_TASK_PLAN
          • V$OB_THREAD
      • Description of common statistical events
      • General wait events
    • Parameters and system variables
      • Overview
      • Changes in V3.x and V4.x
      • Parameters
        • Overview of parameters
        • Cluster-level parameters
          • alert_log_level
          • all_cluster_list
          • all_server_list
          • arbitration_degradation_policy
          • auto_broadcast_location_cache_rate_limit
          • auto_leader_switch_interval
          • auto_refresh_location_cache_rate_limit
          • autoinc_cache_refresh_interval
          • backup_backup_dest
          • backup_backup_dest_option
          • backup_concurrency
          • backup_dest
          • backup_dest_option
          • backup_log_archive_option
          • backup_net_limit
          • backup_recovery_window
          • backup_region
          • backup_zone
          • balance_blacklist_failure_threshold
          • balance_blacklist_retry_interval
          • balancer_emergency_percentage
          • balancer_log_interval
          • balancer_task_timeout
          • balancer_timeout_check_interval
          • balancer_tolerance_percentage
          • bf_cache_miss_count_threshold
          • bf_cache_priority
          • builtin_db_data_verify_cycle
          • cache_wash_threshold
          • clog_cache_priority
          • clog_disk_usage_limit_percentage
          • clog_disk_utilization_threshold
          • clog_expire_days
          • clog_io_isolation_mode
          • clog_sync_time_warn_threshold
          • clog_transport_compress_func
          • cluster
          • cluster_id
          • config_additional_dir
          • cpu_count
          • cpu_reserved
          • data_copy_concurrency
          • data_dir
          • data_disk_usage_limit_percentage
          • data_disk_write_limit_percentage
          • data_storage_error_tolerance_time
          • data_storage_warning_tolerance_time
          • datafile_disk_percentage
          • datafile_maxsize
          • datafile_next
          • datafile_size
          • dead_socket_detection_timeout
          • debug_sync_timeout
          • default_compress
          • default_compress_func
          • default_row_format
          • default_transport_compress_func
          • devname
          • diag_syslog_per_error_limit
          • disk_io_thread_count
          • dtl_buffer_size
          • election_blacklist_interval
          • election_cpu_quota
          • _enable_add_fulltext_index_to_existing_table
          • enable_asan_for_memory_context
          • enable_async_syslog
          • enable_auto_leader_switch
          • enable_auto_refresh_location_cache
          • enable_cgroup
          • enable_dblink
          • enable_ddl
          • enable_election_group
          • enable_global_background_resource_isolation
          • enable_global_freeze_trigger
          • enable_log_archive
          • enable_major_freeze
          • enable_manual_merge
          • enable_merge_by_turn
          • enable_ob_esi_process
          • enable_ob_ratelimit
          • enable_one_phase_commit
          • enable_perf_event
          • enable_pg
          • enable_record_trace_id
          • enable_record_trace_log
          • enable_rereplication
          • enable_rich_error_msg
          • enable_rootservice_standalone
          • enable_rpc_authentication_bypass
          • enable_separate_sys_clog
          • enable_smooth_leader_switch
          • enable_sql_audit
          • enable_sql_operator_dump
          • enable_sys_table_ddl
          • enable_sys_unit_standalone
          • enable_syslog_recycle
          • enable_syslog_wf
          • enable_tcp_keepalive
          • enable_upgrade_mode
          • fast_recovery_concurrency
          • flush_log_at_trx_commit
          • fuse_row_cache_priority
          • gc_wait_archive
          • get_leader_candidate_rpc_timeout
          • global_background_cpu_quota
          • global_index_build_single_replica_timeout
          • global_major_freeze_residual_memory
          • global_write_halt_residual_memory
          • high_priority_net_thread_count
          • ignore_replay_checksum_error
          • ignore_replica_checksum_error
          • ilog_index_expire_time
          • index_block_cache_priority
          • index_cache_priority
          • index_clog_cache_priority
          • index_info_block_cache_priority
          • internal_sql_execute_timeout
          • large_query_threshold
          • large_query_worker_percentage
          • leak_mod_to_check
          • lease_time
          • local_ip
          • location_cache_cpu_quota
          • location_cache_expire_time
          • location_cache_priority
          • location_cache_refresh_min_interval
          • location_cache_refresh_rpc_timeout
          • location_cache_refresh_sql_timeout
          • location_fetch_concurrency
          • location_refresh_thread_count
          • log_archive_batch_buffer_limit
          • log_archive_checkpoint_interval
          • log_disk_percentage
          • log_disk_size
          • log_storage_warning_tolerance_time
          • ls_meta_table_check_interval
          • max_kept_major_version_number
          • max_px_worker_count
          • max_string_print_length
          • max_syslog_file_count
          • memory_chunk_cache_size
          • memory_limit
          • memory_limit_percentage
          • memory_reserved
          • memstore_limit_percentage
          • merge_stat_sampling_ratio
          • merge_thread_count
          • merger_completion_percentage
          • merger_switch_leader_duration_time
          • merger_warm_up_duration_time
          • micro_block_merge_verify_level
          • migrate_concurrency
          • migration_disable_time
          • min_observer_version
          • minor_deferred_gc_time
          • minor_freeze_times
          • minor_merge_concurrency
          • minor_warm_up_duration_time
          • multiblock_read_gap_size
          • multiblock_read_size
          • mysql_port
          • net_thread_count
          • ob_esi_io_concurrency
          • ob_esi_max_syslog_file_count
          • ob_esi_memory_limit
          • ob_esi_rpc_port
          • ob_esi_session_timeout
          • ob_esi_syslog_level
          • ob_event_history_recycle_interval
          • ob_ratelimit_stat_period
          • ob_startup_mode
          • obconfig_url
          • observer_id
          • ob_storage_s3_url_encode_type
          • ob_enable_java_env
          • ob_java_home
          • ob_java_connector_path
          • ob_java_opts
          • ofs_list
          • opt_tab_stat_cache_priority
          • partition_table_check_interval
          • plan_cache_evict_interval
          • plan_cache_high_watermark
          • plan_cache_low_watermark
          • px_task_size
          • px_workers_per_cpu_quota
          • rdma_io_thread_count
          • rebuild_replica_data_lag_threshold
          • recyclebin_object_expire_time
          • replica_safe_remove_time
          • resource_hard_limit
          • resource_soft_limit
          • restore_concurrency
          • rootservice_async_task_queue_size
          • rootservice_async_task_thread_count
          • rootservice_list
          • rootservice_memory_limit
          • rootservice_ready_check_interval
          • row_compaction_update_limit
          • row_purge_thread_count
          • rpc_client_authentication_method
          • rpc_port
          • rpc_server_authentication_method
          • rpc_timeout
          • schema_history_expire_time
          • schema_history_recycle_interval
          • server_balance_cpu_mem_tolerance_percent
          • server_balance_critical_disk_waterlevel
          • server_balance_disk_tolerance_percent
          • server_check_interval
          • server_cpu_quota_max
          • server_cpu_quota_min
          • server_data_copy_in_concurrency
          • server_data_copy_out_concurrency
          • server_permanent_offline_time
          • sql_audit_memory_limit
          • sql_login_thread_count
          • sql_net_thread_count
          • sql_protocol_min_tls_version
          • ssl_client_authentication
          • ssl_external_kms_info
          • stack_size
          • standby_fetch_log_bandwidth_limit
          • storage_meta_cache_priority
          • strict_check_os_params
          • switchover_process_thread_count
          • sync_io_thread_count
          • sys_bkgd_io_high_percentage
          • sys_bkgd_io_low_percentage
          • sys_bkgd_migration_change_member_list_timeout
          • sys_bkgd_migration_retry_num
          • sys_bkgd_net_percentage
          • sys_cpu_limit_trigger
          • syslog_compress_func
          • syslog_disk_size
          • syslog_file_uncompressed_count
          • syslog_io_bandwidth_limit
          • syslog_level
          • system_cpu_quota
          • system_memory
          • system_trace_level
          • tableapi_transport_compress_func
          • tablet_ls_cache_priority
          • tablet_meta_table_check_interval
          • tablet_meta_table_scan_batch_count
          • tablet_size
          • tcp_keepcnt
          • tcp_keepidle
          • tcp_keepintvl
          • tenant_cpu_variation_per_server
          • tenant_groups
          • tenant_task_queue_size
          • token_reserved_percentage
          • trace_log_sampling_interval
          • trace_log_slow_query_watermark
          • trx_2pc_retry_interval
          • trx_force_kill_threshold
          • trx_try_wait_lock_timeout
          • unit_balance_resource_weight
          • unit_gc_wait_time
          • use_large_pages
          • user_block_cache_priority
          • user_iort_up_percentage
          • user_row_cache_priority
          • user_tab_col_stat_cache_priority
          • virtual_table_location_cache_expire_time
          • wait_leader_batch_count
          • weak_read_version_refresh_interval
          • workers_per_cpu_quota
          • zone
          • zone_merge_concurrency
          • zone_merge_order
          • zone_merge_timeout
        • Tenant-level parameters
          • arbitration_timeout
          • archive_lag_target
          • approx_count_distinct_precision
          • audit_log_buffer_size
          • audit_log_compression
          • audit_log_enable
          • audit_log_format
          • audit_log_max_size
          • audit_log_path
          • audit_log_prune_seconds
          • audit_log_query_sql
          • audit_log_rotate_on_size
          • audit_log_strategy
          • audit_sys_operations
          • audit_trail
          • auto_split_tablet_size
          • backup_data_file_size
          • balancer_idle_time
          • choose_migration_source_policy
          • clog_max_unconfirmed_log_count
          • clog_persistence_compress_func
          • compaction_dag_cnt_limit
          • compaction_high_thread_score
          • compaction_low_thread_score
          • compaction_mid_thread_score
          • compaction_schedule_tablet_batch_cnt
          • compatible
          • connection_control_failed_connections_threshold
          • connection_control_max_connection_delay
          • connection_control_min_connection_delay
          • cpu_quota_concurrency
          • ddl_thread_score
          • default_auto_increment_mode
          • default_enable_extended_rowid
          • default_load_mode
          • default_progressive_merge_num
          • default_skip_index_level
          • default_storage_cache_policy
          • default_table_merge_engine
          • default_table_organization
          • default_table_store_format
          • direct_load_allow_fallback
          • dump_data_dictionary_to_log_interval
          • enable_adaptive_plan_cache
          • enable_auto_split
          • enable_clog_persistence_compress
          • enable_early_lock_release
          • enable_kv_group_commit
          • enable_kv_ttl
          • enable_lock_priority
          • enable_manual_storage_cache_policy
          • enable_mlog_auto_maintenance
          • enable_monotonic_weak_read
          • enable_mv_binlog_minimal_mode
          • enable_rebalance
          • enable_sql_extension
          • enable_transfer
          • enable_user_defined_rewrite_rules
          • enable_ps_parameterize
          • external_kms_info
          • freeze_trigger_percentage
          • global_index_auto_split_policy
          • ha_high_thread_score
          • ha_low_thread_score
          • ha_mid_thread_score
          • io_category_config
          • job_queue_processes
          • json_document_max_depth
          • kv_ttl_duty_duration
          • kv_group_commit_batch_size
          • kv_group_commit_rw_mode
          • kv_hbase_client_scanner_timeout_period
          • kv_ttl_history_recycle_interval
          • load_vector_index_on_follower
          • lob_enable_block_cache_threshold
          • log_archive_concurrency
          • log_disk_throttling_maximum_duration
          • log_disk_throttling_percentage
          • log_disk_utilization_limit_threshold
          • log_disk_utilization_threshold
          • log_restore_concurrency
          • log_storage_compress_all
          • log_storage_compress_func
          • log_transport_compress_all
          • log_transport_compress_func
          • ls_gc_delay_time
          • major_compact_trigger
          • major_freeze_duty_time
          • max_partition_num
          • max_stale_time_for_weak_consistency
          • merger_check_interval
          • minor_compact_trigger
          • mlog_trim_interval
          • ob_compaction_schedule_interval
          • ob_enable_batched_multi_statement
          • ob_encoding_granularity
          • ob_proxy_readonly_transaction_routing_policy
          • ob_query_switch_leader_retry_timeout
          • ob_ssl_invited_common_names
          • ob_vector_memory_limit_percentage
          • open_cursors
          • optimizer_index_cost_adj
          • partition_balance_schedule_interval
          • plsql_code_type
          • plsql_debug
          • plsql_optimize_level
          • plsql_v2_compatibility
          • px_node_policy
          • package_state_sync_max_size
          • query_memory_limit_percentage
          • query_response_time_flush
          • query_response_time_range_base
          • query_response_time_stats
          • range_optimizer_max_mem_size
          • recover_table_concurrency
          • recover_table_dop
          • replica_parallel_migration_mode
          • result_cache_max_size
          • result_cache_max_result
          • ob_result_cache_evict_percentage
          • ob_deterministic_udf_cache_max_size
          • rpc_memory_limit_percentage
          • shared_log_retention
          • spill_compression_codec
          • sql_work_area
          • standby_db_fetch_log_rpc_timeout
          • standby_db_preferred_upstream_log_region
          • sts_credential
          • tde_method
          • tenant_sql_login_thread_count
          • tenant_sql_net_thread_count
          • temporary_file_max_disk_size
          • storage_rowsets_size
          • suspend_storage_cache_task
          • ttl_thread_score
          • undo_retention
          • vector_index_memory_saving_mode
          • vector_index_optimize_duty_time
          • workarea_size_policy
          • writing_throttling_maximum_duration
          • writing_throttling_trigger_percentage
      • System variables
        • System variable summary
        • Global variables
          • activate_all_roles_on_login
          • auto_increment_cache_size
          • auto_increment_increment
          • auto_increment_offset
          • autocommit
          • automatic_sp_privileges
          • binlog_row_image
          • block_encryption_mode
          • character_set_client
          • character_set_connection
          • cardinality_estimation_model
          • character_set_database
          • character_set_filesystem
          • character_set_results
          • character_set_server
          • character_set_system
          • collation_connection
          • collation_database
          • collation_server
          • connect_timeout
          • cte_max_recursion_depth
          • cursor_sharing
          • datadir
          • default_password_lifetime
          • default_storage_engine
          • div_precision_increment
          • error_on_overlap_time
          • event_scheduler
          • explicit_defaults_for_timestamp
          • ENABLE_OPTIMIZER_ROWGOAL
          • foreign_key_checks
          • group_concat_max_len
          • identity
          • init_connect
          • innodb_stats_persistent
          • innodb_strict_mode
          • interactive_timeout
          • license
          • lc_time_names
          • log_row_value_options
          • long_query_time
          • lower_case_table_names
          • max_allowed_packet
          • max_connections
          • max_sp_recursion_depth
          • max_user_connections
          • mview_refresh_dop
          • net_buffer_length
          • net_read_timeout
          • net_write_timeout
          • nls_calendar
          • nls_characterset
          • nls_comp
          • nls_currency
          • nls_date_format
          • nls_date_language
          • nls_dual_currency
          • nls_iso_currency
          • nls_length_semantics
          • nls_nchar_characterset
          • nls_nchar_conv_excp
          • nls_numeric_characters
          • nls_sort
          • nls_territory
          • nls_timestamp_format
          • nls_timestamp_tz_format
          • ob_bnl_join_cache_size
          • ob_compatibility_mode
          • ob_compatibility_control
          • ob_compatibility_version
          • ob_create_table_strict_mode
          • ob_default_lob_inrow_threshold
          • ob_default_replica_num
          • ob_early_lock_release
          • ob_enable_ps_parameter_anonymous_block
          • ob_enable_aggregation_pushdown
          • ob_enable_blk_nestedloop_join
          • ob_enable_hash_group_by
          • ob_enable_index_direct_select
          • ob_enable_jit
          • ob_enable_pl_cache
          • ob_enable_plan_cache
          • ob_enable_rich_error_msg
          • ob_enable_sql_audit
          • ob_enable_transformation
          • ob_enable_transmission_checksum
          • ob_enable_truncate_flashback
          • ob_global_debug_sync
          • ob_log_level
          • ob_max_read_stale_time
          • ob_pl_block_timeout
          • ob_plan_cache_evict_high_percentage
          • ob_plan_cache_evict_low_percentage
          • ob_plan_cache_percentage
          • ob_proxy_global_variables_version
          • ob_query_timeout
          • ob_read_consistency
          • ob_reserved_meta_memory_percentage
          • ob_route_policy
          • ob_sql_audit_percentage
          • ob_sql_work_area_percentage
          • ob_table_access_policy
          • ob_tcp_invited_nodes
          • ob_temp_tablespace_size_percentage
          • ob_timestamp_service
          • ob_trx_idle_timeout
          • ob_trx_lock_timeout
          • ob_trx_timeout
          • optimizer_capture_sql_plan_baselines
          • ob_security_version
          • optimizer_dynamic_sampling
          • optimizer_features_enable
          • optimizer_use_sql_plan_baselines
          • parallel_degree_limit
          • parallel_degree_policy
          • parallel_max_servers
          • parallel_min_scan_time_threshold
          • parallel_servers_target
          • performance_schema
          • plugin_dir
          • plsql_ccflags
          • pid_file
          • query_cache_size
          • plsql_optimize_level
          • port
          • query_cache_type
          • query_rewrite_enabled
          • query_rewrite_integrity
          • read_only
          • recyclebin
          • regexp_stack_limit
          • regexp_time_limit
          • resource_manager_plan
          • socket
          • runtime_bloom_filter_max_size
          • runtime_filter_max_in_num
          • runtime_filter_type
          • runtime_filter_wait_time_ms
          • secure_file_priv
          • server_uuid
          • sql_auto_is_null
          • sql_mode
          • sql_quote_show_create
          • sql_safe_updates
          • sql_select_limit
          • sql_throttle_current_priority
          • sql_throttle_network
          • sql_throttle_priority
          • sql_throttle_rt
          • SQL_TRANSPILER
          • sql_warnings
          • system_time_zone
          • time_zone
          • transaction_isolation
          • transaction_read_only
          • tx_isolation
          • tx_read_only
          • validate_password_check_user_name
          • validate_password_length
          • validate_password_mixed_case_count
          • validate_password_number_count
          • validate_password_policy
          • validate_password_special_char_count
          • version
          • version_comment
          • wait_timeout
        • Session-level variables
          • enable_sql_plan_monitor
          • is_result_accurate
          • last_insert_id
          • nls_language
          • ob_capability_flag
          • ob_enable_show_trace
          • ob_hnsw_ef_search
          • ob_ivf_nprobes
          • ob_last_schema_version
          • ob_org_cluster_id
          • ob_sparse_drop_ratio_search
          • ob_proxy_partition_hit
          • ob_proxy_set_trx_executed
          • ob_trace_info
          • optimizer_dynamic_sampling
          • timestamp
          • tracefile_identifier
    • Error codes
      • MySQL mode
        • Overview
        • 0001 to 3999
        • 4000 to 4499
        • 4500 to 4999
        • 5000 to 5999
        • 6000 to 6999
        • 7000 to 7999
        • 8000 to 8999
        • 9000 ~ 9499
        • 9500 to 9999
        • 10000 to 12000
        • 22998, 30926, 38104, and 38105
      • Oracle mode
        • Overview
        • OBE-00000 ~ OBE-00999
        • OBE-01000 to OBE-01499
        • OBE-01500 to OBE-01999
        • OBE-02000 to OBE-04999
        • OBE-05000 to OBE-10000
        • OBE-10000 to OBE-19999
        • OBE-20000 to OBE-29999
        • OBE-30000 to OBE-49999
        • OBE-50000 to OBE-99999
        • PLS-00000 to PLS-00999
    • Performance tuning
      • Overview
      • Performance related tools
        • System tools
          • Top
          • CPU tools
          • Memory tools
          • Disk I/O tools
          • Network tools
        • Internal tables
          • GV$SYSSTAT
          • GV$OB_SQL_AUDIT
          • GV$OB_TRANSACTION_PARTICIPANTS
        • Logs
          • slow trans
          • dump tenant info
          • Trace logs
        • OCP
      • System tuning
        • OS parameter tuning
        • Database parameter tuning
          • CPU parameters
          • I/O parameters
          • Memory-related parameters
          • Network transmission parameters
        • ODP parameter tuning
          • CPU parameters
          • Network transmission parameters
          • Routing parameters on nodes
      • Business model tuning
        • Load balancing
        • SQL diagnostics
        • Distributed transactions
      • Performance diagnosis
        • Monitor and diagnose the cluster performance
        • Diagnose tenant performance
        • Monitor ODP performance
        • Monitor host performance
