OceanBase Database

SQL - V4.4.2

What's New
What is OceanBase Database
- Overview
- Feature differences between the Enterprise Edition and Community Edition
- System architecture
- Compatibility with Oracle
  - Overview
  - SQL data types
  - Built-in functions
  - System views
- Compatibility with MySQL
- Limitations
Get Started
- Quick start with OceanBase Database Community Edition
- Learn OceanBase SQL
  - Before you begin
  - Basic SQL operations (MySQL-compatible mode)
  - Basic SQL operations (Oracle-compatible mode)
- Build a sample application (MySQL-compatible mode)
  - Build a Python application
  - Build a Java application
  - Build a C application
  - Build a Go application
- Build a sample application (Oracle-compatible mode)
  - Build a Java application
  - Build a C application
- Try out advanced features of OceanBase Database
  - Scalable OLTP
    - Run the TPC-C benchmark in OceanBase Database
    - Try out the hot row update capability of OceanBase Database
  - Try out operational OLAP
  - Try out parallel import and data compression
  - Try out the multi-tenant feature
Develop
- Develop applications (MySQL-compatible mode)
  - Connect to OceanBase Database
    - Overview
    - Connect to an OceanBase tenant by using the mysql client
    - Connect to an OceanBase tenant by using OBClient
    - Connect to OceanBase Database by using ODC
    - Connect to OceanBase Database by using DBeaver
    - Connect to OceanBase Database by using Navicat
    - Use database connection pool
      - Connection pool configuration
      - Tomcat
      - c3p0
      - Proxool
      - HikariCP
      - DBCP
      - Commons Pool
      - Druid
      - JDBC
  - Sample applications
    - Java
      - Spring Boot
      - Spring Batch
      - Spring JDBC
      - Spring Data JPA
      - Hibernate
      - MyBatis
      - Connector/J
      - TestContainers
    - Python
      - mysqlclient
      - PyMySQL
      - MySQL-connector-python
      - SQLAlchemy
      - Django
      - peewee
    - C
      - MySQL Connector/C
    - Go
      - Go-SQL-Driver/MySQL
      - GORM
    - PHP
      - EXT
      - MySQLi
      - PDO
    - Rust
      - Connect to OceanBase Database by using Rust
      - Connect to OceanBase Database by using SeaORM
    - Ruby
      - ActiveRecord
      - mysql2
      - Sequel
  - Plan database objects
    - Create a database
    - Create a table group
    - Create a table
    - Create an index
    - Create an external table
  - Write data
    - Insert data
    - Update data
    - Delete data
    - Replace data
    - Generate test data in batches
  - Read data
    - Single-table queries
    - Join tables
      - INNER JOIN queries
      - FULL JOIN queries
      - LEFT JOIN queries
      - RIGHT JOIN queries
      - Subqueries
      - Lateral derived table
    - Use operators and functions in queries
      - Use arithmetic operators in queries
      - Use numerical functions in queries
      - Use string concatenation operators in queries
      - Use string functions in queries
      - Use datetime functions in queries
      - Use type conversion functions in queries
      - Use aggregate functions in queries
      - Use NULL-related functions in queries
      - Use the CASE conditional operator in queries
      - Lock query results with SELECT FOR UPDATE
      - Use the SELECT ... LOCK IN SHARE MODE statement to lock query results
      - Use regular expressions in queries
    - Use a DBLink in queries
    - Set operations
  - Transactions
    - Transaction management overview
    - Start a transaction
    - Savepoints
      - Mark a savepoint
      - Roll back a transaction to a savepoint
      - Release a savepoint
    - Commit a transaction
    - Roll back a transaction
  - Application errors
    - Troubleshooting guidelines
      - Error code introduction
      - Error handling specifications for MySQL-compatible applications
    - Common errors and troubleshooting practices
      - Disconnected from the server, with ERROR 2013 reported
      - Idle transaction timed out, with ERROR 6002 reported
      - Transaction timed out, with ERROR 4012 reported
      - User locked, with ERROR 3118 reported
      - Incorrect user password, with ERROR 1045 reported
      - Table already exists, with ERROR 1050 reported
      - Table does not exist, with ERROR 1146 reported
      - Duplicate data inserted, with ERROR 1062 reported
      - ERROR 1215 reported in foreign key addition
      - Data truncated while being inserted, with ERROR 1265 reported
- Develop applications (Oracle-compatible mode)
  - Connect to OceanBase Database
    - Overview of connection methods
    - Connect to an OceanBase tenant by using OBClient
    - Connect to OceanBase Database by using ODC
    - Connect to OceanBase Database using DBeaver (Oracle-compatible mode)
    - Connect to OceanBase Database by using Navicat (Oracle-compatible mode)
    - Use database connection pool
      - Database Connection Pool Configuration
      - Tomcat
      - c3p0
      - Proxool
      - HikariCP
      - DBCP
      - Commons Pool
      - Druid
  - Sample applications
    - Java
      - OceanBase Connector/J
      - Spring Boot
      - Spring Batch
      - Spring Data JDBC
      - Spring Data JPA
      - Hibernate
      - MyBatis
      - JFinal
    - Python
      - Python Driver Oracle Mode
    - C/C++
      - OceanBase Connector/C
      - OceanBase Connector/ODBC
      - SqlSugar
  - Plan database objects
    - Create a table group
    - Create a table
    - Create an index
    - Create an external table
  - Write data
    - Insert data
    - Update data
    - Delete data
    - Replace data
    - Generate test data in batches
  - Read data
    - Single-table queries
    - Join tables
      - INNER JOIN queries
      - FULL JOIN queries
      - LEFT JOIN queries
      - RIGHT JOIN queries
      - Subqueries
      - Lateral derived tables
    - Use operators and functions in queries
      - Use arithmetic operators in queries
      - Use numerical functions in queries
      - Use string concatenation operators in queries
      - Use string functions in queries
      - Use datetime functions in queries
      - Use type conversion functions in queries
      - Use aggregate functions in queries
      - Use NULL-related functions in queries
      - Use CASE functions in queries
      - Use the SELECT...FOR UPDATE statement to lock query results
    - Use a DBLink in queries
    - Set operations
  - Transactions
    - Transaction management overview
    - Start a transaction
    - Savepoints
      - Mark a savepoint
      - Roll back a transaction to a savepoint
    - Commit a transaction
    - Roll back a transaction
  - Application errors
    - Troubleshooting guidelines
      - About error codes
      - Error handling specifications for Oracle-compatible applications
Deploy
- Deployment overview
- HA deployment solutions for OceanBase clusters
- Deploy OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition
  - Deployment process
  - Before deployment
    - Prepare servers
    - Configure servers
    - Prepare installation packages
    - Deploy OAT
  - Deploy through GUI
    - Configure deployment environment using OAT
      - Add a server
    - Deploy OCP
      - OCP deployment instructions
      - Upload installation packages
      - Create MetaDB
      - Deploy OCP
    - Deploy OceanBase clusters using OCP
      - Deploy a two-replica OceanBase cluster with the arbitration service by using OCP
      - Deploy a single-replica OceanBase cluster by using OCP
      - Deploy a three-replica OceanBase cluster by using OCP
    - (Optional) Deploy ODP
  - Deploy through CLI
    - Configure deployment environment
      - Initialize OBServer nodes by using oatcli
      - (Optional) Configure the clock source
    - Deploy OceanBase clusters using CLI
      - Deploy a two-replica OceanBase cluster with the arbitration service by using the CLI
      - Deploy a single-replica OceanBase cluster by using the CLI
      - Deploy a three-replica OceanBase cluster by using the CLI
    - (Optional) Deploy ODP
  - Deploy the OceanBase Database Java SDK environment
- Deploy OceanBase Database Community Edition
  - Deployment overview of OceanBase Database Community Edition
  - Deploy locally
    - Hardware and software requirements
    - Before deployment
      - (Optional) Create a user
      - (Optional) Set password-free SSH login
      - (Optional) Configure the clock source
      - (Optional) Perform disk planning
      - (Optional) Configure limits.conf
      - (Optional) Configure sysctl.conf
      - (Optional) Disable the firewall and SELinux
    - Deploy through GUI
      - Deploy an OceanBase cluster through the GUI of obd
      - Deploy an OceanBase cluster through the GUI of OCP
    - Deploy OceanBase Database in a production environment by using the CLI
    - Deploy OceanBase Database by using systemd
    - Deploy OceanBase Database in a container environment
  - Deploy an OceanBase cluster in a Kubernetes environment
  - Deploy OceanBase Desktop
- Clean up an OceanBase cluster
- Recommended configurations
Migrate
- Data migration Overview
- Migrate from MySQL databases to OceanBase Database
  - Use OMS to migrate data from a MySQL database to a MySQL-compatible tenant of OceanBase Database
  - Use mydumper and myloader to migrate data from a MySQL database to OceanBase Database
  - Use DBCAT to migrate schemas from a MySQL database to OceanBase Database
  - Use DataX to migrate table data from a MySQL database to OceanBase Database
  - Use CloudCanal to migrate data from a MySQL database to OceanBase Database
  - Use Canal to synchronize data from a MySQL database to OceanBase Database
  - Use Flink CDC to synchronize data from a MySQL database to OceanBase Database
  - Use ChunJun to migrate data from a MySQL database to OceanBase Database
- Migrate from OceanBase Database to MySQL databases
  - Use OMS to migrate data from a MySQL-compatible tenant of OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
  - Use OMS to migrate incremental data from an Oracle-compatible tenant of OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
  - Use DBCAT to migrate schemas from OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
  - Use DataX to migrate table data from OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
  - Use Canal to synchronize data from OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
  - Use CloudCanal to migrate data from OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
  - Use Flink CDC to migrate data from OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
  - Use ChunJun to migrate data from OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
- Migrate from Oracle databases to OceanBase Database
  - Use OMS to migrate data from an Oracle database to a MySQL-compatible tenant of OceanBase Database
  - Use OMS to migrate data from an Oracle database to an Oracle-compatible tenant of OceanBase Database
  - Use DBCAT to migrate schemas from an Oracle database to OceanBase Database
  - Use DataX to migrate table data from an Oracle database to OceanBase Database
- Migrate from OceanBase Database to Oracle databases
  - Use OMS to migrate data from an Oracle-compatible tenant of OceanBase Database to an Oracle database
  - Use DBCAT to migrate schemas from OceanBase Database to an Oracle database
  - Use DataX to migrate table data from OceanBase Database to an Oracle database
- Migrate from DB2 databases to OceanBase Database
  - Use OMS to migrate data from a DB2 LUW database to a MySQL-compatible tenant of OceanBase Database
  - Use OMS to migrate data from a DB2 LUW database to an Oracle-compatible tenant of OceanBase Database
  - Use DBCAT to migrate table schemas from a DB2 LUW database to OceanBase Database
- Migrate from OceanBase Database to DB2 databases
  - Use OMS to migrate data from a MySQL-compatible tenant of OceanBase Database to a DB2 LUW database
  - Use OMS to migrate data from an Oracle-compatible tenant of OceanBase Database to a DB2 LUW database
- Migrate from TiDB databases to OceanBase Database
  - Use OMS to migrate data from a TiDB database to a MySQL-compatible tenant of OceanBase Database
- Migrate from PostgreSQL databases to OceanBase Database
  - Use OMS to migrate data from a PostgreSQL database to a MySQL-compatible tenant of OceanBase Database
- Migrate from CSV files to OceanBase Database
