The syntax of SELECT is relatively complex. This section describes the syntax of SIMPLE SELECT.
Purpose
This statement is used to query data from a table or view.
Syntax
simple_select:
SELECT [ hint_options ] [ DISTINCT | UNIQUE | ALL] select_expr_list
FROM from_list
[WHERE condition]
[hierarchical_query_clause]
[GROUP BY group_expression_list
[{ROLLUP | CUBE | GROUPING SETS} group_expression_list]
[HAVING condition]
]
[ORDER BY order_expression_list]
[FOR UPDATE [OF column] [ {NOWAIT | WAIT integer | SKIP LOCKED } ] ]
[row_limiting_clause ]
select_expr_list:
table_name.*
| table_alias_name.*
| expr [[AS] column_alias_name]
| sequence_name.{ CURRVAL|NEXTVAL }@dblink_name
from_list:
table_reference [, table_reference...]
url_external_table_references
table_reference:
simple_table
| joined_table
| pivot_clause
| unpivot_clause
| table_name@dblink_name
url_external_table_references:
location_url | table_function
location_url:
'<string>'
(
{FORMAT = (
TYPE = 'CSV',
LINE_DELIMITER = '<string>' | <expr>,
FIELD_DELIMITER = '<string>' | <expr>,
ESCAPE = '<character>' | <expr>,
FIELD_OPTIONALLY_ENCLOSED_BY = '<character>' | <expr>,
ENCODING = 'charset',
NULL_IF = ('<string>' | <expr>, '<string>' | <expr> ...),
SKIP_HEADER = <int>,
SKIP_BLANK_LINES = { TRUE | FALSE },
PARSE_HEADER = { TRUE | FALSE },
TRIM_SPACE = { TRUE | FALSE },
EMPTY_FIELD_AS_NULL = { TRUE | FALSE }
)
| FORMAT = ( TYPE = 'PARQUET' | 'ORC' )
}
[PATTERN = '<regex_pattern>']
)
table_function:
{
FILES (
LOCATION = '<string>',
{
FORMAT = (
TYPE = 'CSV',
LINE_DELIMITER = '<string>' | <expr>,
FIELD_DELIMITER = '<string>' | <expr>,
ESCAPE = '<character>' | <expr>,
FIELD_OPTIONALLY_ENCLOSED_BY = '<character>' | <expr>,
ENCODING = 'charset',
NULL_IF = ('<string>' | <expr>, '<string>' | <expr> ...),
SKIP_HEADER = <int>,
SKIP_BLANK_LINES = { TRUE | FALSE },
PARSE_HEADER = { TRUE | FALSE },
TRIM_SPACE = { TRUE | FALSE },
EMPTY_FIELD_AS_NULL = { TRUE | FALSE }
)
| FORMAT = ( TYPE = 'PARQUET' | 'ORC' )
},
[PATTERN = '<regex_pattern>']
)
| SOURCE (
TYPE = 'ODPS',
ACCESSID = '<string>',
ACCESSKEY = '<string>',
ENDPOINT = '<string>',
TUNNEL_ENDPOINT = '<string>',
PROJECT_NAME = '<string>',
SCHEMA_NAME = '<string>',
TABLE_NAME = '<string>',
QUOTA_NAME = '<string>',
COMPRESSION_CODE = '<string>'
)
}
simple_table:
(table_factor [partition_option])[table_alias_name]
| (select_stmt) table_alias_name
| (table_reference_list)
joined_table:
table_reference [INNER] JOIN simple_table [join_condition]
| table_reference outer_join_type JOIN simple_table join_condition
partition_option:
PARTITION (partition_name_list)
partition_name_list:
partition_name [, partition_name...]
outer_join_type:
{LEFT | RIGHT | FULL} [OUTER]
join_condition:
ON expression
condition:
expression
group_expression_list:
group_expression [, group_expression...]
group_expression:
expression [ASC | DESC]
order_expression_list:
order_expression [, order_expression...]