        • WR management
          • Overview
          • Manage WR
          • Monitor historical session performance
          • Clean up WR data
        • ASH report
          • ASH
          • Generate an ASH report
          • Analyze the ASH report
      • SQL tuning
        • Execution process of SQL queries
        • SQL execution plans
          • Introduction to SQL execution plans
          • Fast parameterization
          • Plan cache
          • Execution plan operators
            • TABLE SCAN
            • JOIN
            • COUNT
            • GROUP BY
            • WINDOW FUNCTION
            • SUBPLAN FILTER
            • DISTINCT
            • SEQUENCE
            • MATERIAL
            • SORT
            • LIMIT
            • FOR UPDATE
            • SELECT INTO
            • SUBPLAN SCAN
            • UNION
            • INTERSECT
            • EXCEPT/MINUS
            • INSERT
            • DELETE
            • UPDATE
            • MERGE
            • EXCHANGE
            • GI
          • Real-time execution plan display
          • SQL optimization practice with EXPLAIN
        • Distributed execution plans
          • Perform distributed execution and parallel queries
          • Generate a distributed plan
          • Schedule distributed execution plans
          • Manage distributed execution plans
          • Parallel execution enabling methods and their priority
          • Auto DOP
          • Execute parallel queries
          • Perform parameter tuning for a parallel query
          • Parallel DML
          • Parallel DDL
        • Parallel execution plans
          • Introduction to parallel execution
          • Classification and optimization of parallel execution
          • Set concurrent execution
            • Concurrency control and queuing
            • Set a DOP for parallel execution
            • Set parallel execution parameters
          • Parallel execution diagnostics
          • Parallel execution tuning tips
          • Quick start
        • SQL tuning
          • Overview
          • General procedure
          • SQL execution performance monitoring
            • SQL audit
            • SQL Trace
            • Plan cache views
            • SQL performance analysis example
              • Use SQL Audit to analyze wait events in a query
              • Analyze SQL queries that cause an abrupt RT jitter
              • View and analyze the shape of an execution plan
              • Analyze slow SQL queries
              • Query SQL traffic distribution and QPS
              • Check whether SQL queries are balanced across servers in a cluster
              • Find the TOP N SQL queries
              • Analyze whether an unusually large number of remote execution requests exist in the system or the execution of an SQL statement
              • Find full table scan SQL statements in a tenant
              • Find the TOP N queries with the longest execution time within a certain period
              • Analyze queries related to distributed plans
              • Check whether the RPC execution count of a distributed subplan is balanced across servers in a cluster
          • Optimizer statistics
            • Overview of statistics
            • Statistics collection methods
              • Overview of methods for collecting statistics
              • Histograms
              • Manual statistics collection
              • Automatic statistics collection
              • Online statistics collection
              • Dynamic sampling
            • Statistics management
              • Overview
              • Delete statistics
              • Set statistics
              • Import and export statistics
              • Lock and unlock statistics
              • Manage statistics history
              • Manage statistics preferences
            • Collection and update strategies of statistics for partitioned tables
            • Monitoring and diagnostics for statistics collection
            • OceanBase statistics management practical guide
          • Query rewrite
            • Overview
            • Rule-based query rewrite
            • Cost-based query rewrite
          • Query optimization
            • Access path
              • Overview
              • Rule-based path selection
              • Cost-based path selection
            • Join algorithm
              • Overview
              • Join algorithms
              • Runtime filter
              • Join order
          • Manage execution plans
            • Optimizer hints
            • Plan binding
            • SPM plan management
        • Glossary
        • General issues in SQL tuning
    • Perform testing
      • OceanBase Sysbench testing
        • Run the Sysbench benchmark test with OceanBase Database
        • Sysbench test report of OceanBase Database
        • High-performance parameter configuration for OceanBase Sysbench
        • Analyze OceanBase Sysbench performance issues
      • OceanBase TPC-C testing
        • Run the TPC-C benchmark test with OceanBase Database
        • TPC-C test report of OceanBase Database
      • OceanBase TPC-DS testing
        • Run the TPC-DS benchmark test with OceanBase Database
        • TPC-DS test report of OceanBase Database
      • OceanBase TPC-H testing
        • Run the TPC-H benchmark test with OceanBase Database
        • TPC-H test report of OceanBase Database
    • Database proxy
      • OceanBase Database Proxy
      • Connection and routing
      • ODP
        • Overview
        • Manage ODP clusters
          • Create an ODP cluster
          • Manage ODP cluster parameters
          • Delete an ODP cluster
          • Upgrade all ODPs in an ODP cluster
          • Restart all ODPs in an ODP cluster
          • Manage OceanBase clusters connected to an ODP cluster
          • Monitor ODP cluster performance
        • Manage ODP
          • Add an ODP
          • Start an ODP
          • Refresh ODP configurations
          • Stop an ODP
          • Restart an ODP
          • Delete an ODP
          • Upgrade one or more ODPs
        • ODP startup parameters
      • Physical connections
      • Logical connection
        • Query all sessions
        • Query the details of a session
        • Query the metrics of a session
        • Query session variables
        • Terminate a server session
      • Route management
        • Table-based routing of ODP
        • LDC-based routing
        • ODP routing policy
          • Read/Write splitting
          • Follower-first read
          • Blocklist mechanism
          • Transaction routing
      • View tenant sessions
      • Terminate a tenant session
      • Set the maximum number of connections for a tenant
    • Drivers
      • ECOB
      • OBCI
      • OceanBase Connector/J
      • OceanBase Connector/C
      • OceanBase Connector/ODBC
    • Platforms
      • OMA
      • OMS
      • OCP
      • ODC
      • OAT
    • Components & tools
      • O&M management
        • obshell
          • Overview
          • Use cases
            • obshell management
              • Start or stop obshell
              • Upgrade obshell
            • cluster management
              • Deploy an OceanBase cluster
              • Take over an OceanBase cluster not deployed by obshell
              • Start an OceanBase cluster
              • Stop an OceanBase cluster
              • Use obshell to scale out an OceanBase cluster
              • Upgrade an OceanBase cluster
              • Initiate a cluster-level backup
            • Tenant management
              • Create a tenant
              • Initiate a tenant-level backup
              • Initiate tenant-level restore
              • Expand a tenant
            • Configure an OBServer node to start automatically on boot
          • obshell commands
            • Agent commands of obshell
            • Cluster commands of obshell
            • obshell unit commands
            • obshell resource pool commands
            • Tenant command group of obshell
            • Task commands of obshell
            • Backup commands in obshell
            • obshell restore command group
            • obshell recyclebin command group
          • API references
            • obshell API requests
            • Hybrid encryption for API operations
            • obshell management
              • AgentUpgradeCheck
              • UpgradeAgent
              • QueryNodeStatus
            • cluster management
              • AddNodeBeforeClusterInitialization
              • DeleteNodeBeforeClusterInitialization
              • SetClusterConfig
              • SetServerConfig
              • InitializeCluster
              • StartCluster
              • StopCluster
              • ObUpgradeCheck
              • UpgradeOb
              • AddNode
              • GetObInfo
            • Unit config management
              • Create a resource specification
              • Retrieve all resource specifications
              • Query the information of a specified resource specification
              • Delete a resource specification
            • Resource pool management
              • Get information about all resource pools
              • Delete a specified resource pool
            • Tenant management
              • Create a tenant
              • Query tenant information
              • Change the tenant password
              • Modify the access whitelist of a tenant
              • Modify the primary zone of a tenant
              • Modify tenant system variables
              • Modify tenant configurations
              • Rename a tenant
              • Delete a tenant
              • Add a tenant replica
              • Modify a tenant replica
              • Delete a tenant replica
              • Lock a tenant
              • Unlock a tenant
              • Get an overview of all tenants
              • Query a system variable of a specified tenant
              • Fuzzy query tenant system variables
              • Query a tenant parameter
              • Fuzzy query tenant parameters
            • Backup management
              • Set the backup configuration for a tenant
              • Set cluster-level backup configurations
              • Update the backup configuration of a tenant
              • Update the cluster-level backup configuration
              • Initiate a backup for a single tenant
              • Initiate a cluster-level backup
              • View information about a backup task for a tenant
              • View cluster-level backup tasks
              • Modify the backup status of a tenant
              • Modify the status of cluster-level backups
              • Modify the log archiving status of a tenant
              • Modify the log archiving status of a cluster
            • Restore management
              • Initiate tenant restore
              • View tenant recovery
              • Cancel tenant restore
            • Recycle bin management
              • Query all tenant information in the recycle bin
              • Restore a tenant from the recycle bin
              • Clear a tenant from the recycle bin
            • Task management
              • OperateDag
              • GetDagDetails
              • GetNodeDetails
              • GetSubtaskDetails
              • QueryUnfinishedTasks
              • QueryUnfinishedAgentTasks
              • QueryUnfinishedObTasks
              • QueryLastObTask
              • QueryLastAgentTask
            • Other APIs
              • UploadPkg
              • GetPublicKey
          • SDK references
            • Python
              • Quick start
              • obshell management
                • Perform an agent upgrade check
                • Upgrade agents
                • Query the status of a node
              • cluster management
                • Add a node before cluster initialization
                • Remove a node before cluster initialization
                • Set cluster-level configurations
                • Set server-level configurations
                • Initialize a cluster
                • Start a cluster
                • Stop a cluster
                • Perform an OceanBase Database upgrade check
                • Upgrade OceanBase Database
                • Scale out a cluster
                • Query the information about a cluster
                • Clean up obshell nodes in an uninitialized cluster
                • Create a cluster
              • Unit config management
                • Create a resource specification
                • Obtain information about all resource specifications
                • Query information about a specified resource unit
                • Delete a resource specification
              • Resource pool management
                • Get information about all resource pools
                • Delete a resource pool
              • Tenant management
                • Create a tenant
                • Query tenant information
                • Change the password of a tenant
                • Modify the access whitelist of a tenant
                • Modify the primary zone of a tenant
                • Modify tenant system variables
                • Modify tenant parameters
                • Rename a tenant
                • Drop a tenant
                • Add a tenant replica
                • Modify a tenant replica
                • Delete a tenant replica
                • Lock a tenant
                • Unlock a tenant
                • Query the overview of all tenants
                • Query tenant system variables
                • Query tenant configuration items
              • Backup management
                • Configure the backup settings for a tenant
                • Configure cluster-level backup settings
                • Update the backup configuration of a tenant
                • Update cluster-level backup configuration
                • Initiate a backup for a single tenant
                • Initiate a cluster-level backup
                • View a backup task of a tenant
                • View cluster-level tenant backup tasks
                • Modify the backup status of a tenant
                • Modify the status of cluster-level backups
                • Change the log archiving status of a tenant
                • Modify the log archiving status of a cluster
              • Restore management
                • Restore a single tenant
                • View tenant recovery
                • Cancel tenant restoration
              • Recycle bin management
                • Get information about all tenants in the recycle bin
                • Restore a tenant from the recycle bin
                • Purge a tenant from the recycle bin
              • Task management
                • Operate a task
                • Obtain the information about a task
                • Obtain the information about a node
                • Obtain the information about a subtask
                • Query all unfinished tasks
                • Query unfinished agent tasks
                • Query unfinished OceanBase cluster tasks
                • Query the last O&M task in an OceanBase cluster
                • Query the last O&M task of an obshell node
              • Other APIs
                • Upload an RPM package
            • GO
              • Quick Start with obshell-sdk-go
              • obshell management
                • Perform an agent upgrade check
                • Upgrade agents
                • Query the status of a node
              • cluster management
                • Add a node before cluster initialization
                • Remove a node before cluster initialization
                • Set cluster-level configurations
                • Set server-level configurations
                • Initialize a cluster
                • Start a cluster
                • Stop a cluster
                • Perform an OceanBase Database upgrade check
                • Upgrade OceanBase Database
                • Scale out a cluster
                • Query the information about a cluster
                • Clean up obshell nodes in an uninitialized cluster
                • Create a cluster
              • Unit config management
                • Create a resource unit configuration
                • Query all resource specifications
                • Query the specifications of a specified resource
                • Drop a resource unit configuration
              • Resource pool management
                • Get information about all resource pools
                • Drop a resource pool
              • Tenant management
                • Create a tenant
                • Query tenant information
                • Change a tenant password
                • Modify the tenant access whitelist
                • Modify the primary zone of a tenant
                • Modify tenant system variables
                • Modify tenant parameters
                • Rename a tenant
                • Drop a tenant
                • Add a tenant replica
                • Modify a tenant replica
                • Delete a tenant replica
                • Lock a tenant
                • Unlock a tenant
                • Query the overview of all tenants
                • Query tenant system variables
                • Query tenant configuration items
              • Backup management
                • Set the backup configuration for a tenant
                • Set the cluster-level backup configuration
                • Update the backup configuration for a tenant
                • Update the cluster-level backup configuration
                • Initiate a backup for a single tenant
                • Initiate a cluster-level backup
                • View a backup task for a tenant
                • View cluster-level tenant backup tasks
                • Modify the backup status of a tenant
                • Modify the status of a cluster-level backup
                • Change the log archiving status of a tenant
                • Modify the status of cluster-level log archiving
              • Restore management
                • Initiate a restore for a single tenant
                • View tenant recovery
                • Cancel tenant restore
              • Recycle bin management
                • Get information about all tenants in the recycle bin
                • Restore a tenant from the recycle bin
                • Purge tenants from the recycle bin
              • Task management
                • Operate a task
                • Obtain the information about a task
                • Obtain the information about a node
                • Obtain the information about a subtask
                • Query all unfinished tasks
                • Query unfinished agent tasks
                • Query unfinished OceanBase cluster tasks
                • Query the last O&M task in an OceanBase cluster
                • Query the last O&M task of an obshell node
              • Other APIs
                • Upload an RPM package
        • obd
        • ob_admin
          • Overview
          • clog
            • log_tool
            • Format of clogs
            • Transaction logs
          • Backup and restore
            • dump_backup
            • test_io_device
            • io_adapter_benchmark
          • dumpsst
        • ob-operator
        • ob_error
      • Monitoring and diagnostics
        • obdiag
        • sql_diagnoser
          • Overview
          • Install and use SQL diagnoser sql_diagnoser
            • Install sql_diagnoser
            • Use sql_diagnoser
          • sql_diagnoser parameters
            • Built-in diagnostic items
            • Diagnostic rule expression
            • API operations
            • Diagnostic items of SQL review
      • Log analysis
        • oblogminer
          • Overview
          • Install oblogminer
          • Command-line options
          • Examples
          • FAQ
      • Data integration
        • obloader and obdumper
        • oblogproxy
        • obcdc
          • OceanBase Binlog Service
          • obcdc parameters
            • Sample configuration file
            • General obcdc parameters
            • obcdc parameters
          • obcdc development instructions
          • obcdc_tailf
          • Throttling
          • obcdc allowlist and blocklist
          • Incremental direct load in obcdc
          • FAQ
      • Stress testing tools
        • mysqltest
          • Use obd.sh to run mysqltest
          • Use of cases
            • Add a test case
            • Test case writing conventions
            • General test case writing commands
    • OceanBase plugin
      • Overview of OceanBase plugin
      • Tokenizer plugin
  • FAQ
    • Products
    • FAQ about SQL statements
    • Deployment
    • Cluster management
    • High availability
    • FAQ about columnstores
  • Release Notes
    • Version number guidelines
    • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition
      • V4.3
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V4.3.5
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V4.3.3
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V4.3.2
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V4.3.1
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V4.3.0
      • V4.2
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V4.2.5
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V4.2.1
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V4.2.0
      • V4.1
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V4.1.0
      • V3.2
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V3.2.4
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V3.2.3
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V3.2.2
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V3.2.1
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V3.2.0
      • V3.1
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V3.1.2
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V3.1.1
      • V2.2
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V2.2.77
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V2.2.76
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V2.2.30
    • OceanBase Database Community Edition
      • V4.3
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V4.3.5
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V4.3.3
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V4.3.2
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V4.3.1
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V4.3.0
      • V4.2
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V4.2.5
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V4.2.1
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V4.2.0
      • V4.1
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V4.1.0
      • V4.0
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V4.0.0
      • V3.1
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V3.1.5
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V3.1.4
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V3.1.3
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V3.1.2
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V3.1.1
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Run the TPC-DS benchmark test with OceanBase Database