  - Use DataX to migrate CSV files to OceanBase Database
  - Import data by using the LOAD DATA statement
- Import data from SQL files to OceanBase Database
- Migrate data between OceanBase Database
  - Use OMS to migrate data from an OceanBase tenant to another of the same type
  - Use OMS to create an active-active disaster recovery project for OceanBase Database tenants of the same type
  - Use obloader & obdumper to migrate data between MySQL-compatible tenants in OceanBase Database
  - Use obloader & obdumper to migrate data from a MySQL-compatible tenant to an Oracle-compatible tenant in OceanBase Database
  - Use obloader & obdumper to migrate data between Oracle-compatible tenants in OceanBase Database
  - Use obloader & obdumper to migrate data from an Oracle-compatible tenant to a MySQL-compatible tenant in OceanBase Database
- Migrate data using SQL statements
  - Migrate data between tables
  - Migrate resource units
  - Export data using the OUTFILE statement
- Overview of direct load
Manage
- Log in to an OceanBase tenant
- Manage clusters
  - Cluster introduction
  - Cluster parameters
  - Common cluster operations
    - View a zone
    - View a node
    - Restart a node
    - Add a node
    - Delete a node
    - Isolate a node
    - Replace a node
    - Start a zone
    - Add a zone
    - Delete a zone
    - Modify a zone
    - Isolate a zone
    - View cluster parameters
    - Modify cluster parameters
    - Reset cluster parameters
    - Upgrade a cluster
      - OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition
        Upgrade overview
        Upgrade an arbitration service
        Upgrade an OceanBase cluster
        Check upgrade results
      - OceanBase Database Community Edition
        Upgrade OceanBase Database by using obd
  - Troubleshoot common problems
    - Failures of a minority of nodes
    - Failures of the majority of nodes
- Manage tenants
  - Tenant introduction
  - Tenant capacity
  - Tenant types
  - User tenant introduction
  - Tenant system variables
  - Common tenant operations
    - Create a tenant
    - Resource isolation
      - Resource isolation overview
      - Manage resource isolation (Oracle-compatible mode)
        Configure cgroups
        Configure global CPU resource isolation for frontend and backend tasks
        Calibrate the disk performance
        Configure resource isolation within a tenant
        Update a plan directive
        Delete a plan directive
        Delete a resource management plan
        Delete a resource group
        Clear cgroup configurations
      - Manage resource isolation (MySQL-compatible mode)
        Configure cgroups
        Configure global CPU resource isolation for foreground and background tasks
        Calibrate the disk performance
        Configure resource isolation within a tenant
        Update resource management plan directive
        Delete a plan directive
        Delete a resource management plan
        Delete a resource group
        Clear cgroup configurations
      - Example configuration for resource isolation of background tasks
    - View tenant and resource information
    - View and set the tenant allowlist
    - View system variables of a tenant
    - Modify system variables of a tenant
    - Scale in/out
      - Introduction to scaling in and out
      - Resource planning for tenant scale-in and scale-out
      - Tenant pre-scaling
      - Modify the unit config for a tenant
      - Adjust the unit number for tenant scaling in and out
      - Modify the number of primary zones for a tenant
      - Example of smooth scaling in and out
    - Modify attributes of a resource pool
    - Modify attributes of a tenant
    - Lock and unlock a tenant
    - Clone a tenant
    - Cancel tenant cloning
    - Drop a tenant
    - Restore a tenant
    - Rename a tenant
    - Manage resource pools
      - View resource pools
      - Allocate a resource pool to a tenant
      - Remove a resource pool from a tenant
      - Merge and split resource pools
      - Drop a resource pool
    - Manage unit configs
      - Query resource specifications (unit configs)
      - Modify resource specification (unit config)
      - Delete resource specification (unit config)
    - Manage services
      - Create a service
      - Query the service status
      - Start a service
      - Stop a service
      - Delete a service
- Manage log streams
  - Create a log stream
  - Modify a log stream
- Manage replicas
  - Replica introduction
  - Use columnstore replicas
  - Replica distribution
    - Locality overview
    - Common locality operations
      - View locality
      - Modify locality
      - Add replicas
      - Reduce replicas
      - Change the replica type
      - Adjust replica distribution
      - View the locality change history
      - Migrate replicas
      - Modify the number of Paxos replicas of a log stream
      - Cancel a replica task
  - Traffic distribution
  - Data distribution
- Data load balancing
  - Overview of data load balancing
  - Transfer partitions
  - Cancel a "Transfer Partition" task
  - Cancel a load balancing job
  - Pause and resume a load balancing job
  - Table group weight management
    - Aggregation of user tables in a database
    - Set table group weights
    - Clear table group weights
    - Application scenarios of table group weight balancing
  - Partition weight management
    - Set partition weights
    - Clear partition weights
  - Partition balancing
    - Configure a scheduled partition balance task
    - Manually trigger partition balancing
    - View the configuration of the scheduled partition balancing task
    - View the trigger history of the scheduled partition balancing task
    - View the partition balancing tasks in the background
    - View the history of partition balancing tasks in the background
  - Isolating GTS for high availability: a practical example
- High availability
  - High availability overview
  - Multi-replica disaster recovery
    - Data link introduction
    - Proxy layer high availability
    - Database-level high availability
    - Disaster recovery architecture and levels
  - Physical standby database disaster recovery
    - Physical standby database overview
    - Limitations
    - Create a standby tenant
      - Preparations before creating standby tenants
      - Create an empty standby tenant
      - Create a standby tenant by using the backup and restore (with complete logs) feature
      - Create a standby tenant by using the BACKUP DATABASE PLUS ARCHIVELOG feature
    - Log transmission service
      - Log transmission service overview
      - Configure log transmission service
        Set a log restore source
        Specify a log restore endpoint
      - View log restore source information
      - View the log synchronization progress
      - Pause or resume log synchronization
      - Optimize the log synchronization performance
      - Set the log synchronization bandwidth limit
      - Set log synchronization compression
    - Log storage service
    - Switch roles
      - Overview of tenant roles
      - Switchover
      - Failover
    - Delete a primary or standby tenant
  - Arbitration high availability
    - Arbitration service overview
    - Enable the arbitration service for a tenant
    - Disable the arbitration service for a tenant
    - Modify the log stream downgrade control time
    - Query log stream upgrade and downgrade information
    - Replace the arbitration service for a cluster
    - Remove the arbitration service for a cluster
    - Clear residual cluster information
  - Manage recycle bin
    - Recycle bin overview
    - Enable or disable the recycle bin
    - View objects in the recycle bin
    - Restore objects from the recycle bin
    - Purge the recycle bin
  - Flashback queries
- Security and permissions
  - Overview of security and privileges
  - Identification and authentication
    - MySQL-compatible mode
      - Identity authentication
      - Password complexity
      - Login failure processing
    - Oracle-compatible mode
      - Identity authentication
      - Password complexity
      - Login failure processing
  - Access control
    - Access control overview
    - Users and permissions
      - Overview of users and privileges
      - MySQL-compatible mode
        Privilege types in MySQL-compatible mode
        Create a user
        Grant direct privileges
        Privilege delegation
        Role management
        Overview
        Create a role
        Grant privileges to a role
        Grant a role to a user or another role
        Activate a role
        View roles
        Revoke privileges from a role
        Revoke a role from a user or another role
        Drop a role
        Grant indirect privileges
        View user privileges
        Revoke privileges
        Lock or unlock a user
        Drop a user
      - Oracle-compatible mode
        Privilege types in Oracle-compatible mode
        Create a user
        View the information of a user
        Grant direct privileges
        Privilege delegation
        Manage roles
        Overview of role management
        Create a role
        Grant a role to another role
        Grant a role to a user
        Activate or deactivate roles for a user
        View roles
        Modify a role
        Revoke a role
        Drop a role
        Grant indirect privileges
        View user privileges
        Revoke privileges
        Use a proxy user
        Lock or unlock a user
        Drop a user
    - Network security access control
    - RPC connection authentication
    - Row-level access control
  - Data encryption
    - Data encryption overview
    - Data transfer encryption
      - Data transmission encryption overview
      - OBServer transmission encryption
      - ODP transmission encryption
    - Tenant master key management
      - Overview of tenant master keys
      - Generate a tenant master key (MySQL-compatible mode)
      - Generate a tenant master key (Oracle-compatible mode)
    - Transparent data encryption
      - Database transparent encryption overview
      - Transparent data encryption (MySQL-compatible mode)
        Enable TDE for new tables
        Enable TDE for existing tables
        Decrypt a table
      - Transparent data encryption (Oracle-compatible mode)
        Enable TDE for new tables
        Enable TDE for existing tables
        Decrypt a table
    - Column encryption
      - Overview of column encryption
      - Column encryption (MySQL-compatible mode)
        Create a column encryption rule
        Column encryption privilege management
      - Column encryption (Oracle-compatible mode)
        Create a column encryption rule
        Column encryption privilege management
      - Frequently asked questions about column encryption
  - Security audit
    - Security audit overview
    - MySQL-compatible mode
      - Enable security auditing
      - Set auditing rules
      - View auditing records
      - Disable security auditing
    - Oracle-compatible mode
      - Enable security auditing
      - Set and view auditing rules
      - View auditing records
      - Audit user logins
      - Audit user operations
      - Audit specified database objects
- Backup and restore
  - Overview of physical backup and restore
  - Experience physical backup and restore with simplified deployment
  - Deploy NFS
  - Log archive
    - Overview of log archiving
    - Prepare for log archiving
    - Enable ARCHIVELOG
    - Suspend archiving
    - Disable ARCHIVELOG
    - View information about pieces
    - View the archiving progress
    - View the archiving history
    - View archiving parameter settings
    - Change the archive destination
    - Clear the archive path configuration
    - Views related to log archiving
  - Data backup
    - Overview
    - Prepare for backup
    - Initiate a full data backup job
    - Initiate an incremental data backup job
    - Back up parameters
    - Stop a backup job
    - View the data backup progress
    - View the data backup history
    - View parameters related to data backup
    - Modify the source-side backup path configuration
    - Change the backup destination
    - Views related to data backup
  - Update `access_id` and `access_key` information for the backup or archive path
  - Clear backup data
    - Automatically clear backup data
      - Automatically clean up expired backups
      - Delete a cleanup policy
    - Manually clear backup data