order_expression:
expression [ASC | DESC]
row_limiting_clause:
[ OFFSET offset { ROW | ROWS } ]
[ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ { rowcount | percent PERCENT } ]
{ ROW | ROWS } { ONLY | WITH TIES } ]
pivot_clause:
PIVOT
(aggregate_function ( expr ) [[AS] alias ]
[, aggregate_function ( expr ) [[AS] alias ]... ]
pivot_for_clause
pivot_in_clause
)
pivot_for_clause:
FOR { column| ( column [, column... ]) }
pivot_in_clause
IN
( { { expr| ( expr [, expr...] ) } [ [ AS] alias]... }
[, { { expr| ( expr [, expr...] ) } [ [ AS] alias] ...} ]
)
unpivot_clause:
UNPIVOT [ {INCLUDE | EXCLUDE} NULLS ]
( { column | ( column [, column... ]) }
pivot_for_clause
unpivot_in_clause
)
unpivot_in_clause:
IN
( { column | ( column [, column... ]) }[ AS { literal | ( literal [, literal... ]) } ]
[, { column | ( column [, column... ] ) }[ AS {literal | ( literal [, literal... ]) } ]]
)
hierarchical_query_clause:
[START WITH start_expression] CONNECT BY [NOCYCLE]
{PRIOR child_expr = parent_expr
| parent_expr = PRIOR child_expr} [ORDER SIBLINGS BY ...]
Parameters
| Parameter | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| hint_options | The hint options. This parameter is optional. | |
| DISTINCT | UNIQUE | ALL | Specifies whether to return duplicate rows in the query result.
|
|
| select_expr_list | The expressions or column names to be queried. Separate multiple expressions or column names with commas (,). "*" indicates all columns.
|
|
| FROM table_references | The object to select data from. | |
| url_external_table_references | Optional. You can directly read data from an external table by using a URL. Currently, two syntaxes are supported for URLs of external tables. For more information, see the following: | |
| PARTITION(partition_list) | The partition information of the query table. For example: partition(p0,p1...). |
|
| table_factor | The name of the base table or updatable view, or a special subquery. You can also directly query a function. | |
| table_alias_name | The alias of the data object to be queried. | |
| joined_table | The join type for multi-table queries.
|
|
| ON expression | The join condition for multi-table joins. | |
| WHERE where_conditions | The filter condition. Only data that meets the condition is returned. This parameter is optional. where_conditions is an expression. |
|
| hierarchical_query_clause | Optional. The clause that specifies the options for hierarchical queries. For more information, see hierarchical_query_clause. | |
| GROUP BY group_by_list | The fields to be grouped. This clause is usually used with aggregate functions. Note If a column in the SELECT clause is not specified with an aggregate function, the column must be specified in the GROUP BY clause. |
|
| ROLLUP group_expression_list | Merges the groups generated by GROUP BY and generates statistical values. |
|
| CUBE group_expression_list | Generates groups based on all permutations of the items in the expression list and merges the groups generated by GROUP BY to generate statistical values.Note:
|
|
| GROUPING SETS group_expression_list | Specifies multiple data groups in a query, generates statistical values for each group, and aggregates and displays the statistical values of the specified groups. You can specify a single field or a list of fields in GROUPING SETS. |
|
| HAVING search_confitions | Filters the data of each group after grouping. The HAVING clause is similar to the WHERE clause, but the HAVING clause can use aggregate functions such as SUM and AVG. |
|
| ORDER BY order_list | The column or columns by which to sort the result set in ascending or descending order. If you do not specify ASC or DESC, the default is ASC.
|
|
| row_limiting_clause | Specifies the number of rows to be returned and implements the page query feature. You can specify the offset and the number of rows or the percentage of rows to be returned. You can also specify the ORDER BY clause to ensure the sorting order and obtain consistent results. |
|
| OFFSET | The number of rows to be skipped before the page query starts. offset must be a number or an expression that evaluates to a number.