Last Updated:2026-01-19 13:13:23  Updated
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What is on this page
What is TPC-DS
Environment preparation
Software requirements
Tenant specifications
Test methods
Manually execute TPC-DS tests by using the TPC-DS tool
Common error messages

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This topic introduces the software requirements, tenant specifications, and detailed test methods for running TPC-DS tests on OceanBase Database.

What is TPC-DS

TPC-DS (Transaction Processing Performance Council Decision Support Benchmark) is a data warehouse performance benchmark standard developed by the international Transaction Processing Performance Council (TPC). It is designed using a hybrid of snowflake and star schemas, comprising 7 fact tables and 17 dimension tables, and covers business scenarios such as retail and finance. The testing process includes generating scalable test data (supporting scale factors from 1TB to 100TB), executing 99 complex SQL queries (covering scenarios such as statistics, reporting, and data mining), and ultimately evaluating system performance using metrics such as queries per hour (QphDS).

As an upgraded version of TPC-H, TPC-DS features a more complex data model (TPC-H has only 8 tables), a wider range of query types, and support for Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) operations. It has become the mainstream benchmark for decision support systems.

Note

To improve user experience and usability, and to ensure that every developer achieves optimal performance when using the database, OceanBase Database has undergone extensive optimizations since version V4.0.0. This performance testing method relies on tuning with basic parameters, enabling developers to achieve good database performance.

Environment preparation

Before you start the test, prepare the test environment as required:

Note

This example is based on a MySQL-compatible tenant.

Software requirements

  • JDK: we recommend that you use JDK 1.8u131 or later.

  • make: run the yum install make command to install it.

  • GCC: run the yum install gcc command to install it.

  • mysql-devel: run the yum install mysql-devel command to install it.