      - Manually trigger the cleanup of expired backups
      - Manually clean up specified backup or archive data
      - Manually clear the backup path or archive path
    - Cancel a cleanup task
    - Query the backup cleanup progress
    - View the results of backup cleanup
    - Backup cleanup parameter
    - Views related to backup cleanup
  - Restore data
    - Preparations
    - Perform physical restore
    - Perform restore from the specified paths
    - Cancel physical restore
    - View the physical restore progress
    - View physical restore results
    - Replay logs to a standby tenant
    - Convert a standby tenant into primary tenant
    - Upgrade a tenant after restore
    - Parameters related to physical restore
    - Views related to physical restore
  - Restore by table
    - Overview of table-level restore
    - Preparations before table-level restore
    - Perform table-level restore
    - Schema Recovery after Table-Level Recovery
    - Cancel table-level restore
    - Check the progress of table-level restore
    - Check the results of table-level restore
    - Parameters related to table-level restore
    - Views related to table-level restore
  - Backup and restore performance tuning
  - Example of configuring the source backup and archive paths
  - Appendix: S3 path format
- Monitor
  - Monitoring overview
  - Metrics
    - System monitoring
      - System monitoring metrics overview
      - SYSSTAT metrics
      - Wait events
      - Latch events
    - SQL monitoring
      - SQL monitoring overview
      - SQL audit
      - Execution plans
  - Cases
- Logs
  - Overview
  - Log levels
  - Log interpretation
  - Log stability
  - Log control
  - Log compression and decompression
  - Log metrics
  - Alert logs
  - View logs
    - Search for the logs of a specific SQL request
    - Query the log of a previous SQL request by using the SQL Trace feature
- Routine inspection
  - Routine inspection overview
  - Check cluster parameters
  - Check host information
  - Check tenant resource usage
  - Check cluster resource usage
  - Check OBServer status
  - Check the NTP offset
  - Deadlock detection
  - End-to-end tracing
    - End-to-end tracing overview
    - End-to-end tracing process
    - End-to-end tracing methods
    - Show end-to-end tracing information
    - Quick start: End-to-end diagnosis with obdiag
- Performance tuning
  - Performance tuning overview
  - Identify bottlenecks on the data link
  - Identify bottlenecks within components
    - ODP performance bottlenecks
    - ODP performance analysis
    - OBServer performance bottlenecks
      - OBServer performance issues overview
      - Non-optimal plan
        Non-optimal plan
        Buffer tables
        Plan optimality for account size skew
      - Hard parsing issues
      - Capacity issues
      - Internal wait events
  - SQL tuning
    - SQL tuning system
    - Execution plan optimization
      - Statistical information and row estimation
        Overview of statistics and row estimation mechanism
        Statistical information
        Overview
        Collect statistical information
        Overview
        Manually collect statistics
        Automatic statistics collection
        Query statistics
        Manage statistical information
        Overview
        Delete and set statistics
        Import and export statistics
        Lock statistics
        Query historical versions of statistics and roll back to a specified version
        Configure statistics collection strategies
        Row estimation
        Overview
        Row estimation based on selectivity
        Row estimation based on the storage layer
        Use statistical information and row estimation
      - Plan management
        Plan cache overview
        Disadvantages of the plan cache and countermeasures
        Views related to the plan cache
      - Index selection
        Index selection overview
        Reduce row reads
        Avoid table access by index primary key
        Avoid sorting
      - Join
        Joins
        Join algorithm
        Nested loop joins
        Hash Join
        Merge join
        Common business issues
        Join types
        Join order
      - Order and limit optimization
        Overview of order by and limit optimization
        SORT assignment and optimization
        Optimization in ORDER BY + LIMIT scenarios
    - Business logic optimization
      - SQL specifications
      - Schema specifications
    - Locate and analyze slow queries I
    - Locate and analyze slow queries II
    - Typical SQL tuning scenarios and cases
- Troubleshooting
  - Error handling fundamentals
  - Bootstrap
  - Storage
    - Dump and major compaction
    - Memory-related issues
    - Migration, replication, and rebuild
  - Election
    - Election
    - Leader switchover exceptions
    - No leader
  - Transaction
    - Transaction issues
    - Transaction rollbacks
    - Long transaction
    - Hung transaction
    - Idle transaction
  - Log synchronization-related errors
  - Physical standby database
    - Log synchronization stuck for the physical standby database
    - Switchover and failover issues
    - Other issues
  - Backup and restore
    - Data backup failures
    - Physical restore failures
  - Arbitration server process startup failures
  - FAQ about manual operations on log streams
  - Materialized view exception diagnosis
  - Troubleshoot SQL execution errors
  - Application exceptions -- error messages without OceanBase error codes
  - Application exceptions -- error messages with OceanBase error codes
  - Troubleshoot application disconnection issues
  - External table common issue troubleshooting guide
  - Troubleshooting with ASH
    - General approach to troubleshooting using ASH
    - Troubleshoot CPU resource imbalance
    - Troubleshoot I/O bottlenecks
  - Frequently used SQL for troubleshooting
    - Query tenant_id and table_id
    - Information about the table
    - Query the primary table of an index
    - Query table fragmentation
    - View indexes with abnormal status
    - Query deadlocks
    - Query the partition name
    - Query the number of temporary tables
    - Query row locks
- Emergency response
  - Emergency response overview
  - Analysis, diagnosis, and decision-making procedure
  - Common emergency problem handling
    - Hardware issues
      - Node failure
      - Network jitter
      - ODP failure
      - Other hardware and network issues
    - Capacity issues
      - SQL query exceptions
      - Node disk I/O high
      - Node network card overload
      - Tenant memory full
      - obproxy thread exhaustion
      - Node clog disk full
      - Node data disk full
      - Tenant request queue backlog
    - Other cluster issues
      - sys tenant or RootService exceptions
      - Insufficiency or leakage of system memory
OceanBase AP
- AP feature version history
- Overview of OceanBase AP
- Core features
- Quick start with OceanBase Database AP
- Deployment
  - Overview of OceanBase Database AP deployment
  - Parameter configuration recommendations for AP scenarios
- Data table design
  - Table overview
  - Data distribution
    - Dynamic partitioning
  - Data design best practices
    - Best practices for optimizing storage structure and query performance
    - Best practices for creating special indexes
    - Best practices for partitioning tables in OceanBase Database for OLAP scenarios
- Data migration
  - Data migration overview
  - Migrate data from a heterogeneous data source to OceanBase Database
  - Homogeneous data migration
  - Migrate data from the big data ecosystem
  - Migrate data from a mainstream AP database to OceanBase Database
- Data collection
  - Overview
  - Data subscription
  - Import data
    - Overview
    - Direct load
      - Overview of direct load
      - Full direct load
      - Incremental direct load
      - Import data in direct load mode by using obloader
      - Efficient data loading with full direct load and partition exchange
    - Import data to an external table
    - Data import strategies and best practices
- Data processing
  - Data processing in OceanBase Database
  - Data processing tools
  - Materialized views
- Data lake
  - Data catalog
    - Overview of data catalogs
    - Internal catalog
    - ODPS catalog
    - HMS Catalog
  - External table
    - External table overview
    - File external tables
    - MaxCompute external tables
  - URL external tables of OceanBase Database
- Query acceleration
  - Statistics
  - Select a query parallelism level
- Export data
- Data visualization
- Performance diagnosis and tuning
  - Use the DBMS_XPLAN package for performance diagnostics
  - Use the GV$SQL_PLAN_MONITOR view for performance analysis
  - Views related to AP performance analysis
- Ecosystem integration
- Tutorials
  - AP tutorial
  - Accelerate offline queries in OceanBase by using the HMS catalog
  - Query and read/write MaxCompute (ODPS) data in OceanBase Database
- AP FAQ
OceanBase AI
- Overview
  - Overview of vector search
  - Core features of vector search
  - AI application workflow using OceanBase vector search
- Quick start
  - Quick start: vector search with SQL
  - Quick start: vector search with Python
- Vector embedding technology
- Store vector data
- Vector index
  - Overview
  - Vector index memory management
  - Dense vector index
    - Overview
    - Index type selection
    - HNSW series index
    - IVF series index
  - Monitor and maintain indexes
  - Optimize the performance of vector search
- SQL functions
- Vector similarity search
- Hybrid search
  - Full-text and vector hybrid search
- AI function service
  - AI function service quick start
  - AI function service permissions
  - AI model registration
  - AI function syntax and examples
- Migrate to OceanBase Database from a vector database
- Tutorials
  - Vector search tutorial overview
  - Build an intelligent Q&A chatbot with OceanBase
  - Build an image search application with OceanBase Database
  - Build a cultural tourism assistant with OceanBase multi-model integration
- AI integrations
  - Overview of AI integration
  - OpenAI
  - Qwen
  - LangChain
  - LlamaIndex
  - Dify
  - n8n
  - Trae
  - Spring AI
  - Cline
  - Cursor
  - Continue
- VectorDBBench benchmark testing
- References
  - Overview of vector data types
  - Compatibility
  - Supported clients and languages
    - Supported clients and languages for vector search
    - pyobvector Python SDK interface
    - Java SDK interface
- Vector search FAQ
Integrations
- Integration overview
- ORM frameworks
  - Java
    - Spring Boot
    - SpringBatch
    - Spring JDBC
    - SpringDataJPA
    - Hibernate
    - MyBatis
  - Python
    - SQLAlchemy
    - peewee
    - Tortoise ORM
  - Go
    - GORM
    - beego ORM
  - Rust
    - SeaORM
    - Diesel
  - Ruby
    - Active Record
    - Sequel
    - Ruby on Rails
  - Node.js
    - Sequelize
    - TypeORM
    - Prisma
    - Drizzle
  - C#
    - Dapper
    - SqlSugar
    - FreeSQL
  - PHP
    - Yii 2.0 ORM
    - Laravel Eloquent ORM
- Database version management
  - Liquibase
  - Flyway
- Data integration
  - Apache Flink
    - Apache Flink
    - Flink DirectLoad
    - Flink Connector OceanBase
  - dbt
  - SeaTunnel
  - Maxwell
  - Debezium
  - Spark Catalog
  - NiFi
- SQL development
  - DBeaver
  - Navicat
  - DataGrip
  - TablePlus
  - DMS
- Orchestration and scheduling
  - DolphinScheduler
  - Linkis
- Visualization tools
  - Superset
  - Power BI
  - Quick BI
  - Tableau
  - GuanData
  - vividime
- Database management
  - NineData
  - Bytebase
- AI
  - OpenAI
  - Qwen
  - LangChain
  - LlamaIndex
  - Dify
  - n8n
  - Trae
  - SpringAI
  - Cline
  - Cursor
  - Continue
  - MCP Toolbox
  - CamelAI
  - Firecrawl
  - Hugging Face
  - Ollama
  - Google Gemini
  - Cloudflare Workers AI
  - Jina AI
  - Augment Code
  - Claude Code
  - Kiro
Tutorials
- Build an image search application with OceanBase Database
- Build an intelligent Q&A assistant with OceanBase Database
- Build a cultural tourism assistant with OceanBase multi-model integration
- Build an offline data warehouse and visual dashboard with OceanBase
- Analyze data in OceanBase Database using Superset
- Build a WordPress website with OceanBase Database
- Efficiently retrieve large volumes of news data using full-text indexing
- Use Spark to process and analyze large volumes of data in OceanBase Database quickly