|
|
| ROW | ROWS | Specifies the number of rows to be returned. You can specify ROW or ROWS based on the number of rows to be returned. |
|
| FETCH | The number of rows or the percentage of rows to be returned. If this clause is not specified, all rows starting from offset+1 are returned. |
|
| FIRST | NEXT | The number of rows or the percentage of rows to be returned as the first or next result. | |
| rowcount | percent PERCENT | Use rowcount to specify the number of rows to return. rowcount must be a number or an expression that evaluates to a number. If a negative number is specified, rowcount will be treated as 0. If rowcount exceeds the number of available rows starting from rowcount+1, all available rows will be returned. If rowcount contains a fractional part, it will be truncated. If rowcount is NULL, 0 rows will be returned. Use percent PERCENT to specify the percentage of the total specified rows to return. percent must be a number or an expression that evaluates to a number. If a negative number is specified, percent will be treated as 0. If percent is NULL, 0 rows will be returned. If neither rowcount nor percent is specified, 1 row will be returned. |
|
| ONLY | WITH TIES | Specify ONLY to return the specified number of rows or the specified percentage of rows. Specify WITH TIES to return additional rows that have the same sort key as the last retrieved row. If WITH TIES is specified, the ORDER BY clause must also be specified. If ORDER BY is not specified, additional rows will not be returned. |
|
| FOR UPDATE | An optional clause that adds exclusive locks to all rows of the query result to prevent concurrent modifications by other transactions or concurrent reads at certain transaction isolation levels.
|
|
| pivot_clause | A clause that rotates rows into columns.
Notice
|
|
| aggregate_function | Specifies an aggregate function. | |
| expr | Specifies an expression that evaluates to a constant value. pivot_in_clause supports only constant expressions. |
|
| unpivot_clause | A clause that rotates columns into rows.
Notice
|
|
| dblink_name | Specifies the name of the database link (dblink) to access. | |
| sequence_name | Specifies the name of the sequence to access in the remote database (such as OceanBase Database or Oracle Database) through the dblink. This includes calculating the NEXTVAL and CURRVAL values of the SEQUENCE object. |
|
hierarchical_query_clause
In a hierarchical query, you can use the LEVEL pseudo column in the SELECT statement to indicate the hierarchy level, that is, the level of a node. The level starts at 1, which is the starting point of the query. This field can be used only in hierarchical queries. For more information about pseudo columns in hierarchical queries, see Pseudo columns in hierarchical queries.
START WITH start_expression: optional. Specifies the root row in the hierarchical query.CONNECT BY: specifies how to determine the parent-child relationship. Typically, an equality expression is used, but other expressions are also supported.NOCYCLE: if this keyword is specified, the query will still return results even if a cycle is detected. You can use theCONNECT_BY_ISCYCLEvirtual column to identify where the cycle occurs. Otherwise, an error will be returned to the client.PRIOR child_expr = parent_expr | parent_expr = PRIOR child_expr:PRIORis a unary operator that indicates that the column in the parameter comes from the parent row. It has the same precedence as the unary + and - operators.ORDER SIBLINGS BY: specifies the order of rows at the same level.
Notice
If the FOR UPDATE clause is included in the hierarchical query, the following scenarios are not supported:
- If the subquery uses the
DISTINCTkeyword or an aggregate function, it cannot be used withFOR UPDATE. - Any scenario involving common table expressions (CTEs) is not supported. In other words, a
SELECTquery with theWITH ... AS ...clause cannot be used withFOR UPDATE.
For more information about how to use hierarchical queries, see Hierarchical queries.
table_function
The LOCATION clause specifies the path where the external data files are stored. Typically, the data files of an external table are stored in a separate directory, which can contain subdirectories. When you create an external table, it automatically collects all files in this directory.
- For a local LOCATION, the format is
LOCATION = '[file://] local_file_path', wherelocal_file_pathcan be a relative or absolute path. If you specify a relative path, the current directory must be the installation directory of OceanBase Database. Thesecure_file_privparameter specifies the file paths that OBServer nodes have permission to access.local_file_pathmust be a subpath of thesecure_file_privpath. - For a remote LOCATION, the format is
LOCATION = '{oss\|s3}://$ACCESS_ID:$ACCESS_KEY@$HOST:s3_region/remote_file_path', where$ACCESS_ID,$ACCESS_KEY, and$HOSTare the access information required for accessing OSS, COS, and S3, respectively. s3_region specifies the region selected when using S3. These sensitive access information are stored in the system tables of the database in an encrypted manner.
- For a local LOCATION, the format is
The FORMAT clause specifies the file format related properties. It supports CSV, PARQUET, and ORC file formats.