  • Python database driver: run the sudo yum install MySQL-python command to install it.

  • prettytable: run the pip install prettytable command to install it.

  • JDBC: we recommend that you use the mysql-connector-java-5.1.47 version.

  • TPC-DS Tool: download it from Download address. If you use the OBD one-click test, you can skip this tool.

  • OBClient: for more information, see OBClient documentation.

  • OceanBase Database: for more information, see Quickly experience OceanBase Database.

  • IOPS: we recommend that you use a disk with IOPS exceeding 10,000.

Tenant specifications

The tenant specifications in this example are based on the hardware configuration described in the OceanBase Database TPC-DS benchmark report. You need to dynamically adjust the tenant specifications based on the hardware configuration of your own database.

  • Cluster deployment

    1. In this test, four servers are required. TPC-DS and OBD are deployed on one server as the client pressure server. To deploy an OceanBase cluster by using OBD, you need three servers. The OceanBase cluster is of the 1:1:1 scale.

      Note

      • For the TPC-DS test, you only need a server with 4 cores and 16 GB of memory.
      • When you deploy a cluster, we recommend that you do not use the obd cluster autodeploy command. This command does not maximize the resource utilization (such as memory) to ensure the stability of the cluster. We recommend that you optimize the configuration file to maximize the resource utilization.
    2. After the deployment is completed, create a tenant and a user for the TPC-DS test. Do not use the sys tenant for the test. The sys tenant is an internal system tenant for managing the cluster. Set the primary_zone parameter of the tenant to RANDOM. RANDOM indicates that the Leader of a newly created table partition is randomly assigned to one of the three servers.

  • Tenant creation

    You can run the OBD CLUSTER TENANT CREATE command to create a test tenant. The command is as follows:

    obd cluster tenant create <DEPLOY_NAME> -n <TENANT_NAME> --max-cpu=28 --memory-size=180G -–zone-list=zone1,zone2,zone3 -–primary-zone=RANDOM  --locality=F@zone1,F@zone2,F@zone3 --charset=utf8 -s 'ob_tcp_invited_nodes="%"' --optimize=<optimize>
    

    Parameters:

    • DEPLOY_NAME: the name of the cluster.

    • TENANT_NAME: the name of the tenant.

    • --zone-list: the list of zones for the tenant.

    • --primary-zone: the primary zone for the tenant.

    • --locality: the distribution of replicas among zones.

    • --charset: the character set of the tenant.

    • -s: the system variable value of the tenant.

    • OPTIMIZE: the load type of the tenant. Valid values: express_oltp, complex_oltp, olap, htap, and kv. The default value is htap, which is suitable for hybrid OLAP and OLTP workloads. For more information about the OBD deployment, see obd cluster tenant create.

      Notice

      For V4.3.x and later, you can set the scenario parameter to specify the cluster load type when you deploy OceanBase Database by using OBD. If you do not set the scenario parameter, the default value is htap. For more information, see Deploy OceanBase Database by using OBD.

    For example, create a tenant named tpcds_tenant for the cluster named obperf. The tenant has 28 CPU cores and 180 GB of memory. Set the load type of the tenant to be consistent with the cluster scenario.

    obd cluster tenant create obperf -n tpcds_tenant --max-cpu=28 --memory-size=180G -–zone-list=zone1,zone2,zone3 -–primary-zone=RANDOM  --locality=F@zone1,F@zone2,F@zone3 --charset=utf8 -s 'ob_tcp_invited_nodes="%"' --optimize=htap
    

    Note

    In the preceding example, --optimize=htap specifies the default load type. In a production environment, select the appropriate load type based on the actual cluster type.

Test methods

After the test environment is ready, you can use the following methods to perform TPC-DS performance testing.

Manually execute TPC-DS tests by using the TPC-DS tool

After you select the cluster load type and tenant tuning scenarios, you can manually execute TPC-DS tests. This helps you better understand OceanBase Database and optimize parameter settings.

Step 1: Create a test tenant

Note

If the test tenant has already been created during the environment preparation, you can skip this step.

Run the following commands in the system tenant (sys tenant) to create a test tenant:

Note

The OceanBase cluster environment for this test is deployed in 1:1:1 mode.

  1. Create a resource unit named mysql_box.

    CREATE RESOURCE UNIT mysql_box
       MAX_CPU 28,
       MEMORY_SIZE '200G',
       MIN_IOPS 200000,
       MAX_IOPS 12800000,
       LOG_DISK_SIZE '300G';
    
  2. Create a resource pool named mysql_pool.

    CREATE RESOURCE POOL mysql_pool
       UNIT = 'mysql_box',
       UNIT_NUM = 1,
       ZONE_LIST = ('z1','z2','z3');
    
  3. Create a MySQL mode tenant named mysql_tenant.

    CREATE TENANT mysql_tenant
       RESOURCE_POOL_LIST = ('mysql_pool'),
       PRIMARY_ZONE = RANDOM,
       LOCALITY = 'F@z1,F@z2,F@z3'
       SET VARIABLES ob_compatibility_mode='mysql', ob_tcp_invited_nodes='%', secure_file_priv = "/";
    

Step 2: Tune the environment

  1. Tune OceanBase Database.

    Run the following commands in the system tenant (sys tenant) to configure the parameters.

     ALTER SYSTEM flush plan cache GLOBAL;
    
     ALTER SYSTEM SET enable_sql_audit=false;
    
     select sleep(5);
    
     ALTER SYSTEM SET enable_perf_event=false;
    
     ALTER SYSTEM SET syslog_level='PERF';
    
     ALTER SYSTEM SET enable_record_trace_log=false;
    
     ALTER SYSTEM SET data_storage_warning_tolerance_time = '300s';
    
     ALTER SYSTEM SET _data_storage_io_timeout = '600s';
    
     ALTER SYSTEM SET trace_log_slow_query_watermark = '7d';
    
     ALTER SYSTEM SET large_query_threshold='0ms';
    
     ALTER SYSTEM SET enable_syslog_recycle= 1;
    
     ALTER SYSTEM SET max_syslog_file_count = 300;
    
    
     set global ob_sql_work_area_percentage=50;
     ALTER SYSTEM SET default_table_store_format = 'column' ;
     ALTER SYSTEM SET ob_enable_batched_multi_statement='true';
     ALTER SYSTEM SET _io_read_batch_size = '128k';
     ALTER SYSTEM SET _io_read_redundant_limit_percentage = 50;
    
     ALTER SYSTEM SET ob_enable_batched_multi_statement='true';
    
     set global parallel_servers_target=10000;
    
    
  2. Tune the tenant.

    Run the following commands in the test tenant (user tenant) to configure the parameters.

     SET global NLS_DATE_FORMAT='YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS';
     SET global NLS_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT='YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF';
     SET global NLS_TIMESTAMP_TZ_FORMAT='YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF TZR TZD';
    
     set global ob_query_timeout=10800000000;
     set global ob_trx_timeout=10000000000;
    
     set global ob_sql_work_area_percentage=50;
     -- ALTER SYSTEM SET default_table_store_format = 'column' ;
     ALTER SYSTEM SET ob_enable_batched_multi_statement='true';
     ALTER SYSTEM SET _io_read_batch_size = '128k';
     ALTER SYSTEM SET _io_read_redundant_limit_percentage = 50;
    
     ALTER SYSTEM SET ob_enable_batched_multi_statement='true';
    
     set global parallel_servers_target=10000;
    
     set global collation_connection = utf8mb4_bin;
     set global collation_database = utf8mb4_bin;
     set global collation_server = utf8mb4_bin;
    

Step 3: Install the TPC-DS Tool

  1. Download the TPC-DS Tool. For more information, see TPC-DS Tool download page.

  2. After the download is complete, decompress the file and go to the tools directory under the decompressed TPC-DS directory.

    [wieck@localhost ~] $ unzip 49FA3DBA-FE6C-463C-952B-62B8E9D43372-TPC-DS-Tool.zip
    [wieck@localhost ~] $ cd DSGen-software-code-3.2.0rc1/tools
    
  3. Compile the files.

    [wieck@localhost tools] $ make
    

    After the files are compiled, the binary executable files dsdgen and dsqgen are generated in the tools directory.

Step 4: Generate data

You can generate 10G, 100G, or 1T data for the TPC-DS benchmark based on your environment. This example generates 100G data.

  1. Create a directory for storing the data files.

    [wieck@localhost tools] $ mkdir tpcds_100g
    
  2. Generate test data.

    [wieck@localhost tools] $ ./dsdgen -scale 100G -dir tpcds_100g
    

    When generating 1T data in parallel, OceanBase Database supports direct load, which allows you to import data from multiple files into a table at the same time.

    [wieck@localhost tools] $ 
    #!/bin/bash
    
    # Set variables
    SCALE=$1
    PARALLEL="20"
    DIR="/data/1/tpcds/tpcds_data/"    # You can modify the path as needed.
    
    for ((x=1; x<=PARALLEL; x++))
    do
        # Generate the dsdgen command
        CMD="./dsdgen -scale ${SCALE}GB -parallel ${PARALLEL} -child ${x} -dir ${DIR}"
    
        # Execute the command in the background
        ${CMD} &
    done
    
    wait
    
    echo "All data has been generated."
    
  3. Modify the test data.

    • Modify the NULL values.

      When you use the pipe symbol | as a field separator, a,NULL,c,d,NULL is exported to a text file in the a||c|d| format. When you import the data by using the LOAD DATA statement, an error is returned indicating that the import failed. Therefore, you need to process the NULL values.

      [wieck@localhost tools] $ vim fix-null.sh
      #!/bin/bash
      # Replace the NULL value in the first field with 0. Replace ^| with 0|.
      # Replace the NULL value in the middle fields with 0. Replace || with |0|.
      # Replace the NULL value in the last field with 0. Replace |$ with |0.
      for s_f in `ls *dat`
      do
          echo "$s_f"
          i=1
          while [ `egrep '\|\||^\||\|$' $s_f |wc -l` -gt 0 ]
          do 
              echo $i
              sed 's/^|/0|/g;s/||/|0|/g;s/|$/|0/g' -i $s_f
              ((i++))
          done
      done
      
      [wieck@localhost tools] $ sh fix-null.sh
      
    • Modify the date fields.

      [wieck@localhost tools] $ vim fix-date.sh
      for s_f in item.dat store.dat web_page.dat web_site.dat call_center.dat
      do
      # Replace the first two NULL dates with 0000-00-00.
      sed 's/^\([A-Za-z0-9]*|[A-Za-z0-9]*\)|0|0|\(.*\)/\1|0000-00-00|0000-00-00|\2/' -i $s_f
      
      # Replace the second NULL date with 0000-00-00.
      sed 's/^\([0-9A-Za-z]*|[A-Za-z0-9]*|[0-9]\{4\}-[0-9]\{2\}-[0-9]\{2\}\)|0|\(.*\)/\1|0000-00-00|\2/' -i $s_f
      
      # Replace the first NULL date with 0000-00-00.
      sed 's/^\([0-9A-Za-z]*|[A-Za-z0-9]*\)|0|\([0-9]\{4\}-[0-9]\{2\}-[0-9]\{2\}|.*\)/\1|0000-00-00|\2/' -i $s_f
      
      done
      
      [wieck@localhost tools] $ sh fix-date.sh
      

Step 5: Generate the query SQL

  1. Create a directory to store the test SQL.

    [wieck@localhost tools] $  mkdir sql-ds
    
  2. The query templates are stored in the DSGen-software-code-3.2.0rc1/query_templates directory. You can use dsqgen to generate the test SQL statements.