- Use direct load to accelerate the import of massive data
- OceanBase MCP Server
Reference
- OceanBase concepts
  - OceanBase Database architecture
  - Development of OceanBase Database
  - Multi-tenant architecture
    - Multi-tenant architecture overview
    - Compatibility modes
    - Tenant introduction
    - Tenants and resource management
      - Tenant resource management
      - Multi-tenant resource isolation
      - Resource unit balancing
  - Database objects
    - Oracle-compatible mode
      - Introduction
        Database objects overview
        Database object types
        Database object storage
        Dependencies between database objects
      - Tables
        Table overview
        Data type
        Data type overview
        Character data types
        Numeric data types
        Datetime data types
        ROWID data types
        LOB data types
        Format model
        Format model overview
        Number format models
        Datetime format models
        Multi-model data types
        Integrity constraints
        Table storage
        Table compression
        Partitioned table
        Replicated table
        Tables with and without a primary key
        Temporary table
        Table group overview
      - Indexes
        Overview of indexes
        Local and global indexes
        Unique and non-unique indexes
        Use indexes
        Index storage
      - Partitions
        Partition overview
        Partitioning keys
        Partitioning types
        Partitioned indexes
        External table partitions
      - Views
        Views in a database
        Standard views
        Standard views
        View overview
        OceanBase-specific views
        Oracle-compatible views
        View operations and data access
        Materialized views
      - Other objects
        Sequences
        Synonyms
      - System views
        Dictionary views
        Performance views
      - Data integrity
        Data integrity overview
        Integrity constraint type
        Integrity constraint types overview
        NOT NULL constraints
        UNIQUE KEY constraints
        PRIMARY KEY constraints
        FOREIGN KEY constraints
        CHECK constraints
        Use of integrity constraints
    - MySQL-compatible mode
      - Introduction
        Database objects overview
        Database object types
        Database object storage
        Dependencies between database objects
      - Tables
        Table overview
        Data type
        Overview
        Numeric data types
        Datetime data types
        Character data types
        LOB data types
        Multi-model data types
        Spatial data types
        JSON data types
        Integrity constraints
        Table storage
        Table compression
        Partitioned table
        Replicated table
        Tables with and without a primary key
        Table groups
      - Indexes
        Overview of indexes
        Local and global indexes
        Unique and non-unique indexes
        Spatial indexes
        Full-text index
        Use indexes
        Index storage
      - Partitions
        Partition overview
        Partitioning keys
        Partitioning types
        Partitioned indexes
        External table partitions
      - Views
        Views in a database
        Standard views
        Overview
        Overview
        OceanBase-specific views
        MySQL-compatible views
        Oracle-compatible views in MySQL-compatible tenants
        Oracle-compatible views in the sys tenant
        View operations and data access
        Materialized views
      - System views
        Dictionary views
        Performance views
      - Data integrity
        Overview
        Integrity constraint type
        Overview
        NOT NULL constraints
        UNIQUE KEY constraints
        PRIMARY KEY constraints
        Foreign key constraints
        Use of integrity constraints
  - Distributed database objects
    - Distributed database objects overview
    - Cluster architecture
    - Data partitions and replicas
      - Log stream and replica overview
      - Log streams
      - Partition replica type
        Log stream replica overview
        Full-featured replica
        Read-only replicas
        Columnstore replica
      - Multi-replica consensus protocols
      - Data balancing
        Intra-tenant balancing
        Views and parameters related to data balancing
    - Dynamic scaling
      - Tenant resource scaling
        Overview of resource scaling within a tenant
        Horizontal scaling of tenant resources
        Vertical scaling of tenant resources
        Cross-zone management of tenant resources
  - Data link
    - Data link overview
    - Database proxy
      - Proxy overview
      - SQL routing
      - Connection management
      - ODP configuration management
      - Logs and monitoring
    - Database connector
      - Database driver overview
      - OBCI
      - OceanBase Connector/J
      - OceanBase Connector/C
    - Cross-data source access through DBLink
      - DBLink in MySQL-compatible mode
      - DBLink in Oracle-compatible mode
  - User interface and query language
    - SQL
      - Introduction
        SQL overview
        SQL data access
        SQL standards
      - SQL statements
        SQL statement overview
        DDL
        Monitor DDL execution progress
        DML
        DCL
      - SQL request execution process
      - SQL execution plan
      - Distributed execution plan
        Distributed execution and parallel query
        Generate distributed plans
        Enable and disable parallel query
        Manage distributed execution plans
        Perform parameter tuning for PX
    - PL
      - PL concepts
        Oracle-compatible mode
        Subprograms
        Stored procedures
        Functions
        Triggers
        Packages
        MySQL-compatible mode
        Subprograms
        Stored procedures
        Functions
        Triggers
      - PL execution mechanism
    - Client programming languages
  - Transaction management
    - Transaction
      - Overview
      - Transaction structure
      - Statement-level atomicity
      - Global Timestamp Service (GTS)
      - Transaction control
        Transaction control overview
        Active transactions
        Savepoint
        Transaction control statements
        MySQL transaction control
        Oracle transaction control
      - Redo logs
      - Local transactions
      - Distributed transaction
        Distributed transaction overview
        Two-phase commit
      - XA transactions
    - Transaction concurrency and consistency
      - Data concurrency and consistency overview
      - Multi-version read consistency
      - Concurrency control
        Concurrency control overview
        Lock mechanism
        Lock Wait Mgr
      - Transaction isolation level
        Transaction isolation level overview
        Transaction isolation levels in Oracle-compatible mode
        Transaction isolation levels in MySQL-compatible mode
      - Weak-consistency read
  - Storage architecture
    - Storage architecture overview
    - Data storage
      - Data storage overview
      - MemTable
      - SSTable
      - Columnar storage
      - Compression and encoding
    - Compaction
      - Overview of dumping and merging
      - Dump (Mini and minor compactions)
      - Merge (Major compaction)
    - Multi-level caching in shared-nothing architecture
    - Multi-level caching in shared storage
    - Query processing
    - Data integrity
      - Detect silent data corruption
  - Data reliability and high availability
    - High availability architecture
      - High availability architecture overview
      - ODP high availability
      - Leader election in distributed systems
      - Multi-replica log synchronization
      - Paxos protocol
      - Automatic handling of node failures
    - Disaster recovery deployment plan
    - Data protection
      - Data protection overview
      - Flashback queries
      - Recycle bin
    - Backup and restore
      - Backup and restore overview
      - Backup directory structure
      - Backup architecture
      - Restore process
    - Arbitration-based high availability solution
    - Physical Standby Database solution
  - Database security
    - Security mechanism overview
    - Identity authentication
    - Access control
    - Data transmission encryption
    - Data storage encryption
    - Monitoring and alerting
    - Security audit
  - OBServer node architecture
    - Structure of the OBServer node installation directory
    - Configuration file
    - observer thread model
      - Thread introduction
      - Worker threads
      - Background threads
    - Logs
    - Memory management
      - Memory management overview
      - Memory-related parameters
      - Memory-related views
      - Memory-related logs
      - Memory problem diagnosis
    - Plugin mechanism
- System management
  - Configuration management
    - Configuration management introduction
    - Set parameters
    - Set variables
  - Storage management
    - Minor compaction management
      - Dump management overview
      - Automatically trigger a minor compaction
      - Manually initiate a minor compaction
      - View minor compaction information
      - Modify minor compaction parameters
    - Major compaction management
      - Overview
      - Automatically trigger a major compaction
      - Configure scheduled major compactions
      - Adaptive major compactions
      - Manually initiate a major compaction
      - Manually control a major compaction
      - View major compaction information
      - Modify major compaction settings
    - Data compression
      - Overview
      - Data encoding and compression
  - Memory management
    - Memory management overview
    - Memory structure
    - Maximum database memory
    - Manage internal system memory
    - Memory management in a tenant
    - Manage the memory of the plan cache
    - Memleak-based regular memory leak diagnostics mechanism
    - Query memory usage information
    - Common memory problems
  - Process management
    - Overview of OceanBase threads
    - Multi-tenant threads of OceanBase Database
    - View the thread status
    - Background threads of OceanBase Database
    - FAQ about multi-tenant threads
  - Disk management
    - Configure dynamic expansion of disk data files
    - View the disk space used by a tenant or table
- Database object management
  - Overview
  - MySQL-compatible mode
    - Create and manage databases
      - Create a database
      - View databases
      - Modify a database
      - Drop a database
    - Create and manage tables
      - About tables
      - Create a table
      - Column skip index attribute
      - Define an auto-increment column
      - Define column constraints
      - Query tables
      - Change a table
      - Change the attribute of a table
      - Empty a table
      - Drop a table
      - Lock a table
      - Create and manage external tables
        About external tables
        Create an external table
        Create external table partitions
        Manage external files
        Data type mapping
    - Create and manage partitions
      - Partition overview
      - Create a partitioned table
      - Partition splitting
        Partition splitting overview
        Manual partition splitting
        Automatic partition splitting
        Recommended configurations for automatic partitioning
      - Dynamic partitioning
        Overview of dynamic partitioning
        Create a dynamic partitioned table
        Query a dynamic partitioned table
        Modify a dynamic partitioned table
        Dynamic partition management tasks
      - Modify partitioning rules
      - Add a partition
      - Drop a partition
      - Truncate a partition
      - Partition pruning
      - Query data in specified partitions
      - Create indexes on partitioned tables
        Index overview
        Local indexes
        Global indexes
      - Partition exchange
    - Create and manage table groups
      - About table groups
      - Create a table group
      - Query information about a table group
      - Add tables to a table group
      - Modify the SHARDING attribute of a table group
      - Manage tables in a table group
      - Drop a table group
    - Create and manage indexes
      - About indexes
      - Create an index
      - Query indexes
      - Monitor indexes