- TYPE = 'CSV': specifies the following fields:
LINE_DELIMITER: specifies the line delimiter for CSV files. The default value isLINE_DELIMITER='\n'.FIELD_DELIMITER: optional. Specifies the column delimiter for CSV files. The default value isFIELD_DELIMITER='\t'.ESCAPE: specifies the escape character for CSV files. It must be a single byte. The default value isESCAPE ='\'.FIELD_OPTIONALLY_ENCLOSED_BY: optional. Specifies the symbol used to enclose field values in CSV files. The default value is an empty string. This option applies only to specific field types, such as CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT, and JSON.ENCODING: specifies the character set encoding format of the file. If not specified, the default value isUTF8MB4.NULL_IF: specifies the string that is treated asNULL. The default value is an empty string.SKIP_HEADER: skips the header row and specifies the number of rows to skip.SKIP_BLANK_LINES: specifies whether to skip blank lines. The default value isFALSE, indicating that blank lines are not skipped.TRIM_SPACE: specifies whether to remove leading and trailing spaces from fields in the file. The default value isFALSE, indicating that leading and trailing spaces are not removed.EMPTY_FIELD_AS_NULL: specifies whether to treat empty strings asNULL. The default value isFALSE, indicating that empty strings are not treated asNULL.PARSE_HEADER: specifies that the first row of the CSV file is used as the column names for each column.Notice
PARSE_HEADERcannot be used withSKIP_HEADERbecause they have conflicting semantics.
- TYPE = 'PARQUET/ORC': does not specify any additional fields.
- TYPE = 'CSV': specifies the following fields:
The
PATTERNclause specifies a regular expression pattern to filter files in theLOCATIONdirectory. For each file path in the LOCATION directory, if it matches the pattern, the external table will access the file; otherwise, it will skip the file. If this parameter is not specified, all files in theLOCATIONdirectory are accessible by default.
For ODPS format, data is not retrieved through files, and there is no meaningful URL path. Therefore, only the source form of the table_function is supported.
- TYPE = 'ODPS': specifies the following fields:
ACCESSID: specifies the ID of the ODPS user.ACCESSKEY: specifies the password of the ODPS user.ENDPOINT: specifies the connection address of the ODPS service.TUNNEL_ENDPOINT: specifies the connection address of the Tunnel data transmission service.PROJECT_NAME: specifies the project where the table to be queried is located.SCHEMA_NAME: optional. Specifies the schema of the table to be queried.TABLE_NAME: specifies the name of the table to be queried.QUOTA_NAME: optional. Specifies whether to use the specified quota.COMPRESSION_CODE: optional. Specifies the compression format of the data source. It supports ZLIB, ZSTD, LZ4, and ODPS_LZ4. If not specified, compression is not enabled.
location_url
The
FORMATclause specifies the file format related properties. It supports CSV, PARQUET, and ORC file formats. For CSV files, you need to configureparse_headerto specify whether to parse the header row, and useTYPEto specify the export file format. For ODPS data, you need to use thesourceclause.Here is an example:
SELECT * FROM FILES( location = '/data/', format (TYPE = 'csv', field_delimiter = ',', parse_header = true), pattern = 'datafiles$';
Examples
Read the
namedata from thetbl1table.obclient> CREATE TABLE tbl1 (id INT,name VARCHAR(10),num INT); Query OK, 0 rows affected obclient> INSERT INTO tbl1 VALUES (1, 'a',100),(2, 'b',200),(3, 'a',50); Query OK, 3 rows affected Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 obclient> SELECT * FROM tbl1; +------+------+------+ | ID | NAME | NUM | +------+------+------+ | 1 | a | 100 | | 2 | b | 200 | | 3 | a | 50 | +------+------+------+ 3 rows in set obclient> SELECT name FROM tbl1; +------+ | NAME | +------+ | a | | b | | a | +------+ 3 rows in setRead the