    Before you use dsqgen to generate the test SQL statements, you need to modify the template files in the DSGen-software-code-3.2.0rc1/query_templates directory and add define _END = "" to the files. Otherwise, an error will occur. The specific operation is as follows:

    1. Create an sh file and write the code.
    [wieck@localhost tools] $ vim query.sh
    for i in `ls query*tpl`
    do 
        echo $i;  
        echo "define _END = \"\";" >> $i
    done
    
    [wieck@localhost tools] $ sh query.sh
    
    1. Use dsqgen to generate the test SQL statements.

      [wieck@localhost tools] $ mkdir sql-ds
      [wieck@localhost tools] $ vim sql-ds.sh
      #!/bin/sh
      for i in `seq 1 99`
      do
      ./dsqgen -directory ../query_templates/ -template "query${i}.tpl" -dialect netezza  -output ./sql-ds/
      scp ./sql-ds/query_0.sql ./sql-ds/sql${i}.sql
      done
      
      [wieck@localhost tools] $ sh sql-ds.sh
      

      The return result is as follows:

      qgen2 Query Generator (Version 3.2.0)
      Copyright Transaction Processing Performance Council (TPC) 2001 - 2021
      Warning: This scale factor is valid for QUALIFICATION ONLY
      ......
      Copyright Transaction Processing Performance Council (TPC) 2001 - 2021
      qgen2 Query Generator (Version 3.2.0)
      Copyright Transaction Processing Performance Council (TPC) 2001 - 2021
      
  3. View the generated test files.

    [wieck@localhost tools] $  ls sql-ds/
    query_0.sql  sql17.sql  sql25.sql  sql33.sql  sql41.sql  sql5.sql   sql58.sql  sql66.sql  sql74.sql  sql82.sql  sql90.sql  sql99.sql
    sql1.sql     sql18.sql  sql26.sql  sql34.sql  sql42.sql  sql50.sql  sql59.sql  sql67.sql  sql75.sql  sql83.sql  sql91.sql
    sql10.sql    sql19.sql  sql27.sql  sql35.sql  sql43.sql  sql51.sql  sql6.sql   sql68.sql  sql76.sql  sql84.sql  sql92.sql
    sql11.sql    sql2.sql   sql28.sql  sql36.sql  sql44.sql  sql52.sql  sql60.sql  sql69.sql  sql77.sql  sql85.sql  sql93.sql
    sql12.sql    sql20.sql  sql29.sql  sql37.sql  sql45.sql  sql53.sql  sql61.sql  sql7.sql   sql78.sql  sql86.sql  sql94.sql
    sql13.sql    sql21.sql  sql3.sql   sql38.sql  sql46.sql  sql54.sql  sql62.sql  sql70.sql  sql79.sql  sql87.sql  sql95.sql
    sql14.sql    sql22.sql  sql30.sql  sql39.sql  sql47.sql  sql55.sql  sql63.sql  sql71.sql  sql8.sql   sql88.sql  sql96.sql
    sql15.sql    sql23.sql  sql31.sql  sql4.sql   sql48.sql  sql56.sql  sql64.sql  sql72.sql  sql80.sql  sql89.sql  sql97.sql
    sql16.sql    sql24.sql  sql32.sql  sql40.sql  sql49.sql  sql57.sql  sql65.sql  sql73.sql  sql81.sql  sql9.sql   sql98.sql
    
  4. Modify the query SQL.

    • Increase the number of parallel threads.

      Run the following command in the SYS tenant to query the total number of available CPU cores of the tenant.

      obclient> SELECT sum(cpu_capacity_max) FROM oceanbase.__all_virtual_server;
      

      For example, the modified SQL for sql1 is as follows:

      with customer_total_return as
      (select /*+    parallel(96) */ sr_customer_sk as ctr_customer_sk ---Add parallel execution
      ,sr_store_sk as ctr_store_sk
      ,sum(SR_FEE) as ctr_total_return
      from store_returns
      ,date_dim
      where sr_returned_date_sk = d_date_sk
      and d_year =2000
      group by sr_customer_sk
      ,sr_store_sk)
      select  c_customer_id
      from customer_total_return ctr1
      ,store
      ,customer
      where ctr1.ctr_total_return > (select avg(ctr_total_return)*1.2
      from customer_total_return ctr2
      where ctr1.ctr_store_sk = ctr2.ctr_store_sk)
      and s_store_sk = ctr1.ctr_store_sk
      and s_state = 'TN'
      and ctr1.ctr_customer_sk = c_customer_sk
      order by c_customer_id
      limit 100;
      
    • The date function has been adjusted.

      Adjust the date functions in SQL statements as follows: Change (cast('2025-03-04' as date) + 30 days) to date_add(cast('2025-03-04' as date), interval 30 day) or (cast('2025-03-04' as date) + INTERVAL 30 day). Change (cast('2025-04-18' as date) - 30 days) to date_sub(cast('2025-04-18' as date), interval 30 day) or (cast('2025-04-18' as date) - INTERVAL 30 day).

    The modified SQL statement is as follows:

     ```sql
     select  i_item_id
         ,i_item_desc
         ,i_current_price
     from item, inventory, date_dim, catalog_sales
     where i_current_price between 22 and 22 + 30
     and inv_item_sk = i_item_sk
     and d_date_sk=inv_date_sk
     and d_date between cast('2025-04-02' as date) and (cast('2025-04-02' as date) + INTERVAL 60 day)  -----modify the date function
     and i_manufact_id in (678,964,918,849)
     and inv_quantity_on_hand between 100 and 500
     and cs_item_sk = i_item_sk
     group by i_item_id,i_item_desc,i_current_price
     order by i_item_id
     limit 100;
     ```
    
    • Modify the usage of rollup functions.

      In the SQL statements, change the rollup() function to group by <col_name> with rollup.

      Consider the following SQL statement with a ROLLUP clause:

      select  i_item_id,
              ca_country,
              ca_state,
              ca_county,
              avg( cast(cs_quantity as decimal(12,2))) agg1,
              avg( cast(cs_list_price as decimal(12,2))) agg2,
              avg( cast(cs_coupon_amt as decimal(12,2))) agg3,
              avg( cast(cs_sales_price as decimal(12,2))) agg4,
              avg( cast(cs_net_profit as decimal(12,2))) agg5,
              avg( cast(c_birth_year as decimal(12,2))) agg6,
              avg( cast(cd1.cd_dep_count as decimal(12,2))) agg7
      from catalog_sales, customer_demographics cd1,
          customer_demographics cd2, customer, customer_address, date_dim, item
      where cs_sold_date_sk = d_date_sk and
          cs_item_sk = i_item_sk and
          cs_bill_cdemo_sk = cd1.cd_demo_sk and
          cs_bill_customer_sk = c_customer_sk and
          cd1.cd_gender = 'M' and
          cd1.cd_education_status = 'College' and
          c_current_cdemo_sk = cd2.cd_demo_sk and
          c_current_addr_sk = ca_address_sk and
          c_birth_month in (9,5,12,4,1,10) and
          d_year = 2001 and
          ca_state in ('ND','WI','AL'
                      ,'NC','OK','MS','TN')
      group by i_item_id, ca_country, ca_state, ca_county with rollup
      order by ca_country,
              ca_state,
              ca_county,
              i_item_id
      limit 100;
      

Step 6: Create a table

Create the create_tpcds_mysql_table_part.ddl file.

[wieck@localhost tools] $ mkdir load
[wieck@localhost tools] $ cd load
[wieck@localhost load] $ vim create_tpcds_mysql_table_part.ddl
SET global NLS_DATE_FORMAT='YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS';
SET global NLS_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT='YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF';
SET global NLS_TIMESTAMP_TZ_FORMAT='YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF TZR TZD';

set global ob_query_timeout=10800000000;
set global ob_trx_timeout=10000000000;

set global ob_sql_work_area_percentage=80;

set global optimizer_use_sql_plan_baselines = true;
set global optimizer_capture_sql_plan_baselines = true;

alter system set ob_enable_batched_multi_statement='true';

set global parallel_servers_target=10000;

create tablegroup if not exists tpcds_tg_catalog_group_range binding true partition by hash partitions 128;
create tablegroup if not exists tpcds_tg_store_group_range_72_hash binding true 
partition by range columns 1 subpartition BY hash subpartitions 64
(partition part_1 values less than (2450846), 
partition part_2 values less than (2450874), 
partition part_3 values less than (2450905), 
partition part_4 values less than (2450935), 
partition part_5 values less than (2450966), 
partition part_6 values less than (2450996), 
partition part_7 values less than (2451027), 
partition part_8 values less than (2451058), 
partition part_9 values less than (2451088), 
partition part_10 values less than (2451119),
partition part_11 values less than (2451149),
partition part_12 values less than (2451180),
partition part_13 values less than (2451211),
partition part_14 values less than (2451239),
partition part_15 values less than (2451270),
partition part_16 values less than (2451300),
partition part_17 values less than (2451331),
partition part_18 values less than (2451361),
partition part_19 values less than (2451392),
partition part_20 values less than (2451423),
partition part_21 values less than (2451453),
partition part_22 values less than (2451484),
partition part_23 values less than (2451514),
partition part_24 values less than (2451545),
partition part_25 values less than (2451576),
partition part_26 values less than (2451605),
partition part_27 values less than (2451636),
partition part_28 values less than (2451666),
partition part_29 values less than (2451697),
partition part_30 values less than (2451727),
partition part_31 values less than (2451758),
partition part_32 values less than (2451789),
partition part_33 values less than (2451819),
partition part_34 values less than (2451850),
partition part_35 values less than (2451880),
partition part_36 values less than (2451911),
partition part_37 values less than (2451942),
partition part_38 values less than (2451970),
partition part_39 values less than (2452001),
partition part_40 values less than (2452031),
partition part_41 values less than (2452062),
partition part_42 values less than (2452092),
partition part_43 values less than (2452123),
partition part_44 values less than (2452154),
partition part_45 values less than (2452184),
partition part_46 values less than (2452215), 
partition part_47 values less than (2452245),
partition part_48 values less than (2452276),
partition part_49 values less than (2452307),
partition part_50 values less than (2452335),
partition part_51 values less than (2452366),
partition part_52 values less than (2452396),
partition part_53 values less than (2452427),
partition part_54 values less than (2452457),
partition part_55 values less than (2452488),
partition part_56 values less than (2452519),
partition part_57 values less than (2452549),
partition part_58 values less than (2452580),
partition part_59 values less than (2452610),
partition part_60 values less than (2452641),
partition part_61 values less than (2452672),
partition part_62 values less than (2452700),
partition part_63 values less than (2452731),
partition part_64 values less than (2452761),
partition part_65 values less than (2452792),
partition part_66 values less than (2452822),
partition part_67 values less than (2452853),
partition part_68 values less than (2452884),
partition part_69 values less than (2452914),
partition part_70 values less than (2452945),
partition part_71 values less than (2452975),
partition part_72 values less than (2453006),
partition part_73 values less than (maxvalue));

create table dbgen_version
(
    dv_version                varchar(16)                   ,
    dv_create_date            date                          ,
    dv_create_time            varchar(20)                   ,
    dv_cmdline_args           varchar(200)
);

CREATE TABLE customer_address
(
 ca_address_sk      bigint NOT NULL,
 ca_address_id      varchar(16) NOT NULL,
 ca_street_number   varchar(10),
 ca_street_name     varchar(60),
 ca_street_type     varchar(15),
 ca_suite_number    varchar(10),
 ca_city        varchar(60),
 ca_county      varchar(30),
 ca_state       varchar(2),
 ca_zip         varchar(10),
 ca_country         varchar(20),
 ca_gmt_offset      decimal(5,2),
 ca_location_type   varchar(20),
 primary key(ca_address_sk)
) partition by hash (ca_address_sk) partitions 128;

create table customer_demographics
(
 cd_demo_sk                bigint not null,
 cd_gender                 char(1),
 cd_marital_status         char(1),
 cd_education_status       char(20),
 cd_purchase_estimate      int,
 cd_credit_rating          char(10),
 cd_dep_count              int,
 cd_dep_employed_count     int,
 cd_dep_college_count      int,
 primary key(cd_demo_sk)
) partition by hash (cd_demo_sk) partitions 128;

create table date_dim
(
 d_date_sk                 bigint not null,
 d_date_id                 char(16) not null,
 d_date                    date,
 d_month_seq               int,
 d_week_seq                int,
 d_quarter_seq             int,
 d_year                    int,
 d_dow                     int,
 d_moy                     int,
 d_dom                     int,
 d_qoy                     int,
 d_fy_year                 int,
 d_fy_quarter_seq          int,
 d_fy_week_seq             int,
 d_day_name                char(9),
 d_quarter_name            char(6),
 d_holiday                 char(1),
 d_weekend                 char(1),
 d_following_holiday       char(1),
 d_first_dom               int,
 d_last_dom                int,
 d_same_day_ly             int,
 d_same_day_lq             int,
 d_current_day             char(1),
 d_current_week            char(1),
 d_current_month           char(1),
 d_current_quarter         char(1),
 d_current_year            char(1),
 primary key(d_date_sk)
);

create table warehouse
(
 w_warehouse_sk            bigint not null,
 w_warehouse_id            char(16) not null,
 w_warehouse_name          varchar(20),
 w_warehouse_sq_ft         int,
 w_street_number           char(10),
 w_street_name             varchar(60),
 w_street_type             char(15),
 w_suite_number            char(10),
 w_city                    varchar(60),
 w_county                  varchar(30),
 w_state                   char(2),
 w_zip                     char(10),
 w_country                 varchar(20),
 w_gmt_offset              decimal(5,2),
 primary key(w_warehouse_sk)
 );

create table ship_mode
(
    sm_ship_mode_sk           bigint,
    sm_ship_mode_id           char(16) not null,
    sm_type                   char(30),
    sm_code                   char(10),
    sm_carrier                char(20),
    sm_contract               char(20),
    primary key(sm_ship_mode_sk)
) ;

create table time_dim
(
 t_time_sk                 bigint not null,
 t_time_id                 char(16) not null,
 t_time                    int,
 t_hour                    int,
 t_minute                  int,
 t_second                  int,
 t_am_pm                   char(2),
 t_shift                   char(20),
 t_sub_shift               char(20),
 t_meal_time               char(20),
 primary key(t_time_sk)
 );