      - Drop an index
      - System functions supported for function-based indexes
      - System functions not supported for function-based indexes
    - Manage views
      - Manage standard views
      - Manage materialized views
        Overview of materialized views
        Materialized view logs
        Automatic management of materialized view logs
        Create a materialized view
        Refresh a materialized view
        Rewrite queries based on materialized views
        Query materialized views
        Modify the attributes of a materialized view
        Drop a materialized view
        Resource isolation for materialized views
    - Create and manage sequences
      - Create a sequence
      - Query sequences
      - Reference a sequence
      - Modify a sequence
      - Drop a sequence
    - Create and manage triggers
      - Trigger overview
      - Create a DML trigger
      - Query trigger information
      - Drop a trigger
    - Create and manage DBLinks
      - Create a DBLink
      - Query existing DBLinks
      - Manage DBLinks
      - Use a DBLink to access data in a remote database
      - Drop a DBLink
    - Create and manage catalogs
      - Catalog overview
      - Create a catalog
      - View a catalog
      - Drop a catalog
    - Custom hotspot cache policy
      - Overview of custom hot data caching strategies
      - Create a table-level hot cache policy
      - Create a partition-level hot cache strategy
      - Modify the table-level hot cache policy
      - Modify the partition-level hot cache policy
      - Guide to managing custom hot cache strategies
  - Oracle-compatible mode
    - Create and manage tables
      - About tables
      - Create a table
      - Column skip index attribute
      - Define column constraints
      - Query the definition of a table
      - Modify a table
      - Change the replicated table attribute
      - Empty a table
      - Drop a table
      - Lock a table
      - Create and manage external tables
        About external tables
        Create an external table
        Create external table partitions
        Manage external files
        Data type mapping
    - Create and manage partitions
      - Partition overview
      - Create a partitioned table
      - Partition splitting
        Partition splitting overview
        Manual partition splitting
        Automatic partition splitting
        Recommended configurations for automatic partitioning
      - Dynamic partitioning
        Overview of dynamic partitioning
        Create a dynamic partitioned table
        Query a dynamic partitioned table
        Modify a dynamic partitioned table
        Dynamic partition management tasks
      - Modify partitioning rules
      - Rename a partition
      - Add a partition
      - Drop a partition
      - Truncate a partition
      - Partition pruning
      - Query data in specified partitions
      - Create indexes on partitioned tables
        Index overview
        Local indexes
        Global indexes
      - Partition exchange
    - Create and manage table groups
      - About table groups
      - Create a table group
      - Query information about a table group
      - Add tables to a table group
      - Modify the SHARDING attribute of a table group
      - Manage tables in a table group
      - Drop a table group
    - Create and manage indexes
      - About indexes
      - Create an index
      - Query indexes
      - Monitor indexes
      - Drop an index
      - System functions supported for function-based indexes
      - System functions not supported for function-based indexes
    - Manage views
      - Manage standard views
      - Manage materialized views
        Overview of materialized views
        Materialized view logs
        Automatic management of materialized view logs
        Create materialized views
        Refresh a materialized view
        Rewrite queries based on materialized views
        Query materialized views
        Modify the attributes of a materialized view
        Drop a materialized view
        Materialized view resource isolation
    - Manage sequences
    - Manage synonyms
    - Create and manage triggers
      - Trigger overview
      - Create a DML trigger
      - Create an INSTEAD OF trigger
      - Create a composite trigger
      - Modify and drop a trigger
      - Disable or enable a trigger
      - Query trigger information
    - Manage directories
    - Create and manage DBLinks
      - Create a DBLink
      - Query existing DBLinks
      - Manage DBLinks
      - Use a DBLink to access data in a remote database
      - Use a DBLink to modify the data in a remote database
      - Drop a DBLink
      - Install and configure OCI
- Database design specifications and practices
  - Object naming conventions
    - Overview of object naming conventions
    - Tenant naming conventions
    - User naming conventions
    - Table naming conventions
    - Field naming conventions
    - Other naming conventions
  - Object structure design specifications
    - Field design
    - Table structure design
    - Partitioned table design
    - Index design
    - Other structural designs
  - Character set specifications
  - Database connection specifications
  - Comments
  - ORM conventions
  - Exception handling
- SQL reference
  - Introduction to SQL
  - SQL syntax
    - System tenants
      - Overview
      - ALTER SYSTEM
        ACTIVATE STANDBY
        ADD REPLICA
        ADD RESTORE SOURCE
        ARCHIVELOG
        ARBITRATION
        BOOTSTRAP
        BACKUP KEY
        BACKUP
        BACKUP CLUSTER PARAMETERS
        BALANCE TASK
        BALANCE JOB
        CANCEL BACKUP
        CANCEL CLONE
        CANCEL DELETE BACKUP
        CANCEL MIGRATE UNIT
        CANCEL REPLICA TASK
        CANCEL RESTORE
        CANCEL RECOVER TABLE
        CANCEL TRANSFER PARTITION
        CLEAR RESTORE SOURCE
        CREATE LS
        DELETE BACKUP POLICY
        DELETE BACKUP ALL
        DELETE BACKUPSET/ARCHIVELOG_PIECE
        DELETE OBSOLETE BACKUP
        LOAD MODULE DATA
        MAJOR and MINOR
        MIGRATE REPLICA
        MIGRATE UNIT
        MODIFY LS
        MODIFY PAXOS_REPLICA_NUM
        MODIFY REPLICA
        NOARCHIVELOG
        FLUSH PLAN CACHE
        FLUSH SEQUENCE CACHE
        FLUSH SS_LOCAL_CACHE
        FLUSH ss_micro_cache
        JOB
        SET LOG_RESTORE_SOURCE
        PARAMETER
        RECOVER STANDBY
        RECOVER STANDBY CANCEL
        REMOVE REPLICA
        REFRESH
        RESTORE
        RESTORE PREVIEW
        RECOVER TABLE
        SET DATA_BACKUP_DEST
        SERVER
        SERVICE_NAME
        SWITCHOVER
        SET LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST
        SET LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE
        THROTTLE
        TRANSFER PARTITION
        WASH MEMORY FRAGMENTATION
        ZONE
      - ALTER RESOURCE POOL
      - ALTER RESOURCE TENANT
      - ALTER RESOURCE UNIT
      - ALTER TENANT
      - CREATE RESOURCE POOL
      - CREATE RESOURCE UNIT
      - CREATE TENANT
      - CREATE STANDBY TENANT
      - DROP RESOURCE POOL
      - DROP RESOURCE UNIT
      - DROP TENANT
      - SET DECRYPTION
      - SET ENCRYPTION
      - SHOW RESTORE PREVIEW
    - User tenants (MySQL-compatible mode)
      - Basic elements
        Data types
        Overview
        Numeric types
        Overview
        Integer data types
        Fixed-point data types
        Floating-point data types
        Bit value data type
        Datetime types
        Overview
        DATE, DATETIME, and TIMESTAMP types
        TIME type
        YEAR type
        String types
        Overview
        CHAR and VARCHAR
        BINARY and VARBINARY
        Large objects and text types
        Overview
        BLOB types
        TEXT types
        STRING types
        LOB types
        ENUM type
        SET type
        JSON data types
        Overview
        Create a JSON value
        Query and modify JSON values
        Convert a JSON data type
        Update partial JSON data
        Semi-structured encoding
        Spatial data types
        Overview
        SRS
        Create a spatial column
        Create a spatial index
        Spatial data formats
        Roaring bitmap types
        Overview
        Create an efficient compressed bitmap column
        Array data types
        Overview of array element types
        Create an array column
        Map data types
        Overview of the map data type
        ## Create map columns
        Expressions
        Overview
        Expression syntax
        Data type conversion rules
        Character set and collation
        Overview
        Character set
        Collations
        Database-level character set and collation
        Table-level character set and collation
        Column-level character sets and collations
        Character expression character sets and collations
        Character sets and collations for client connection
        Literals
        Overview
        Strings
        Numbers
        Datetime values
        Bit values
        Boolean values
        NULLs
        Schema object names
        User-defined variables
        Comments
      - Operators
        Overview of operators
        Operator precedence
        Arithmetic operators
        Bitwise operators
        Comparison operators
        Logical operators
        Assignment operators
        Date and time operators
        Concatenation operators
        BINARY operator
        CASE conditional operator
      - Functions
        Overview
        Single-row functions
        Datetime functions
        ADDDATE
        CONVERT_TZ
        CURDATE
        CURRENT_DATE
        CURRENT_TIME
        CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
        CURTIME
        DATE
        DATE_ADD
        DATE_FORMAT
        DATE_SUB
        DATEDIFF
        DAYOFMONTH
        DAYOFWEEK
        DAYOFYEAR
        EXTRACT
        FROM_DAYS
        FROM_UNIXTIME
        GET_FORMAT
        HOUR
        LAST_DAY
        LOCALTIME
        LOCALTIMESTAMP
        MAKEDATE
        MAKETIME
        MICROSECOND
        MINUTE
        MONTH
        MONTHNAME
        NOW
        PERIOD_ADD
        PERIOD_DIFF
        QUARTER
        SEC_TO_TIME
        SECOND
        STR_TO_DATE
        SUBDATE
        SUBTIME
        SYSDATE
        TIME
        TIME_FORMAT
        TIME_TO_SEC
        TIME_TO_USEC
        TIMEDIFF
        TIMESTAMP
        TIMESTAMPADD
        TIMESTAMPDIFF
        TO_DAYS
        TO_SECONDS
        UNIX_TIMESTAMP
        USEC_TO_TIME
        UTC_DATE
        UTC_TIME
        UTC_TIMESTAMP
        WEEK
        WEEKDAY
        WEEKOFYEAR
        YEARWEEK
        YEAR
        ADDTIME
        DAYNAME
        DAY
        String functions
        ASCII
        BIN
        BIT_LENGTH
        CHAR
        CHAR_LENGTH
        CHARACTER_LENGTH
        CONCAT
        CONCAT_WS
        ELT
        EXPORT_SET
        FIELD
        FIND_IN_SET
        FORMAT
        HEX
        INSERT
        INSTR
        INT2IP
        IP2INT
        KEYVALUE
        LCASE
        LEFT
        LENGTH
        LOCATE
        LOWER
        LPAD
        LTRIM
        MAKE_SET
        MD5_CONCAT_WS
        MID
        OCT
        OCTET_LENGTH
        ORD
        POSITION
        QUOTE
        REGEXP
        REGEXP_INSTR
        REGEXP_LIKE
        REGEXP_REPLACE
        REGEXP_SUBSTR
        REPEAT
        REPLACE
        REVERSE
        RIGHT
        RLIKE
        RPAD
        RTRIM
        SPACE
        SPLIT_PART
        STRCMP
        SUBSTR
        SUBSTRING
        SUBSTRING_INDEX
        TRIM
        UCASE
        UNHEX
        UPPER
        URL_DECODE
        URL_ENCODE
        WEIGHT_STRING
        TO_BASE64
        FROM_BASE64
        SOUNDEX
        Conversion functions
        CAST
        CONVERT
        DECODE_TRACE_ID
        SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP
        TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN
        TO_CHAR(character)
        TO_CHAR(number)
        TO_CHAR(datetime)
        Mathematical functions
        ABS
        ACOS
        ASIN
        ATAN
        ATAN2
        BIT_COUNT
        CEIL
        CEILING
        CONV
        COS
        COT
        CRC32
        DEGREES
        EXP
        FLOOR
        GENERATOR
        LN
        LOG
        LOG10
        LOG2
        MOD
        NEG
        NORMAL
        PI
        POW
        POWER