namedata from thetbl1table and perform deduplication.obclient> SELECT DISTINCT name FROM tbl1; +------+ | NAME | +------+ | a | | b | +------+ 2 rows in setQuery the
id,name, andnumcolumns from thetbl1table, and output thenumcolumn divided by 2 with the column nameavg.obclient> SELECT id, name, num/2 AS avg FROM tbl1; +------+------+------+ | ID | NAME | AVG | +------+------+------+ | 1 | a | 50 | | 2 | b | 100 | | 3 | a | 25 | +------+------+------+ 3 rows in setQuery the
id,name, andnumcolumns from thetbl1table based on the filter conditionname = 'a'.obclient> SELECT id, name, num FROM tbl1 WHERE name = 'a'; +------+------+------+ | ID | NAME | NUM | +------+------+------+ | 1 | a | 100 | | 3 | a | 50 | +------+------+------+ 2 rows in setQuery the
namecolumn from thetbl1table, group the results byname, and sum thenumcolumn. Output the rows where the sum ofnumis less than160.obclient> SELECT name,SUM(num) sum FROM tbl1 GROUP BY name HAVING SUM(num) < 160; +------+------+ | NAME | SUM | +------+------+ | a | 150 | +------+------+ 1 row in setQuery the
id,name, andnumcolumns from thetbl1table and output the results in ascending order based on thenumcolumn.obclient> SELECT * FROM tbl1 ORDER BY num ASC; +------+------+------+ | ID | NAME | NUM | +------+------+------+ | 3 | a | 50 | | 1 | a | 100 | | 2 | b | 200 | +------+------+------+ 3 rows in setQuery all columns from the
tbl1table and output the results in descending order based on thenamecolumn and ascending order based on thenumcolumn.obclient> SELECT * FROM tbl1 ORDER BY name DESC,num ASC; +------+------+------+ | ID | NAME | NUM | +------+------+------+ | 2 | b | 200 | | 3 | a | 50 | | 1 | a | 100 | +------+------+------+ 3 rows in setQuery the rows with a specified
idfrom thetbl1table and lock the query result rows using theFOR UPDATEclause./* In session 1, query the rows with id=1 from the tbl1 table and lock them. */ obclient> SELECT * FROM tbl1 WHERE id=1 FOR UPDATE; +------+------+------+ | ID | NAME | NUM | +------+------+------+ | 1 | a | 100 | +------+------+------+ 1 row in set /* In session 2, query the rows with id=1 or id=2 from the tbl1 table and lock them. */ obclient> SELECT * FROM tbl1 WHERE id=1 or id=2 FOR UPDATE; OBE-30006: resource busy; acquire with WAIT timeout expired obclient> SELECT * FROM tbl1 WHERE id=1 or id=2 FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED; +------+------+------+ | ID | NAME | NUM | +------+------+------+ | 2 | b | 200 | +------+------+------+ 1 row in setCreate the
group_tbl1table and insert data. Execute aGROUP BYquery statement with theCUBEoption.obclient> CREATE TABLE group_tbl1 (group_id INT,job VARCHAR2(10),name VARCHAR2(10),salary INT); Query OK, 0 rows affected obclient> INSERT INTO group_tbl1 VALUES(10,'Coding','Bruce',1000), (10,'Programmer','Clair',1000), (20,'Coding','Jason',2000), (20,'Programmer','Joey',2000), (30,'Coding','Rebecca',3000), (30,'Programmer','Rex',3000); Query OK, 6 rows affected Records: 6 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 obclient> SELECT * FROM group_tbl1; +----------+------------+---------+--------+ | GROUP_ID | JOB | NAME | SALARY | +----------+------------+---------+--------+ | 10 | Coding | Bruce | 1000 | | 10 | Programmer | Clair | 1000 | | 20 | Coding | Jason | 2000 | | 20 | Programmer | Joey | 2000 | | 30 | Coding | Rebecca | 3000 | | 30 | Programmer | Rex | 3000 | +----------+------------+---------+--------+ 6 rows in set obclient> SELECT group_id, salary, SUM(salary) FROM group_tbl1 GROUP BY CUBE (group_id, salary); +----------+--------+-------------+ | GROUP_ID | SALARY | SUM(SALARY) | +----------+--------+-------------+ | NULL | NULL | 12000 | | NULL | 1000 | 2000 | | NULL | 2000 | 4000 | | NULL | 3000 | 6000 | | 10 | NULL | 2000 | | 20 | NULL | 4000 | | 30 | NULL | 6000 | | 10 | 1000 | 2000 | | 20 | 2000 | 4000 | | 30 | 3000 | 6000 | +----------+--------+-------------+ 10 rows in setQuery the