create table reason
(
    r_reason_sk     bigint not null,
    r_reason_id     char(16) not null,
    r_reason_desc   char(100),
    PRIMARY key(r_reason_sk)
);

create table income_band
(
 ib_income_band_sk         bigint not null,
 ib_lower_bound            int,
 ib_upper_bound            int,
 PRIMARY key(ib_income_band_sk)
);

create table item
(
 i_item_sk                 bigint not null,
 i_item_id                 char(16) not null,
 i_rec_start_date          date,
 i_rec_end_date            date,
 i_item_desc               varchar(200),
 i_current_price           decimal(7,2),
 i_wholesale_cost          decimal(7,2),
 i_brand_id                int,
 i_brand                   char(50),
 i_class_id                int,
 i_class                   char(50),
 i_category_id             int,
 i_category                char(50),
 i_manufact_id             int,
 i_manufact                char(50),
 i_size                    char(20),
 i_formulation             char(20),
 i_color                   char(20),
 i_units                   char(10),
 i_container               char(10),
 i_manager_id              int,
 i_product_name            char(50),
 PRIMARY key(i_item_sk)
) ;

create table store
(
 s_store_sk                bigint not null,
 s_store_id                char(16) not null,
 s_rec_start_date          date,
 s_rec_end_date            date,
 s_closed_date_sk          bigint,
 s_store_name              varchar(50),
 s_number_employees        int,
 s_floor_space             int,
 s_hours                   char(20),
 s_manager                 varchar(40),
 s_market_id               int,
 s_geography_class         varchar(100),
 s_market_desc             varchar(100),
 s_market_manager          varchar(40),
 s_division_id             int,
 s_division_name           varchar(50),
 s_company_id              int,
 s_company_name            varchar(50),
 s_street_number           varchar(10),
 s_street_name             varchar(60),
 s_street_type             char(15),
 s_suite_number            char(10),
 s_city                    varchar(60),
 s_county                  varchar(30),
 s_state                   char(2),
 s_zip                     char(10),
 s_country                 varchar(20),
 s_gmt_offset              decimal(5,2),
 s_tax_percentage          decimal(5,2),
 PRIMARY key(s_store_sk)
);

create table call_center
(
 cc_call_center_sk             bigint not null,
 cc_call_center_id             char(16) not null,
 cc_rec_start_date             date,
 cc_rec_end_date               date,
 cc_closed_date_sk             bigint,
 cc_open_date_sk               bigint,
 cc_name                       varchar(50),
 cc_class                      varchar(50),
 cc_employees                  int,
 cc_sq_ft                      int,
 cc_hours                      char(20),
 cc_manager                    varchar(40),
 cc_mkt_id                     int,
 cc_mkt_class                  char(50),
 cc_mkt_desc                   varchar(100),
 cc_market_manager             varchar(40),
 cc_division                   int,
 cc_division_name              varchar(50),
 cc_company                    int,
 cc_company_name               char(50),
 cc_street_number              char(10),
 cc_street_name                varchar(60),
 cc_street_type                char(15),
 cc_suite_number               char(10),
 cc_city                       varchar(60),
 cc_county                     varchar(30),
 cc_state                      char(2),
 cc_zip                        char(10),
 cc_country                    varchar(20),
 cc_gmt_offset                 decimal(5,2),
 cc_tax_percentage             decimal(5,2),
 PRIMARY key(cc_call_center_sk)
);

CREATE TABLE customer
(
  c_customer_sk         bigint NOT NULL,
  c_customer_id         char(16) NOT NULL,
  c_current_cdemo_sk        bigint,
  c_current_hdemo_sk        bigint,
  c_current_addr_sk         bigint,
  c_first_shipto_date_sk    bigint,
  c_first_sales_date_sk     bigint,
  c_salutation          char(10),
  c_first_name          char(20),
  c_last_name           char(30),
  c_preferred_cust_flag     char(1),
  c_birth_day           int,
  c_birth_month         int,
  c_birth_year          int,
  c_birth_country       varchar(20),
  c_login           char(13),
  c_email_address       char(50),
  c_last_review_date_sk     bigint,
  PRIMARY key(c_customer_sk)
)partition by hash (c_customer_sk) partitions 128;

create table web_site
(
 web_site_sk               bigint not null,
 web_site_id               char(16) not null,
 web_rec_start_date        date,
 web_rec_end_date          date,
 web_name                  varchar(50),
 web_open_date_sk          bigint,
 web_close_date_sk         bigint,
 web_class                 varchar(50),
 web_manager               varchar(40),
 web_mkt_id                int,
 web_mkt_class             varchar(50),
 web_mkt_desc              varchar(100),
 web_market_manager        varchar(40),
 web_company_id            int,
 web_company_name          char(50),
 web_street_number         char(10),
 web_street_name           varchar(60),
 web_street_type           char(15),
 web_suite_number          char(10),
 web_city                  varchar(60),
 web_county                varchar(30),
 web_state                 char(2),
 web_zip                   char(10),
 web_country               varchar(20),
 web_gmt_offset            decimal(5,2),
 web_tax_percentage        decimal(5,2),
 PRIMARY key(web_site_sk)
);

create table store_returns
(
 sr_returned_date_sk       bigint,
 sr_return_time_sk         bigint,
 sr_item_sk                bigint not null,
 sr_customer_sk            bigint,
 sr_cdemo_sk               bigint,
 sr_hdemo_sk               bigint,
 sr_addr_sk                bigint,
 sr_store_sk               bigint,
 sr_reason_sk              bigint,
 sr_ticket_number          bigint not null,
 sr_return_quantity        int,
 sr_return_amt             decimal(7,2),
 sr_return_tax             decimal(7,2),
 sr_return_amt_inc_tax     decimal(7,2),
 sr_fee                    decimal(7,2),
 sr_return_ship_cost       decimal(7,2),
 sr_refunded_cash          decimal(7,2),
 sr_reversed_charge        decimal(7,2),
 sr_store_credit           decimal(7,2),
 sr_net_loss               decimal(7,2)
)
partition by range (sr_returned_date_sk)
subpartition BY hash(sr_item_sk) subpartitions 64
(partition part_1 values less than (2450846), 
partition part_2 values less than (2450874), 
partition part_3 values less than (2450905), 
partition part_4 values less than (2450935), 
partition part_5 values less than (2450966), 
partition part_6 values less than (2450996), 
partition part_7 values less than (2451027), 
partition part_8 values less than (2451058), 
partition part_9 values less than (2451088), 
partition part_10 values less than (2451119),
partition part_11 values less than (2451149),
partition part_12 values less than (2451180),
partition part_13 values less than (2451211),
partition part_14 values less than (2451239),
partition part_15 values less than (2451270),
partition part_16 values less than (2451300),
partition part_17 values less than (2451331),
partition part_18 values less than (2451361),
partition part_19 values less than (2451392),
partition part_20 values less than (2451423),
partition part_21 values less than (2451453),
partition part_22 values less than (2451484),
partition part_23 values less than (2451514),
partition part_24 values less than (2451545),
partition part_25 values less than (2451576),
partition part_26 values less than (2451605),
partition part_27 values less than (2451636),
partition part_28 values less than (2451666),
partition part_29 values less than (2451697),
partition part_30 values less than (2451727),
partition part_31 values less than (2451758),
partition part_32 values less than (2451789),
partition part_33 values less than (2451819),
partition part_34 values less than (2451850),
partition part_35 values less than (2451880),
partition part_36 values less than (2451911),
partition part_37 values less than (2451942),
partition part_38 values less than (2451970),
partition part_39 values less than (2452001),
partition part_40 values less than (2452031),
partition part_41 values less than (2452062),
partition part_42 values less than (2452092),
partition part_43 values less than (2452123),
partition part_44 values less than (2452154),
partition part_45 values less than (2452184),
partition part_46 values less than (2452215),   
partition part_47 values less than (2452245),
partition part_48 values less than (2452276),
partition part_49 values less than (2452307),
partition part_50 values less than (2452335),
partition part_51 values less than (2452366),
partition part_52 values less than (2452396),
partition part_53 values less than (2452427),
partition part_54 values less than (2452457),
partition part_55 values less than (2452488),
partition part_56 values less than (2452519),
partition part_57 values less than (2452549),
partition part_58 values less than (2452580),
partition part_59 values less than (2452610),
partition part_60 values less than (2452641),
partition part_61 values less than (2452672),
partition part_62 values less than (2452700),
partition part_63 values less than (2452731),
partition part_64 values less than (2452761),
partition part_65 values less than (2452792),
partition part_66 values less than (2452822),
partition part_67 values less than (2452853),
partition part_68 values less than (2452884),
partition part_69 values less than (2452914),
partition part_70 values less than (2452945),
partition part_71 values less than (2452975),
partition part_72 values less than (2453006),
partition part_73 values less than (maxvalue));

create table household_demographics
(
 hd_demo_sk                bigint not null,
 hd_income_band_sk         bigint,
 hd_buy_potential          char(15),
 hd_dep_count              int,
 hd_vehicle_count          int,
 PRIMARY key(hd_demo_sk)
);

create table web_page
(
 wp_web_page_sk            bigint not null,
 wp_web_page_id            char(16) not null,
 wp_rec_start_date         date,
 wp_rec_end_date           date,
 wp_creation_date_sk       bigint,
 wp_access_date_sk         bigint,
 wp_autogen_flag           char(1),
 wp_customer_sk            bigint,
 wp_url                    varchar(100),
 wp_type                   char(50),
 wp_char_count             int,
 wp_link_count             int,
 wp_image_count            int,
 wp_max_ad_count           int,
 PRIMARY key(wp_web_page_sk)
);

create table promotion
(
 p_promo_sk                bigint not null,
 p_promo_id                char(16) not null,
 p_start_date_sk           bigint,
 p_end_date_sk             bigint,
 p_item_sk                 bigint,
 p_cost                    decimal(15,2),
 p_response_target         int,
 p_promo_name              char(50),
 p_channel_dmail           char(1),
 p_channel_email           char(1),
 p_channel_catalog         char(1),
 p_channel_tv              char(1),
 p_channel_radio           char(1),
 p_channel_press           char(1),
 p_channel_event           char(1),
 p_channel_demo            char(1),
 p_channel_details         varchar(100),
 p_purpose                 char(15),
 p_discount_active         char(1),
 PRIMARY key(p_promo_sk)
);

create table catalog_page
(
 cp_catalog_page_sk     bigint not null,
 cp_catalog_page_id     varchar(16) not null,
 cp_start_date_sk   bigint,
 cp_end_date_sk     bigint,
 cp_department      varchar(50),
 cp_catalog_number  int,
 cp_catalog_page_number int,
 cp_description     varchar(100),
 cp_type        varchar(100),
 primary key(cp_catalog_page_sk)
 );

create table inventory
(
 inv_date_sk               bigint not null,
 inv_item_sk               bigint not null,
 inv_warehouse_sk          bigint not null,
 inv_quantity_on_hand      int
)
partition by range (inv_date_sk)
subpartition BY hash(inv_item_sk) subpartitions 64
(partition part_1 values less than (2450846), 
partition part_2 values less than (2450874), 
partition part_3 values less than (2450905), 
partition part_4 values less than (2450935), 
partition part_5 values less than (2450966), 
partition part_6 values less than (2450996), 
partition part_7 values less than (2451027), 
partition part_8 values less than (2451058), 
partition part_9 values less than (2451088), 
partition part_10 values less than (2451119),
partition part_11 values less than (2451149),
partition part_12 values less than (2451180),
partition part_13 values less than (2451211),
partition part_14 values less than (2451239),
partition part_15 values less than (2451270),
partition part_16 values less than (2451300),
partition part_17 values less than (2451331),
partition part_18 values less than (2451361),
partition part_19 values less than (2451392),
partition part_20 values less than (2451423),
partition part_21 values less than (2451453),
partition part_22 values less than (2451484),
partition part_23 values less than (2451514),
partition part_24 values less than (2451545),
partition part_25 values less than (2451576),
partition part_26 values less than (2451605),
partition part_27 values less than (2451636),
partition part_28 values less than (2451666),
partition part_29 values less than (2451697),
partition part_30 values less than (2451727),
partition part_31 values less than (2451758),
partition part_32 values less than (2451789),
partition part_33 values less than (2451819),
partition part_34 values less than (2451850),
partition part_35 values less than (2451880),
partition part_36 values less than (2451911),
partition part_37 values less than (2451942),
partition part_38 values less than (2451970),
partition part_39 values less than (2452001),
partition part_40 values less than (2452031),
partition part_41 values less than (2452062),
partition part_42 values less than (2452092),
partition part_43 values less than (2452123),
partition part_44 values less than (2452154),
partition part_45 values less than (2452184),
partition part_46 values less than (2452215),   
partition part_47 values less than (2452245),
partition part_48 values less than (2452276),
partition part_49 values less than (2452307),
partition part_50 values less than (2452335),
partition part_51 values less than (2452366),
partition part_52 values less than (2452396),
partition part_53 values less than (2452427),
partition part_54 values less than (2452457),
partition part_55 values less than (2452488),
partition part_56 values less than (2452519),
partition part_57 values less than (2452549),
partition part_58 values less than (2452580),
partition part_59 values less than (2452610),
partition part_60 values less than (2452641),
partition part_61 values less than (2452672),
partition part_62 values less than (2452700),
partition part_63 values less than (2452731),
partition part_64 values less than (2452761),
partition part_65 values less than (2452792),
partition part_66 values less than (2452822),
partition part_67 values less than (2452853),
partition part_68 values less than (2452884),
partition part_69 values less than (2452914),
partition part_70 values less than (2452945),
partition part_71 values less than (2452975),
partition part_72 values less than (2453006),
partition part_73 values less than (maxvalue));