        RADIANS
        RAND
        RANDOM
        RANDSTR
        ROUND
        SIGN
        SIN
        SQRT
        TAN
        TRUNCATE
        UNIFORM
        ZIPF
        Comparison functions
        GREATEST
        INTERVAL
        ISNULL
        LEAST
        Process control functions
        CASE
        IF
        IFNULL
        NULLIF
        ORA_DECODE
        Aggregate functions
        APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
        AVG
        ARG_MAX
        ARG_MIN
        BIT_AND
        BIT_OR
        BIT_XOR
        COUNT
        GROUP_CONCAT
        GROUPING
        MAX
        MIN
        STD
        STDDEV
        STDDEV_POP
        STDDEV_SAMP
        SUM
        VAR_POP
        VAR_SAMP
        VARIANCE
        Analysis functions
        APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
        AVG
        BIT_AND
        BIT_OR
        BIT_XOR
        COUNT
        CUME_DIST
        DENSE_RANK
        FIRST_VALUE
        LAG
        LAST_VALUE
        LEAD
        MAX
        MIN
        NTH_VALUE
        NTILE
        PERCENT_RANK
        PERCENTILE_CONT
        RANK
        ROW_NUMBER
        STD
        STDDEV
        STDDEV_POP
        STDDEV_SAMP
        SUM
        VAR_POP
        VAR_SAMP
        VARIANCE
        Encryption functions
        AES_DECRYPT
        AES_ENCRYPT
        COMPRESS
        DECODE
        DES_DECRYPT
        DES_ENCRYPT
        ENCODE
        ENCRYPT
        ENHANCED_AES_ENCRYPT
        ENHANCED_AES_DECRYPT
        MD5
        PASSWORD
        UNCOMPRESS
        UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH
        RANDOM_BYTES
        SHA
        SHA1
        SHA2
        VALIDATE_PASSWORD_STRENGTH
        SM3
        SM4_ENCRYPT
        SM4_DECRYPT
        Information functions
        BENCHMARK
        CHARSET
        COERCIBILITY
        COLLATION
        CONNECTION_ID
        CURRENT_ROLE
        CURRENT_USER
        DATABASE
        FOUND_ROWS
        LAST_INSERT_ID
        LAST_INSERT_ID Behavior Description
        ICU_VERSION
        OB_TRANSACTION_ID
        ROW_COUNT
        SCHEMA
        SESSION_USER
        SYSTEM_USER
        USER
        VERSION
        OB_VERSION
        JSON functions
        Overview
        Functions for creating JSON text
        JSON_ARRAY
        JSON_OBJECT
        JSON_QUOTE
        Functions for searching JSON text
        JSON_CONTAINS
        JSON_CONTAINS_PATH
        JSON_EXTRACT
        JSON_KEYS
        JSON_OVERLAPS
        JSON_SEARCH
        JSON_VALUE
        MEMBER OF
        Functions for modifying JSON text
        JSON_ARRAY_APPEND
        JSON_APPEND
        JSON_ARRAY_INSERT
        JSON_INSERT
        JSON_MERGE
        JSON_MERGE_PATCH
        JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE
        JSON_REMOVE
        JSON_REPLACE
        JSON_SET
        JSON_UNQUOTE
        Functions for returning JSON text properties
        JSON_DEPTH
        JSON_LENGTH
        JSON_TYPE
        JSON_VALID
        `JSON_TABLE`
        JSON utility functions
        JSON_PRETTY
        JSON_STORAGE_SIZE
        JSON aggregate functions
        JSON_ARRAYAGG
        JSON_OBJECTAGG
        JSON schema validation functions
        JSON_SCHEMA_VALID
        JSON_SCHEMA_VALIDATION_REPORT
        XML functions
        Overview
        Functions for querying XML data
        EXTRACTVALUE
        Functions for modifying XML data
        UPDATEXML
        Spatial functions
        Overview
        Functions that create geometry values
        Spatial operation functions
        Spatial relation functions
        Geometry property functions
        Geometry format conversion functions
        Spatial analysis functions
        Spatial constructor functions
        Spatial accessor functions
        Spatial format conversion functions
        Geometry processing functions
        _ST_GeoHash
        Performance schema functions
        FORMAT_BYTES
        FORMAT_PICO_TIME
        Lock functions
        Overview
        GET_LOCK
        IS_FREE_LOCK
        IS_USED_LOCK
        RELEASE_ALL_LOCKS
        RELEASE_LOCK
        Bitmap functions
        Overview
        RoaringBitmap constructor
        Bitmap cardinality functions
        Roaring bitmap operation functions
        Roaring bitmap judgment functions
        Roaring bitmap output functions
        Roaring bitmap aggregate functions
        Array functions
        Overview
        Array constructor functions
        Array judgment functions
        Array output functions
        Array operation functions
        Text processing functions
        TOKENIZE
        Auditing functions
        Overview
        AUDIT_LOG_FILTER_REMOVE_FILTER
        AUDIT_LOG_FILTER_REMOVE_USER
        AUDIT_LOG_FILTER_SET_FILTER
        AUDIT_LOG_FILTER_SET_USER
        Map functions
        Overview of map functions
        Mapping constructor
        Mapping comparison functions and operators
        Mapping Operation Functions
        Other functions
        ANY_VALUE
        BIN_TO_UUID
        COALESCE
        DEFAULT
        NAME_CONST
        INET_ATON
        INET_NTOA
        INET6_ATON
        INET6_NTOA
        IS_IPV4
        IS_IPV4_COMPAT
        IS_IPV6
        IS_UUID
        MATCH AGAINST
        NVL
        UUID_TO_BIN
        SLEEP
        UUID
        UUID_SHORT
        VALUES
      - Queries and subqueries
        Overview
        Subqueries
        Joins
        Full-text search
      - SQL statements
        General syntax
        Common table expressions
        ALTER COMPILE
        ALTER DATABASE
        ALTER LOCATION
        ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
        ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
        ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE
        ALTER OUTLINE
        ALTER SENSITIVE RULE
        ALTER SEQUENCE
        ALTER/CHANGE/MODIFY EXTERNAL_STORAGE_DEST
        ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH SEQUENCE CACHE
        MAJOR and MINOR
        STORAGE_CACHE_POLICY_EXECUTOR
        ALTER TABLE
        ALTER TABLEGROUP
        ALTER TABLESPACE
        ALTER USER
        ALTER VIEW
        ALTER INSTANCE ROTATE INNODB MASTER KEY
        ANALYZE
        CACHE INDEX
        CREATE CONCURRENT_LIMITING_RULE
        CREATE DATABASE LINK
        CREATE DATABASE
        CREATE EXTERNAL CATALOG
        CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE
        CREATE INDEX
        CREATE LOCATION
        CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
        CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
        CREATE OUTLINE
        CREATE FORMAT OUTLINE
        CREATE RESTORE POINT
        CREATE ROLE
        CREATE SEQUENCE
        CREATE SENSITIVE RULE
        CREATE TABLE
        CREATE TABLEGROUP
        CREATE TABLESPACE
        CREATE USER
        CREATE VIEW
        CHECKSUM TABLE
        CREATE EVENT
        DEALLOCATE PREPARE
        DROP DATABASE LINK
        DELETE
        DESCRIBE
        DROP CATALOG
        DROP CONCURRENT_LIMITING_RULE
        DROP DATABASE
        DROP INDEX
        DROP LOCATION
        DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
        DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
        DROP OUTLINE
        DROP ROLE
        DROP SENSITIVE RULE
        DROP TABLE
        DROP TABLEGROUP
        DROP TABLESPACE
        DROP SEQUENCE
        DROP USER
        DROP VIEW
        DROP RESTORE POINT
        EXECUTE
        EXPLAIN
        FLASHBACK
        FLUSH TABLE
        GRANT
        HELP
        INSERT
        KILL
        LOAD DATA
        LOAD INDEX INTO CACHE
        LOCK TABLES
        OPTIMIZE
        PREPARE
        PURGE
        PURGE RECYCLEBIN
        RENAME USER
        RENAME TABLE
        REPLACE
        REPAIR TABLE
        REMOVE
        REVOKE
        SAVEPOINT
        SCHEMA
        SELECT INTO
        SELECT
        SELECT
        JOIN clause
        WINDOW clause
        UNION clause
        SET DEFAULT ROLE
        SET
        SET CATALOG
        SET CHARSET
        SET NAMES
        SET PASSWORD
        SET ROLE
        SET TRANSACTION
        SHOW
        SUBMIT JOB
        SHOW JOB STATUS
        CANCEL JOB
        TRANSACTION
        TRUNCATE TABLE
        UNLOCK TABLES
        UPDATE
        USE
        VALUES
        XA transaction
      - DDL feature
        Overview
        Online and offline DDL operations
        Index operations
        Primary key operations
        Column operations
        Generated column operations
        Foreign key operations
        Table operations
        Partition operations
        Column type change rules
        Conversion rules for numeric data types
      - Pseudocolumns
        Overview
        PARTITIONID pseudo-column
        Pseudo columns of sequences
    - User tenants (Oracle-compatible mode)
      - Pseudo columns
        Overview
        Hierarchical query pseudocolumns
        Sequence pseudocolumns
        ORA_ROWSCN pseudocolumn
        ROWNUM pseudocolumn
        ROWID pseudocolumn
        PARTITIONID pseudo-column
      - Basic elements
        Built-in data types
        Overview
        Character data types
        Overview
        CHAR data type
        NCHAR data type
        NVARCHAR2 data type
        VARCHAR2 data type
        VARCHAR data type
        Numeric data types
        Overview
        NUMBER data type
        FLOAT data type
        Floating-point numbers
        Precedence of numeric data types
        Datetime and interval data types
        Overview
        DATE data type
        TIMESTAMP data type
        TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE data type
        TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE data type
        INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH data type
        INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND data type
        Calculation of dates, timestamps, and intervals
        RAW data type
        Large object data types
        Overview
        BLOB data type
        CLOB data type
        LOB types
        Rowid data types
        User-defined data types
        Any types
        JSON data types
        Overview
        Create a column of the JSON data type
        Query JSON data
        Conversion rules for JSON data types
        XML data types
        Overview
        XML data definition
        Create a column of the XMLType data type
        Query XMLType data
        Conversion of the XMLType data type
        Spatial data types
        Overview
        Create a spatial column
        SDO_GEOMETRY attribute access
        Create a spatial index
        Data type comparison rules
        Overview
        Numeric value comparison rules
        Date value comparison rules
        Character value comparison rules
        Data type precedence
        Data type conversion rules
        Security considerations for data conversion
        Literals
        Overview
        Text literals
        Numeric literals
        Datetime literals
        Date literals
        Timestamp literals
        Interval literals
        Format model
        Overview
        Number format models
        Datetime format models
        RR datetime format element
        String-to-date conversion rules
        NULL value
        Overview
        NULLs in SQL functions
        NULLs in comparison conditions
        NULLs in conditional expressions
        Annotations
        Overview
        Remarks about SQL statements
        Comments on schema and non-schema objects
        Hints
        Overview
        Use query block name and QB_NAME hint to control query optimization
        Hint list
        Global hints
        Optimizer Stats Hint
        Transform Hint under the Global Hints category
        Other hints in the GLOBAL hint category
        Optimized hints
        Access path hints
        Join order hints in the Optimized Hint category
        Join operation hints in the Optimized Hint category
        Subquery hints in the Optimized Hint category
        Group By Hint in the Optimized Hint category
        DISTINCT hint
        Set Hint under Optimized Hint
        Distributed DML hints in the Optimized Hint category
        Transform hints
        Stmt Transform Hint
        Cost-based transform hints
        Heuristics transform hints
        Other hints under the TRANSFORM hint type
        Outline-related hints