tbl1table and group the results bynameandnum, then count the number of rows in each group.obclient> SELECT name, num, COUNT(*) from tbl1 GROUP BY GROUPING SETS(name, num); +------+------+----------+ | NAME | NUM | COUNT(*) | +------+------+----------+ | a | NULL | 2 | | b | NULL | 1 | | NULL | 100 | 1 | | NULL | 200 | 1 | | NULL | 50 | 1 | +------+------+----------+ 5 rows in setConvert the rows in the
emp_phonetable into columns and then convert the columns back into rows.obclient> CREATE TABLE emp(name VARCHAR2(50), num CHAR, phone VARCHAR2(50)); Query OK, 0 rows affected obclient> INSERT INTO emp VALUES('ZhangSan', '1', '1234-5678'),('ZhangSan', '2', '3219-6066'),('ZhangSan', '3', '5365-9583'); Query OK, 3 rows affected Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 obclient> SELECT * FROM emp; +----------+------+-----------+ | NAME | NUM | PHONE | +----------+------+-----------+ | ZhangSan | 1 | 1234-5678 | | ZhangSan | 2 | 3219-6066 | | ZhangSan | 3 | 5365-9583 | +----------+------+-----------+ 3 rows in set /* Convert the rows in the emp table into columns. */ obclient> SELECT * FROM emp PIVOT(MAX(phone) FOR num IN (1 AS home, 2 AS office, 3 AS mobile)); +----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | NAME | HOME | OFFICE | MOBILE | +----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | ZhangSan | 1234-5678 | 3219-6066 | 5365-9583 | +----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ 1 row in set /* Convert the columns in the emp table into rows. */ obclient> CREATE VIEW v_emp AS SELECT * FROM emp PIVOT(MAX(phone) FOR num IN (1 AS home, 2 AS office, 3 AS mobile)); Query OK, 0 rows affected obclient> SELECT * FROM v_emp UNPIVOT(phone FOR num IN (home AS 1, office AS 2, mobile AS 3)); +----------+-----+-----------+ | NAME | NUM | PHONE | +----------+-----+-----------+ | ZhangSan | 1 | 1234-5678 | | ZhangSan | 2 | 3219-6066 | | ZhangSan | 3 | 5365-9583 | +----------+-----+-----------+ 3 rows in setQuery data from a table in a remote database.
/* Access the OceanBase database in the remote database to query data. */ obclient> SELECT ID FROM tbl2@ob_dblink; +------+ | ID | +------+ | 1 | | 2 | | 3 | +------+ 3 rows in set obclient> SELECT * FROM tbl2@ob_dblink; +------+------+------+ | ID | NAME | NUM | +------+------+------+ | 1 | a | 100 | | 2 | b | 200 | | 3 | a | 50 | +------+------+------+ 3 rows in set /*Query data from a remote Oracle database.*/ obclient> SELECT ID FROM tbl2@ora_dblink; +------+ | ID | +------+ | 1 | | 2 | | 3 | +------+ 3 rows in set obclient> SELECT * FROM tbl2@ora_dblink; +------+------+------+ | ID | NAME | NUM | +------+------+------+ | 1 | a | 100 | | 2 | b | 200 | | 3 | a | 50 | +------+------+------+ 3 rows in set /*Query data from a local database and a remote database at the same time.*/ obclient> SELECT t4.col1,t5.col2 FROM tbl1 t4, tbl2@ob_dblink t5 WHERE t1.col3=t2.col3; /*Query data from different remote databases at the same time.*/ obclient> SELECT * FROM tbl2@ob_dblink t_remote1,tbl2@ora_dblink t_remote2 WHERE t_remote1.col1 = t_remote2.col1;Example of pagination query
Query the employee numbers of the three employees with the lowest salaries.