create table catalog_returns
(
 cr_returned_date_sk        bigint,
 cr_returned_time_sk        bigint,
 cr_item_sk             bigint not null,
 cr_refunded_customer_sk    bigint,
 cr_refunded_cdemo_sk       bigint,
 cr_refunded_hdemo_sk       bigint,
 cr_refunded_addr_sk        bigint,
 cr_returning_customer_sk   bigint,
 cr_returning_cdemo_sk      bigint,
 cr_returning_hdemo_sk      bigint,
 cr_returning_addr_sk       bigint,
 cr_call_center_sk      bigint,
 cr_catalog_page_sk         bigint ,
 cr_ship_mode_sk        bigint ,
 cr_warehouse_sk        bigint ,
 cr_reason_sk           bigint ,
 cr_order_number        bigint not null,
 cr_return_quantity         int,
 cr_return_amount       decimal(7,2),
 cr_return_tax          decimal(7,2),
 cr_return_amt_inc_tax      decimal(7,2),
 cr_fee             decimal(7,2),
 cr_return_ship_cost        decimal(7,2),
 cr_refunded_cash       decimal(7,2),
 cr_reversed_charge         decimal(7,2),
 cr_store_credit        decimal(7,2),
 cr_net_loss            decimal(7,2)
)
tablegroup = tpcds_tg_catalog_group_range
partition by hash(cr_item_sk) partitions 128
;

create table web_returns
(
 wr_returned_date_sk       bigint,
 wr_returned_time_sk       bigint,
 wr_item_sk                bigint not null,
 wr_refunded_customer_sk   bigint,
 wr_refunded_cdemo_sk      bigint,
 wr_refunded_hdemo_sk      bigint,
 wr_refunded_addr_sk       bigint,
 wr_returning_customer_sk  bigint,
 wr_returning_cdemo_sk     bigint,
 wr_returning_hdemo_sk     bigint,
 wr_returning_addr_sk      bigint,
 wr_web_page_sk            bigint,
 wr_reason_sk              bigint,
 wr_order_number           bigint not null,
 wr_return_quantity        int,
 wr_return_amt             decimal(7,2),
 wr_return_tax             decimal(7,2),
 wr_return_amt_inc_tax     decimal(7,2),
 wr_fee                    decimal(7,2),
 wr_return_ship_cost       decimal(7,2),
 wr_refunded_cash          decimal(7,2),
 wr_reversed_charge        decimal(7,2),
 wr_account_credit         decimal(7,2),
 wr_net_loss               decimal(7,2)
)
partition by range(wr_returned_date_sk) 
subpartition BY hash(wr_item_sk) subpartitions 64
(partition part_1 values less than (2450846), 
partition part_2 values less than (2450874), 
partition part_3 values less than (2450905), 
partition part_4 values less than (2450935), 
partition part_5 values less than (2450966), 
partition part_6 values less than (2450996), 
partition part_7 values less than (2451027), 
partition part_8 values less than (2451058), 
partition part_9 values less than (2451088), 
partition part_10 values less than (2451119),
partition part_11 values less than (2451149),
partition part_12 values less than (2451180),
partition part_13 values less than (2451211),
partition part_14 values less than (2451239),
partition part_15 values less than (2451270),
partition part_16 values less than (2451300),
partition part_17 values less than (2451331),
partition part_18 values less than (2451361),
partition part_19 values less than (2451392),
partition part_20 values less than (2451423),
partition part_21 values less than (2451453),
partition part_22 values less than (2451484),
partition part_23 values less than (2451514),
partition part_24 values less than (2451545),
partition part_25 values less than (2451576),
partition part_26 values less than (2451605),
partition part_27 values less than (2451636),
partition part_28 values less than (2451666),
partition part_29 values less than (2451697),
partition part_30 values less than (2451727),
partition part_31 values less than (2451758),
partition part_32 values less than (2451789),
partition part_33 values less than (2451819),
partition part_34 values less than (2451850),
partition part_35 values less than (2451880),
partition part_36 values less than (2451911),
partition part_37 values less than (2451942),
partition part_38 values less than (2451970),
partition part_39 values less than (2452001),
partition part_40 values less than (2452031),
partition part_41 values less than (2452062),
partition part_42 values less than (2452092),
partition part_43 values less than (2452123),
partition part_44 values less than (2452154),
partition part_45 values less than (2452184),
partition part_46 values less than (2452215),   
partition part_47 values less than (2452245),
partition part_48 values less than (2452276),
partition part_49 values less than (2452307),
partition part_50 values less than (2452335),
partition part_51 values less than (2452366),
partition part_52 values less than (2452396),
partition part_53 values less than (2452427),
partition part_54 values less than (2452457),
partition part_55 values less than (2452488),
partition part_56 values less than (2452519),
partition part_57 values less than (2452549),
partition part_58 values less than (2452580),
partition part_59 values less than (2452610),
partition part_60 values less than (2452641),
partition part_61 values less than (2452672),
partition part_62 values less than (2452700),
partition part_63 values less than (2452731),
partition part_64 values less than (2452761),
partition part_65 values less than (2452792),
partition part_66 values less than (2452822),
partition part_67 values less than (2452853),
partition part_68 values less than (2452884),
partition part_69 values less than (2452914),
partition part_70 values less than (2452945),
partition part_71 values less than (2452975),
partition part_72 values less than (2453006),
partition part_73 values less than (maxvalue))
;

create table web_sales
(
 ws_sold_date_sk           bigint,
 ws_sold_time_sk           bigint,
 ws_ship_date_sk           bigint,
 ws_item_sk                bigint not null,
 ws_bill_customer_sk       bigint,
 ws_bill_cdemo_sk          bigint,
 ws_bill_hdemo_sk          bigint,
 ws_bill_addr_sk           bigint,
 ws_ship_customer_sk       bigint,
 ws_ship_cdemo_sk          bigint,
 ws_ship_hdemo_sk          bigint,
 ws_ship_addr_sk           bigint,
 ws_web_page_sk            bigint,
 ws_web_site_sk            bigint,
 ws_ship_mode_sk           bigint,
 ws_warehouse_sk           bigint,
 ws_promo_sk               bigint,
 ws_order_number           bigint not null,
 ws_quantity               int,
 ws_wholesale_cost         decimal(7,2),
 ws_list_price             decimal(7,2),
 ws_sales_price            decimal(7,2),
 ws_ext_discount_amt       decimal(7,2),
 ws_ext_sales_price        decimal(7,2),
 ws_ext_wholesale_cost     decimal(7,2),
 ws_ext_list_price         decimal(7,2),
 ws_ext_tax                decimal(7,2),
 ws_coupon_amt             decimal(7,2),
 ws_ext_ship_cost          decimal(7,2),
 ws_net_paid               decimal(7,2),
 ws_net_paid_inc_tax       decimal(7,2),
 ws_net_paid_inc_ship      decimal(7,2),
 ws_net_paid_inc_ship_tax  decimal(7,2),
 ws_net_profit             decimal(7,2)
) 
partition by range (ws_sold_date_sk) 
subpartition BY hash(ws_item_sk) subpartitions 64
(partition part_1 values less than (2450846), 
partition part_2 values less than (2450874), 
partition part_3 values less than (2450905), 
partition part_4 values less than (2450935), 
partition part_5 values less than (2450966), 
partition part_6 values less than (2450996), 
partition part_7 values less than (2451027), 
partition part_8 values less than (2451058), 
partition part_9 values less than (2451088), 
partition part_10 values less than (2451119),
partition part_11 values less than (2451149),
partition part_12 values less than (2451180),
partition part_13 values less than (2451211),
partition part_14 values less than (2451239),
partition part_15 values less than (2451270),
partition part_16 values less than (2451300),
partition part_17 values less than (2451331),
partition part_18 values less than (2451361),
partition part_19 values less than (2451392),
partition part_20 values less than (2451423),
partition part_21 values less than (2451453),
partition part_22 values less than (2451484),
partition part_23 values less than (2451514),
partition part_24 values less than (2451545),
partition part_25 values less than (2451576),
partition part_26 values less than (2451605),
partition part_27 values less than (2451636),
partition part_28 values less than (2451666),
partition part_29 values less than (2451697),
partition part_30 values less than (2451727),
partition part_31 values less than (2451758),
partition part_32 values less than (2451789),
partition part_33 values less than (2451819),
partition part_34 values less than (2451850),
partition part_35 values less than (2451880),
partition part_36 values less than (2451911),
partition part_37 values less than (2451942),
partition part_38 values less than (2451970),
partition part_39 values less than (2452001),
partition part_40 values less than (2452031),
partition part_41 values less than (2452062),
partition part_42 values less than (2452092),
partition part_43 values less than (2452123),
partition part_44 values less than (2452154),
partition part_45 values less than (2452184),
partition part_46 values less than (2452215),   
partition part_47 values less than (2452245),
partition part_48 values less than (2452276),
partition part_49 values less than (2452307),
partition part_50 values less than (2452335),
partition part_51 values less than (2452366),
partition part_52 values less than (2452396),
partition part_53 values less than (2452427),
partition part_54 values less than (2452457),
partition part_55 values less than (2452488),
partition part_56 values less than (2452519),
partition part_57 values less than (2452549),
partition part_58 values less than (2452580),
partition part_59 values less than (2452610),
partition part_60 values less than (2452641),
partition part_61 values less than (2452672),
partition part_62 values less than (2452700),
partition part_63 values less than (2452731),
partition part_64 values less than (2452761),
partition part_65 values less than (2452792),
partition part_66 values less than (2452822),
partition part_67 values less than (2452853),
partition part_68 values less than (2452884),
partition part_69 values less than (2452914),
partition part_70 values less than (2452945),
partition part_71 values less than (2452975),
partition part_72 values less than (2453006),
partition part_73 values less than (maxvalue))
;

create table catalog_sales
(
 cs_sold_date_sk           bigint,
 cs_sold_time_sk           bigint,
 cs_ship_date_sk           bigint,
 cs_bill_customer_sk       bigint,
 cs_bill_cdemo_sk          bigint,
 cs_bill_hdemo_sk          bigint,
 cs_bill_addr_sk           bigint,
 cs_ship_customer_sk       bigint,
 cs_ship_cdemo_sk          bigint,
 cs_ship_hdemo_sk          bigint,
 cs_ship_addr_sk           bigint,
 cs_call_center_sk         bigint,
 cs_catalog_page_sk        bigint,
 cs_ship_mode_sk           bigint,
 cs_warehouse_sk           bigint,
 cs_item_sk                bigint not null,
 cs_promo_sk               bigint,
 cs_order_number           bigint not null,
 cs_quantity               int,
 cs_wholesale_cost         decimal(7,2),
 cs_list_price             decimal(7,2),
 cs_sales_price            decimal(7,2),
 cs_ext_discount_amt       decimal(7,2),
 cs_ext_sales_price        decimal(7,2),
 cs_ext_wholesale_cost     decimal(7,2),
 cs_ext_list_price         decimal(7,2),
 cs_ext_tax                decimal(7,2),
 cs_coupon_amt             decimal(7,2),
 cs_ext_ship_cost          decimal(7,2),
 cs_net_paid               decimal(7,2),
 cs_net_paid_inc_tax       decimal(7,2),
 cs_net_paid_inc_ship      decimal(7,2),
 cs_net_paid_inc_ship_tax  decimal(7,2),
 cs_net_profit             decimal(7,2)
 )
partition by range (cs_sold_date_sk) 
subpartition BY hash(cs_item_sk) subpartitions 64
(partition part_1 values less than (2450846), 
partition part_2 values less than (2450874), 
partition part_3 values less than (2450905), 
partition part_4 values less than (2450935), 
partition part_5 values less than (2450966), 
partition part_6 values less than (2450996), 
partition part_7 values less than (2451027), 
partition part_8 values less than (2451058), 
partition part_9 values less than (2451088), 
partition part_10 values less than (2451119),
partition part_11 values less than (2451149),
partition part_12 values less than (2451180),
partition part_13 values less than (2451211),
partition part_14 values less than (2451239),
partition part_15 values less than (2451270),
partition part_16 values less than (2451300),
partition part_17 values less than (2451331),
partition part_18 values less than (2451361),
partition part_19 values less than (2451392),
partition part_20 values less than (2451423),
partition part_21 values less than (2451453),
partition part_22 values less than (2451484),
partition part_23 values less than (2451514),
partition part_24 values less than (2451545),
partition part_25 values less than (2451576),
partition part_26 values less than (2451605),
partition part_27 values less than (2451636),
partition part_28 values less than (2451666),
partition part_29 values less than (2451697),
partition part_30 values less than (2451727),
partition part_31 values less than (2451758),
partition part_32 values less than (2451789),
partition part_33 values less than (2451819),
partition part_34 values less than (2451850),
partition part_35 values less than (2451880),
partition part_36 values less than (2451911),
partition part_37 values less than (2451942),
partition part_38 values less than (2451970),
partition part_39 values less than (2452001),
partition part_40 values less than (2452031),
partition part_41 values less than (2452062),
partition part_42 values less than (2452092),
partition part_43 values less than (2452123),
partition part_44 values less than (2452154),
partition part_45 values less than (2452184),
partition part_46 values less than (2452215),   
partition part_47 values less than (2452245),
partition part_48 values less than (2452276),
partition part_49 values less than (2452307),
partition part_50 values less than (2452335),
partition part_51 values less than (2452366),
partition part_52 values less than (2452396),
partition part_53 values less than (2452427),
partition part_54 values less than (2452457),
partition part_55 values less than (2452488),
partition part_56 values less than (2452519),
partition part_57 values less than (2452549),
partition part_58 values less than (2452580),
partition part_59 values less than (2452610),
partition part_60 values less than (2452641),
partition part_61 values less than (2452672),
partition part_62 values less than (2452700),
partition part_63 values less than (2452731),
partition part_64 values less than (2452761),
partition part_65 values less than (2452792),
partition part_66 values less than (2452822),
partition part_67 values less than (2452853),
partition part_68 values less than (2452884),
partition part_69 values less than (2452914),
partition part_70 values less than (2452945),
partition part_71 values less than (2452975),
partition part_72 values less than (2453006),
partition part_73 values less than (maxvalue));