        Database objects
        Schema objects
        Non-schema objects
        Database naming conventions
        Overview
        Suggestions on schema object names
        Database object reference methods
        Overview
        Reference schema objects
        Reference objects in a remote database
        Create a DBLink
        Reference a DBLink
        Refer to partitioned tables and indexes
        Reference an attribute or method of an object type
        Character sets and collations
      - Operators
        Overview of operators
        Operator precedence
        Arithmetic operators
        Concatenation operator
        Hierarchical query operators
        Set operators
        COLLATE operator
      - Functions
        Overview of functions
        Single-row functions
        Numeric functions
        ABS
        ACOS
        ASIN
        ATAN
        ATAN2
        BITAND
        CEIL
        COS
        COSH
        EXP
        FLOOR
        GENERATOR
        LN
        LOG
        MOD
        NANVL
        NORMAL
        POWER
        REMAINDER
        ROUND
        RANDOM
        RANDSTR
        SIGN
        SIN
        SINH
        SQRT
        TAN
        TANH
        TRUNC
        UNIFORM
        WIDTH_BUCKET
        ZIPF
        String functions that return a string
        CHR
        CONCAT
        INITCAP
        LOWER
        LPAD
        LTRIM
        NLS_LOWER
        NLSSORT
        NLS_UPPER
        REGEXP_REPLACE
        REGEXP_SUBSTR
        REPLACE
        RPAD
        RTRIM
        SUBSTR
        TRANSLATE
        TRANSLATE ... USING
        TRIM
        UPPER
        String functions that return numbers
        ASCII
        INSTR
        LENGTH
        REGEXP_COUNT
        REGEXP_INSTR
        Datetime functions
        ADD_MONTHS
        CURRENT_DATE
        CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
        DBTIMEZONE
        EXTRACT(datetime)
        FROM_TZ
        LAST_DAY
        LOCALTIMESTAMP
        MONTHS_BETWEEN
        NEXT_DAY
        NUMTODSINTERVAL
        NUMTOYMINTERVAL
        ROUND (date)
        SESSIONTIMEZONE
        SYS_EXTRACT_UTC
        SYSDATE
        SYSTIMESTAMP
        TO_CHAR(datetime)
        TO_DSINTERVAL
        TO_TIMESTAMP
        TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ
        TO_YMINTERVAL
        TRUNC (date)
        TZ_OFFSET
        Generic comparison functions
        GREATEST
        LEAST
        Conversion functions
        ASCIISTR
        CAST
        CHARTOROWID
        CONVERT
        HEXTORAW
        NUMTODSINTERVAL
        NUMTOYMINTERVAL
        RAWTOHEX
        ROWIDTOCHAR
        ROWIDTONCHAR
        SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP
        TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN
        TO_BINARY_DOUBLE
        TO_BINARY_FLOAT
        TO_BLOB
        TO_CHAR(character)
        TO_CHAR(datetime)
        TO_CHAR(number)
        TO_CLOB
        TO_DATE
        TO_DSINTERVAL
        TO_MULTI_BYTE
        TO_NUMBER
        TO_NCHAR(character)
        TO_NCHAR(datetime)
        TO_NCHAR(number)
        TO_SINGLE_BYTE
        TO_TIMESTAMP
        TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ
        TO_YMINTERVAL
        UNISTR
        Encoding and decoding functions
        DECODE
        DUMP
        ORA_HASH
        VSIZE
        Null value related functions
        COALESCE
        LNNVL
        NANVL
        NULLIF
        NVL
        NVL2
        Environment and identifier functions
        SYS_CONTEXT
        SYS_GUID
        UID
        USER
        USERENV
        OB_VERSION
        Hierarchical functions
        SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH
        JSON functions
        Overview
        Create JSON text functions
        JSON_ARRAY
        JSON_OBJECT
        JSON_ARRAYAGG
        JSON_OBJECTAGG
        Query JSON text functions
        JSON_VALUE
        JSON_QUERY
        JSON_EXISTS
        JSON_TABLE
        Validate JSON text functions
        JSON_EQUAL
        Modify JSON text functions
        JSON_MERGEPATCH
        XML functions
        Overview
        Construct XMLType data functions
        XMLAGG
        XMLATTRIBUTES
        XMLELEMENT
        XMLPARSE
        XMLCONCAT
        XMLFOREST
        Query XMLType data functions
        EXTRACT
        EXTRACTVALUE
        XMLSERIALIZE
        XMLCAST
        XMLTABLE
        XMLSEQUENCE
        EXISTSNODE
        Modify XMLType data functions
        UPDATEXML
        INSERTCHILDXML
        DELETEXML
        Spatial functions
        Overview
        Constructor functions
        Spatial query functions
        Format conversion functions
        Aggregate functions
        APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
        AVG
        CORR
        COUNT
        COVAR_POP
        COVAR_SAMP
        CUME_DIST
        DENSE_RANK
        GROUPING
        KEEP
        LISTAGG
        MAX
        MEDIAN
        MIN
        PERCENT_RANK
        PERCENTILE_CONT
        PERCENTILE_DISC
        RANK
        REGR_(Linear Regression)
        ROLLUP
        STDDEV
        STDDEV_POP
        STDDEV_SAMP
        SUM
        VAR_POP
        VAR_SAMP
        VARIANCE
        WMSYS.WM_CONCAT/WM_CONCAT
        GROUP_ID
        GROUPING_ID
        Analysis functions
        Overview
        AVG
        ARG_MIN
        ARG_MAX
        CORR
        COUNT
        COVAR_POP
        COVAR_SAMP
        CUME_DIST
        DENSE_RANK
        FIRST_VALUE
        KEEP
        LAG
        LAST_VALUE
        LEAD
        LISTAGG
        MAX
        MEDIAN
        MIN
        NTILE
        NTH_VALUE
        PERCENT_RANK
        PERCENTILE_CONT
        PERCENTILE_DISC
        RANK
        RATIO_TO_REPORT
        REGR_(Linear Regression)
        ROW_NUMBER
        STDDEV
        STDDEV_POP
        STDDEV_SAMP
        SUM
        VAR_POP
        VAR_SAMP
        VARIANCE
        WMSYS.WM_CONCAT/WM_CONCAT
        Information functions
        OB_TRANSACTION_ID
      - Expressions
        Overview
        Simple expressions
        Compound expressions
        Case expressions
        Column expressions
        CURSOR expressions
        Datetime expressions
        Function expressions
        Interval expressions
        Scalar subquery expressions
        Type constructor expressions
        Expression list
      - Conditions
        Overview
        Condition precedence
        Comparison conditions
        Floating-point conditions
        Logical conditions
        Pattern-matching conditions
        NULL conditions
        Compound conditions
        BETWEEN condition
        EXISTS condition
        IN condition
      - Queries and subqueries
        Overview
        Simple queries
        Hierarchical queries
        Composite queries
        JOIN queries
        Subqueries
        Lateral derived tables
        DUAL table query
      - SQL statements
        DDL
        ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE
        ALTER INDEX
        ALTER KEYSTORE
        ALTER LOCATION
        ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
        ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
        ALTER OUTLINE
        ALTER PROFILE
        ALTER ROLE
        ALTER SENSITIVE RULE
        ALTER SEQUENCE
        ALTER SESSION
        ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH CACHE
        ALTER/CHANGE/MODIFY EXTERNAL_STORAGE_DEST
        ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH SEQUENCE CACHE
        ALTER SYSTEM SET PARAMETER
        ALTER TABLE
        ALTER TABLEGROUP
        ALTER TABLESPACE
        ALTER USER
        COMMENT
        CREATE CONTEXT
        CREATE CONCURRENT_LIMITING_RULE
        CREATE DIRECTORY
        CREATE DATABASE LINK
        CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE
        CREATE INDEX
        CREATE KEYSTORE
        CREATE LOCATION
        CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
        CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
        CREATE OUTLINE
        CREATE PROFILE
        CREATE FORMAT OUTLINE
        CREATE ROLE
        CREATE SEQUENCE
        CREATE SENSITIVE RULE
        CREATE SYNONYM
        CREATE TABLE
        CREATE TABLEGROUP
        CREATE TABLESPACE
        CREATE USER
        CREATE VIEW
        DROP CONTEXT
        DROP CONCURRENT_LIMITING_RULE
        DROP DATABASE LINK
        DROP DIRECTORY
        DROP INDEX
        DROP LOCATION
        DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
        DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
        DROP OUTLINE
        DROP PROFILE
        DROP ROLE
        DROP SENSITIVE RULE
        DROP SEQUENCE
        DROP SYNONYM
        DROP TABLE
        DROP TABLEGROUP
        DROP TABLESPACE
        DROP USER
        DROP VIEW
        RENAME
        TRUNCATE TABLE
        MAJOR and MINOR
        DML
        DELETE
        INSERT
        MERGE
        PURGE
        EXPLAIN
        SELECT
        SIMPLE SELECT
        Set-based SELECT
        WITH CLAUSE
        JOIN clause
        APPLY clause
        UPDATE
        DCL
        ANALYZE
        ALTER SYSTEM KILL SESSION
        AUDIT
        COMMIT
        FLASHBACK TABLE BEFORE DROP
        GRANT
        KILL
        LOAD DATA
        LOCK TABLE
        REMOVE
        REVOKE
        ROLLBACK
        SAVEPOINT
        SELECT INTO
        SET NAMES
        SET PASSWORD
        SET ROLE
        SET VARIABLE
        SHOW
        SHRINK
        TRANSACTION
      - DDL feature
        Overview
        Online and offline DDL operations
        Index operations
        Primary key operations
        Column operations
        Generated column operations
        Foreign key operations
        Table operations
        Partition operations
        Column type change rules
        Conversion rules for numeric data types
  - SQL specifications and practices
    - Limitations on writing SQL statements
    - SQL writing specifications
      - SELECT statements
      - DML statements
      - DDL statements
      - Multi-table join specifications
      - Table scan
      - Transactions
      - Cache
      - How to use hints
      - Others
    - SQL statement examples
      - Implicit data type conversion
      - Join tables
      - Read with eventual consistency
      - Pagination
  - Reserved keywords (MySQL-compatible mode)
  - Reserved keywords (Oracle-compatible mode)
  - Data type conversion behavior in MySQL-compatible tenants in strict mode
- PL reference
  - What is PL
    - Overview
    - Main features of PL
    - PL architecture
  - PL reference (MySQL-compatible mode)
    - Syntax of PL stored programs
    - PL stored procedures
      - Overview
      - Variables in stored programs
      - Stored procedures
      - Stored objects and privilege management
      - Stored functions
      - External storage function
      - Triggers
      - EVENT
      - Limitations on stored programs
      - SQL Transpiler
      - PL asynchronous commit optimization
    - PL cursors
      - Overview
      - Cursor execution process
      - Limitations on server cursors
    - PL conditional control statements
      - CASE
      - IF
      - ITERATE
      - LEAVE
      - LOOP
      - REPEAT
      - RETURN
      - WHILE
    - PL data manipulation statements
      - CALL
      - DO
    - PL data definition statements
      - ALTER FUNCTION
      - ALTER PROCEDURE
      - CREATE FUNCTION
      - CREATE PROCEDURE
      - CREATE TRIGGER
      - DROP FUNCTION
      - DROP PROCEDURE
      - DROP TRIGGER
    - PL database management statements
      - SHOW CREATE FUNCTION
      - SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE
      - SHOW CREATE TRIGGER
      - SHOW FUNCTION STATUS
      - SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS
      - SHOW TRIGGERS
    - PL related dictionary views
      - INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARAMETERS
      - INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES
      - INFORMATION_SCHEMA TRIGGERS
    - PL exception handling
      - Overview
      - DECLARE ... CONDITION
      - DECLARE ... HANDLER
      - GET DIAGNOSTICS
      - RESIGNAL
      - SIGNAL
      - Scope of procedures
      - Diagnostic areas
      - Exception handling and OUT/INOUT parameters
      - Limitations on exception handling
    - PL system packages
      - Overview
      - DBMS_AI_SERVICE
        Overview of DBMS_AI_SERVICE
        CREATE_AI_MODEL