obclient> CREATE TABLE emp( empno NUMBER(4,0), empname VARCHAR(10), job VARCHAR(9), mgr NUMBER(4,0), hiredate DATE, sal NUMBER(7,2), comm NUMBER(7,2), deptno NUMBER(2,0), CONSTRAINT PK_emp PRIMARY KEY (empno) ); Query OK, 0 rows affected obclient> INSERT INTO emp VALUES (1839,'KING','PRESIDENT',null,'17-DEC-81',5000,null,10) ,(1698,'BLAKE','MANAGER',1839,'01-MAY-81',2850,null,30) ,(1782,'CLARK', 'MANAGER', 1839, '09-JUN-81', 2450, null, 10) ,(1566,'JONES','MANAGER',1839, '02-APR-81',2975,null,40) ,(1788,'SCOTT','ANALYST',1566, '15-JUL-87',3000,null,20) ,(1902,'FORD','ANALYST',1566, '05-OCT-81',3000,null,40) ,(1369,'SMITH','CLERK',1902, '17-NOV-80',800,null,20) ,(1499,'ALLEN','SALESMAN',1698, '20-FEB-81',1600,300,30); Query OK, 8 rows affected Records: 8 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 obclient> SELECT empno, empname FROM emp ORDER BY empno FETCH FIRST 3 ROWS ONLY; +-------+---------+ | EMPNO | EMPNAME | +-------+---------+ | 1369 | SMITH | | 1499 | ALLEN | | 1566 | JONES | +-------+---------+ 3 rows in setQuery the employee numbers of the three employees with the lowest salaries again.
obclient> SELECT empno, empname FROM emp ORDER BY empno FETCH NEXT 3 ROWS ONLY;Query the employees with the lowest salaries in the first 25% of the employees.
obclient> SELECT empno, empname sal FROM emp ORDER BY sal FETCH FIRST 25 PERCENT ROWS ONLY; +-------+-------+ | EMPNO | SAL | +-------+-------+ | 1499 | ALLEN | | 1698 | BLAKE | +-------+-------+ 2 rows in setQuery the employees with the lowest salaries in the first 25% of the employees, as well as all other employees with the same salary as the last employee in the previous query.
obclient> SELECT empno, empname sal FROM emp ORDER BY sal FETCH FIRST 25 PERCENT ROWS WITH TIES; +-------+-------+ | EMPNO | SAL | +-------+-------+ | 1499 | ALLEN | | 1698 | BLAKE | +-------+-------+ 2 rows in set
Query data from the
t1table and specify a table alias.obclient> CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT, c2 INT ); Query OK, 0 rows affected obclient> INSERT INTO t1 VALUES ('1','2'); Query OK, 1 row affected obclient> SELECT * FROM (t1) a; +------+------+ | C1 | C2 | +------+------+ | 1 | 2 | +------+------+ 1 row in setUse the
RANDOM()function to generate random numbers, and directly query theGENERATOR()function after theFROMclause.obclient> SELECT RANDOM(4) FROM GENERATOR(3); +---------------------+ | RANDOM(4) | +---------------------+ | 5267436225003336391 | | -851690886662571060 | | 1738617244330437274 | +---------------------+ 3 rows in setQuery the sequence value in a remote database.
1.Log in to the local OceanBase Database and create a database link to the Oracle tenant of the remote OceanBase Database.
obclient> CREATE DATABASE LINK seq_link CONNECT TO test@oracle IDENTIFIED BY test HOST '127.xxx.xxx.xxx:2828'; Query OK, 0 rows affected2.Create a sequence named
my_seqin the remote OceanBase Database.obclient> CREATE SEQUENCE my_seq START WITH 1 MINVALUE 1 MAXVALUE 10 INCREMENT BY 2 NOCYCLE NOORDER CACHE 30; Query OK, 0 rows affected3.Query the sequence value in the remote OceanBase Database.
obclient> SELECT my_seq.NEXTVAL@seq_link FROM DUAL; +---------+ | NEXTVAL | +---------+ | 1 | +---------+ 1 row in set obclient> SELECT my_seq.CURRVAL@seq_link FROM DUAL; +---------+ | CURRVAL | +---------+ | 1 | +---------+ 1 row in set obclient> SELECT my_seq.NEXTVAL@seq_link FROM DUAL; +---------+ | NEXTVAL | +---------+ | 3 | +---------+ 1 row in set