create table store_sales
(
 ss_sold_date_sk           bigint,
 ss_sold_time_sk           bigint,
 ss_item_sk                bigint not null,
 ss_customer_sk            bigint,
 ss_cdemo_sk               bigint,
 ss_hdemo_sk               bigint,
 ss_addr_sk                bigint,
 ss_store_sk               bigint,
 ss_promo_sk               bigint,
 ss_ticket_number          bigint not null,
 ss_quantity               int,
 ss_wholesale_cost         decimal(7,2),
 ss_list_price             decimal(7,2),
 ss_sales_price            decimal(7,2),
 ss_ext_discount_amt       decimal(7,2),
 ss_ext_sales_price        decimal(7,2),
 ss_ext_wholesale_cost     decimal(7,2),
 ss_ext_list_price         decimal(7,2),
 ss_ext_tax                decimal(7,2),
 ss_coupon_amt             decimal(7,2),
 ss_net_paid               decimal(7,2),
 ss_net_paid_inc_tax       decimal(7,2),
 ss_net_profit             decimal(7,2)
)
partition by range(ss_sold_date_sk) 
subpartition BY hash(ss_item_sk) subpartitions 64
(partition part_1 values less than (2450846), 
partition part_2 values less than (2450874), 
partition part_3 values less than (2450905), 
partition part_4 values less than (2450935), 
partition part_5 values less than (2450966), 
partition part_6 values less than (2450996), 
partition part_7 values less than (2451027), 
partition part_8 values less than (2451058), 
partition part_9 values less than (2451088), 
partition part_10 values less than (2451119),
partition part_11 values less than (2451149),
partition part_12 values less than (2451180),
partition part_13 values less than (2451211),
partition part_14 values less than (2451239),
partition part_15 values less than (2451270),
partition part_16 values less than (2451300),
partition part_17 values less than (2451331),
partition part_18 values less than (2451361),
partition part_19 values less than (2451392),
partition part_20 values less than (2451423),
partition part_21 values less than (2451453),
partition part_22 values less than (2451484),
partition part_23 values less than (2451514),
partition part_24 values less than (2451545),
partition part_25 values less than (2451576),
partition part_26 values less than (2451605),
partition part_27 values less than (2451636),
partition part_28 values less than (2451666),
partition part_29 values less than (2451697),
partition part_30 values less than (2451727),
partition part_31 values less than (2451758),
partition part_32 values less than (2451789),
partition part_33 values less than (2451819),
partition part_34 values less than (2451850),
partition part_35 values less than (2451880),
partition part_36 values less than (2451911),
partition part_37 values less than (2451942),
partition part_38 values less than (2451970),
partition part_39 values less than (2452001),
partition part_40 values less than (2452031),
partition part_41 values less than (2452062),
partition part_42 values less than (2452092),
partition part_43 values less than (2452123),
partition part_44 values less than (2452154),
partition part_45 values less than (2452184),
partition part_46 values less than (2452215),   
partition part_47 values less than (2452245),
partition part_48 values less than (2452276),
partition part_49 values less than (2452307),
partition part_50 values less than (2452335),
partition part_51 values less than (2452366),
partition part_52 values less than (2452396),
partition part_53 values less than (2452427),
partition part_54 values less than (2452457),
partition part_55 values less than (2452488),
partition part_56 values less than (2452519),
partition part_57 values less than (2452549),
partition part_58 values less than (2452580),
partition part_59 values less than (2452610),
partition part_60 values less than (2452641),
partition part_61 values less than (2452672),
partition part_62 values less than (2452700),
partition part_63 values less than (2452731),
partition part_64 values less than (2452761),
partition part_65 values less than (2452792),
partition part_66 values less than (2452822),
partition part_67 values less than (2452853),
partition part_68 values less than (2452884),
partition part_69 values less than (2452914),
partition part_70 values less than (2452945),
partition part_71 values less than (2452975),
partition part_72 values less than (2453006),
partition part_73 values less than (maxvalue));

Step 7: Load data

Write a script based on the data and SQL statements generated in the preceding steps. The following example shows how to load data:

  1. Create a load.py script.

    [wieck@localhost load] $ vim load.py
    
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    #-*- encoding:utf-8 -*-
    import os
    import sys
    import time
    import commands
    hostname='$host_ip'  # Note: Please fill in the IP address of an observer, such as the server where observer A is located.
    port='$host_port'               # The port number of observer A.
    tenant='$tenant_name'              # The tenant name.
    user='$user'               # The username.
    password='$password'           # The password.
    data_path='$path'         # Note: Please fill in the directory where the tbl file is located on the server where observer A is located.
    db_name='$db_name'             # The database name.
    # Create tables
    cmd_str='obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -D%s < create_tpcds_mysql_table_part.ddl'%(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str='obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s  -D%s -e "show tables;" '%(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c  -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/dbgen_version.dat' into table dbgen_version fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c  -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/customer_address.dat' into table customer_address fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/customer_demographics.dat' into table customer_demographics fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c  -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/date_dim.dat' into table date_dim fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s   -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/warehouse.dat' into table warehouse fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c  -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/ship_mode.dat' into table ship_mode fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c  -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/time_dim.dat' into table time_dim fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c  -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/reason.dat' into table reason fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c  -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/income_band.dat' into table income_band fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c  -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/item.dat' into table item fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/store.dat' into table store fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c  -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/call_center.dat' into table call_center fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s   -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/customer.dat' into table customer fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c  -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/web_site.dat' into table web_site fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c  -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/store_returns.dat' into table store_returns fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c  -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/household_demographics.dat' into table household_demographics fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c  -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/web_page.dat' into table web_page fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c  -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/promotion.dat' into table promotion fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/catalog_page.dat' into table catalog_page fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c  -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/inventory.dat' into table inventory fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s   -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/catalog_returns.dat' into table catalog_returns fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c  -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/web_returns.dat' into table web_returns fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c  -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/web_sales.dat' into table web_sales fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c  -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/catalog_sales.dat' into table catalog_sales fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    cmd_str=""" obclient -h%s -P%s -u%s@%s -p%s -c  -D%s -e "load data /*+ parallel(80) */ infile '%s/store_sales.dat' into table store_sales fields terminated by '|';" """ %(hostname,port,user,tenant,password,db_name,data_path)
    result = commands.getstatusoutput(cmd_str)
    print result
    
  2. Load data.

    Notice

    You must install the OBClient client before you can load data.

    [wieck@localhost load] $ python load.py
    
  3. Execute a major compaction.

    Log in to the test tenant and execute a major compaction.

    obclient > ALTER SYSTEM SET undo_retention = 100;
    obclient > ALTER SYSTEM MAJOR FREEZE;
    
  4. Check whether the major compaction is completed.

    SELECT * FROM oceanbase.DBA_OB_ZONE_MAJOR_COMPACTION\G
    

    The return result is as follows:

    *************************** 1. row ***************************
                ZONE: zone1
      BROADCAST_SCN: 1716172011046213913
            LAST_SCN: 1716172011046213913
    LAST_FINISH_TIME: 2024-05-20 10:35:07.829496
          START_TIME: 2024-05-20 10:26:51.579881
              STATUS: IDLE
    1 row in set
    

    When the value of the STATUS column is IDLE and the values of the BROADCAST_SCN and LAST_SCN columns are equal, the major compaction is completed.

  5. Manually collect statistics.

    Execute the obclient -h$host_ip -P$host_port -u$user@$tenant -p$password -A -D$database command in the test user account.

    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'date_dim', degree=>128, granularity=>'AUTO', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'warehouse', degree=>128, granularity=>'AUTO', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'ship_mode', degree=>128, granularity=>'AUTO', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'time_dim', degree=>128, granularity=>'AUTO', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'reason', degree=>128, granularity=>'AUTO', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'income_band', degree=>128, granularity=>'AUTO', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'item', degree=>128, granularity=>'AUTO', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'store', degree=>128, granularity=>'AUTO', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'call_center', degree=>128, granularity=>'AUTO', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'web_site', degree=>128, granularity=>'AUTO', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'household_demographics', degree=>128, granularity=>'AUTO', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'web_page', degree=>128, granularity=>'AUTO', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'promotion', degree=>128, granularity=>'AUTO', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'catalog_page', degree=>128, granularity=>'AUTO', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'inventory', degree=>128, granularity=>'GLOBAL', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'web_sales', degree=>128, granularity=>'GLOBAL', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'catalog_sales', degree=>128, granularity=>'GLOBAL', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'store_sales', degree=>128, granularity=>'GLOBAL', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'catalog_returns', degree=>128, granularity=>'GLOBAL', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'web_returns', degree=>128, granularity=>'GLOBAL', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'store_returns', degree=>128, granularity=>'GLOBAL', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'customer_address', degree=>128, granularity=>'GLOBAL', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'customer_demographics', degree=>128, granularity=>'GLOBAL', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    call dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(NULL, 'customer', degree=>128, granularity=>'GLOBAL', method_opt=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 128');
    

Step 8: Run the test

Write a script based on the data and SQL statements generated in the previous steps. Here is an example of how to run the test:

  1. Write a test script named tpcds.sh in the sql-ds directory.

    [wieck@localhost queries] $ vim tpcds.sh
    
      #!/bin/bash
      TPCDS_TEST="obclient -h $host_ip -P $host_port -utpcds_100g_part@tpcds_mysql  -D tpcds_100g_part  -ptest -c"
      # warmup preheating
      for i in {1..99}
      do
          sql1="source sql${i}.sql"
          echo $sql1| $TPCDS_TEST >db${i}.log  || ret=1
      done
      # Run the test
      for i in {1..99}
      do
          starttime=`date +%s%N`
          echo `date  '+[%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S]'` "BEGIN Q${i}"
          sql1="source sql${i}.sql"
          echo $sql1| $TPCDS_TEST >db${i}.log  || ret=1
          stoptime=`date +%s%N`
          costtime=`echo $stoptime $starttime | awk '{printf "%0.2f\n", ($1 - $2) / 1000000000}'`
          echo `date  '+[%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S]'` "END,COST ${costtime}s"
      done
    
  2. Run the test script.

    sh tpcds.sh
    

Common error messages

  • Data import failed. The error message is as follows:

    ERROR 1017 (HY000) at line 1: File not exist
    

    The tbl file must be stored in a directory on the server where the connected OceanBase database is located, because data must be imported locally.

  • Data query failed. The error message is as follows:

    ERROR 4624 (HY000): No memory or reach tenant memory limit
    

    The memory is insufficient. We recommend that you increase the memory of the tenant.

  • Data import failed. The error message is as follows:

    ERROR 1227 (42501) at line 1: Access denied
    

    You must grant the user access privileges. Run the following command to grant the privileges.

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What is on this page
What is TPC-DS
Environment preparation
Software requirements
Tenant specifications
Test methods
Manually execute TPC-DS tests by using the TPC-DS tool
Common error messages