        DROP_AI_MODEL
        CREATE_AI_MODEL_ENDPOINT
        ALTER_AI_MODEL_ENDPOINT
        DROP_AI_MODEL_ENDPOINT
      - DBMS_HYBRID_SEARCH
        Overview of DBMS_HYBRID_SEARCH
        SEARCH
        GET_SQL
      - DBMS_MVIEW
        Overview
        PURGE_LOG
        REFRESH
      - DBMS_MVIEW_STATS
        Overview
        PURGE_REFRESH_STATS
        SET_MVREF_STATS_PARAMS
        SET_SYSTEM_DEFAULT
      - DBMS_PARTITION
        DBMS_PARTITION overview
        MANAGE_DYNAMIC_PARTITION
      - DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER
        Overview
        CREATE_CONSUMER_GROUP
        CREATE_PLAN
        CREATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
        DELETE_CONSUMER_GROUP
        DELETE_PLAN
        DELETE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
        System Packages
        UPDATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
      - DBMS_STATS
        Overview
        ALTER_STATS_HISTORY_RETENTION
        CREATE_STAT_TABLE
        DELETE_COLUMN_STATS
        DELETE_INDEX_STATS
        DELETE_TABLE_STATS
        DELETE_SCHEMA_STATS
        DELETE_SCHEMA_PREFS
        DELETE_SYSTEM_STATS
        DELETE_TABLE_PREFS
        DROP_STAT_TABLE
        EXPORT_COLUMN_STATS
        EXPORT_INDEX_STATS
        EXPORT_TABLE_STATS
        EXPORT_SCHEMA_STATS
        FLUSH_DATABASE_MONITORING_INFO
        GATHER_INDEX_STATS
        GATHER_TABLE_STATS
        GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS
        GATHER_SYSTEM_STATS
        GET_STATS_HISTORY_AVAILABILITY
        GET_STATS_HISTORY_RETENTION
        GET_PARAM
        GET_PREFS
        IMPORT_INDEX_STATS
        IMPORT_COLUMN_STATS
        IMPORT_TABLE_STATS
        IMPORT_SCHEMA_STATS
        LOCK_PARTITION_STATS
        LOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
        LOCK_TABLE_STATS
        RESTORE_TABLE_STATS
        RESTORE_SCHEMA_STATS
        RESET_GLOBAL_PREF_DEFAULTS
        RESET_PARAM_DEFAULTS
        PURGE_STATS
        SET_COLUMN_STATS
        SET_INDEX_STATS
        SET_TABLE_STATS
        SET_GLOBAL_PREFS
        SET_PARAM
        SET_SCHEMA_PREFS
        SET_SYSTEM_STATS
        SET_TABLE_PREFS
        UNLOCK_PARTITION_STATS
        UNLOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
        UNLOCK_TABLE_STATS
        CANCEL_GATHER_STATS
      - DBMS_TRUSTED_CERTIFICATE_MANAGER
        Overview
        ADD_TRUSTED_CERTIFICATE
        DELETE_TRUSTED_CERTIFICATE
        UPDATE_TRUSTED_CERTIFICATE
      - DBMS_UDR
        Overview
        CREATE_RULE
        DISABLE_RULE
        ENABLE_RULE
        REMOVE_RULE
      - DBMS_VECTOR
        Overview of DBMS_VECTOR
        Overview of DBMS_VECTOR
        REFRESH_INDEX
        REBUILD_INDEX
        INDEX_VECTOR_MEMORY_ESTIMATE
        INDEX_VECTOR_MEMORY_ADVISOR
      - DBMS_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY
        Overview
        ASH_REPORT
        CREATE_SNAPSHOT
        DROP_SNAPSHOT_RANGE
        MODIFY_SNAPSHOT_SETTINGS
      - DBMS_XPLAN
        Overview
        DISPLAY_ACTIVE_SESSION_PLAN
        DISPLAY_CURSOR
        DISPLAY
        DISABLE_OPT_TRACE
        DISPLAY_SQL_PLAN_BASELINE
        ENABLE_OPT_TRACE
        SET_OPT_TRACE_PARAMETER
      - DBMS_XPROFILE
        Overview of DBMS_XPROFILE
        DISPLAY_PROFILE
      - DBMS_BALANCE
        Overview
        SET_BALANCE_WEIGHT
        CLEAR_BALANCE_WEIGHT
        TRIGGER_PARTITION_BALANCE
        SET_TABLEGROUP_BALANCE_WEIGHT
        CLEAR_TABLEGROUP_BALANCE_WEIGHT
      - DBMS_LIMIT_CALCULATOR
        Overview
        CALCULATE_MIN_PHY_RES_NEEDED_BY_UNIT
        CALCULATE_MIN_PHY_RES_NEEDED_BY_LOGIC_RES
        CALCULATE_MIN_PHY_RES_NEEDED_BY_STANDBY_TENANT
      - DBMS_EXTERNAL_TABLE
        Overview
        AUTO_REFRESH_EXTERNAL_TABLE
      - DBMS_JAVA
        Overview of DBMS_JAVA
        LOADJAVA
        DROPJAVA
      - DBMS_PYTHON
        Overview of DBMS_PYTHON
        DROPPYTHON
        LOADPYTHON
      - DBMS_DATA_DICT
        DBMS_DATA_DICT
    - Reserved and non-reserved PL keywords
  - PL reference (Oracle-compatible mode)
    - PL language basics
      - Character sets
      - Lexical elements
      - Declaration
      - Reference identifiers
      - Scope and visibility of identifiers
      - Assignment
      - Expressions
      - PL blocks
      - Subprograms
      - Error reporting functions
    - PL data types
      - Overview
      - SQL data types
      - LOB data types
      - BOOLEAN type
      - User-defined subtypes
      - PLS_INTEGER and BINARY_INTEGER
      - Arrays
      - PL JSON data types
    - PL process control
      - Overview
      - Conditional control
      - Loop control
      - Sequential control
    - PL collections and records
      - Overview
      - Collections
      - Associative arrays
      - Varrays
      - Nested tables
      - Collection constructors
      - Collection methods
        Overview
        DELETE method
        TRIM method
        EXTEND method
        EXISTS method
        FIRST and LAST methods
        COUNT method
        LIMIT method
        PRIOR and NEXT methods
      - RECORD
      - Insert records into a table and update a table by using records
      - Create and call a subprogram with record type parameters
    - PL static SQL
      - Overview
      - Cursors
        Overview
        Cursor attributes
        Implicit cursors
        Explicit cursor
        Cursor variables
        Use the FOR loop to traverse a cursor
        Modify and drop a cursor
      - Transaction processing and control
      - Autonomous transactions
        Overview of autonomous transactions
        Control autonomous transactions
        Autonomous triggers
        Call autonomous functions from SQL statements
      - FORALL bulk execution
    - PL dynamic SQL
      - Overview
      - Execute dynamic SQL
      - DBMS_SQL system package
    - PL stored procedures and functions
      - Overview
      - Create a stored procedure
      - Create a function
      - Manage stored procedures and functions
      - Privilege control
      - Pipeline functions
        Overview
        Create a pipelined function
        Applications
      - SQL Transpiler
      - User-defined functions
        Overview
        Interfaces of user-defined aggregate functions
        Create a user-defined aggregate function
        Use user-defined aggregate functions
      - Collection of stored procedure information and its impact on parallel execution of SQL statements
      - PL Database Link
      - PL asynchronous commit optimization
    - PL triggers
      - Overview
      - Create a DML trigger
      - Modify and drop triggers
      - Disable or enable a trigger
      - Query trigger information
      - INSTEAD OF DML triggers
      - Composite DML triggers
      - System triggers
    - PL packages
      - Overview
      - Create a package
      - Overloaded programs in a package
      - Manage packages
      - PL environment definitions in the STANDARD package
    - PL exception handling
      - Overview
      - Compile-time warnings
      - Exception types
      - Exception handling
    - DDL operations on stored PL units
      - Overview
      - ALTER FUNCTION
      - ALTER PACKAGE
      - ALTER PROCEDURE
      - ALTER TRIGGER
      - ALTER TYPE
      - CREATE FUNCTION
      - CREATE PACKAGE
      - CREATE PACKAGE BODY
      - CREATE PROCEDURE
      - CREATE TRIGGER
      - CREATE TYPE
      - CREATE TYPE BODY
      - DROP FUNCTION
      - DROP PACKAGE
      - DROP PROCEDURE
      - DROP TRIGGER
      - DROP TYPE
      - DROP TYPE BODY
    - PL label security package
      - Overview
      - SA_SYSDBA policy management package
        Overview
        SA_SYSDBA.ALTER_POLICY
        SA_SYSDBA.CREATE_POLICY
        SA_SYSDBA.DROP_POLICY
      - SA_COMPONENTS label component package
        Overview
        SA_COMPONENTS.ALTER_LEVEL
        SA_COMPONENTS.CREATE_LEVEL
        SA_COMPONENTS.DROP_LEVEL
      - SA_LABEL_ADMIN label management package
        Overview
        SA_LABEL_ADMIN.ALTER_LABEL
        SA_LABEL_ADMIN.CREATE_LABEL
        SA_LABEL_ADMIN.DROP_LABEL
      - SA_POLICY_ADMIN policy management package
        Overview
        SA_POLICY_ADMIN.APPLY_TABLE_POLICY
        SA_POLICY_ADMIN.DISABLE_TABLE_POLICY
        SA_POLICY_ADMIN.ENABLE_TABLE_POLICY
        SA_POLICY_ADMIN.REMOVE_TABLE_POLICY
      - SA_USER_ADMIN user label management package
        Overview
        SA_USER_ADMIN.SET_LEVELS
      - SA_SESSION session management package
        Overview
        SA_SESSION.LABEL
        SA_SESSION.RESTORE_DEFAULT_LABELS
        SA_SESSION.ROW_LABEL
        SA_SESSION.SET_LABEL
        SA_SESSION.SET_ROW_LABEL
    - PL system package (Oracle-compatible mode)
      - Overview
      - DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO
        Overview
        READ_CLIENT_INFO
        READ_MODULE
        SET_ACTION
        SET_CLIENT_INFO
        SET_MODULE
      - DBMS_AUDIT_MGMT
        Overview
        CLEAN_AUDIT_TRAIL
        CREATE_PURGE_JOB
        DROP_PURGE_JOB
        SET_LAST_ARCHIVE_TIMESTAMP
        SET_PURGE_JOB_STATUS
      - DBMS_BALANCE
        Overview
        SET_BALANCE_WEIGHT
        CLEAR_BALANCE_WEIGHT
        TRIGGER_PARTITION_BALANCE
      - DBMS_CRYPTO
        Overview
        ENCRYPT
        DECRYPT
        HASH
      - DBMS_DEBUG
        Overview
        ATTACH_SESSION
        CONTINUE
        DEBUG_ON
        DEBUG_OFF
        DETACH_SESSION
        DELETE_BREAKPOINT
        DISABLE_BREAKPOINT
        ENABLE_BREAKPOINT
        GET_VALUE
        GET_VALUES
        GET_RUNTIME_INFO
        GET_TIMEOUT_BEHAVIOUR
        INITIALIZE
        PROBE_VERSION
        PRINT_BACKTRACE
        SET_TIMEOUT
        SET_TIMEOUT_BEHAVIOUR
        SET_BREAKPOINT
        SHOW_BREAKPOINTS
      - DBMS_DESCRIBE
        Overview
        DESCRIBE_PROCEDURE
      - DBMS_JOB
        Overview
        BROKEN
        CHANGE
        ZONE
        INTERVAL
        NEXT_DATE
        REMOVE
        RUN
        SUBMIT
        USER_EXPORT
        WHAT
      - DBMS_LOB
        Overview of DBMS_LOB
        APPEND
        CLOSE
        COPY
        CREATETEMPORARY
        ERASE
        FREETEMPORARY
        GETLENGTH
        ISOPEN
        INSTR
        ISTEMPORARY
        OPEN
        READ
        SUBSTR
        TRIM
        WRITE
        WRITEAPPEND
      - DBMS_LOCK
        DBMS_LOCK overview
        ALLOCATE_UNIQUE
        ALLOCATE_UNIQUE_AUTONOMOUS
        REQUEST
        SLEEP
        RELEASE
      - DBMS_METADATA
        Overview of DBMS_METADATA
        GET_DDL
        GET_TABLE_INDEX_DDL
      - DBMS_MVIEW
        Overview
        PURGE_LOG
        REFRESH
      - DBMS_MONITOR
        Overview
        OB_SESSION_TRACE_ENABLE
        OB_SESSION_TRACE_DISABLE
        OB_CLIENT_ID_TRACE_ENABLE
        OB_CLIENT_ID_TRACE_DISABLE
        OB_MOD_ACT_TRACE_ENABLE
        OB_MOD_ACT_TRACE_DISABLE
        OB_TENANT_TRACE_ENABLE
        OB_TENANT_TRACE_DISABLE
      - DBMS_MVIEW_STAT
        Overview
        PURGE_REFRESH_STATS
        SET_MVREF_STATS_PARAMS
        SET_SYSTEM_DEFAULT
      - DBMS_OUTPUT
        Overview
        DISABLE
        ENABLE
        GET_LINE
        GET_LINES
        NEW_LINE
        PUT
        PUT_LINE
      - DBMS_PLAN_CACHE
        Overview
        PURGE
      - DBMS_PLSQL_CODE_COVERAGE
        Overview of DBMS_PLSQL_CODE_COVERAGE
        START_COVERAGE
        STOP_COVERAGE
        CREATE_COVERAGE_TABLES
      - DBMS_PARTITION
        Overview of DBMS_PARTITION
        MANAGE_DYNAMIC_PARTITION
      - DBMS_RANDOM
        Overview
        INITIALIZE
        NORMAL
        RANDOM
        SEED
        STRING
        TERMINATE
        VALUE
      - DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER
        Overview
        CREATE_CONSUMER_GROUP
        CREATE_PLAN
        CREATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
        DELETE_CONSUMER_GROUP
        DELETE_PLAN
        DELETE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
        SET_CONSUMER_GROUP_MAPPING
        UPDATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
      - DBMS_SCHEDULER
        Overview
        CREATE_JOB
        CREATE_JOB_CLASS
        CREATE_PROGRAM
        DEFINE_PROGRAM_ARGUMENT
        DISABLE
        DROP_JOB
        DROP_JOB_CLASS
        DROP_PROGRAM
        ENABLE
        GENERATE_JOB_NAME
        PURGE_LOG
        RUN_JOB
        SET_ATTRIBUTE
        SET_JOB_ARGUMENT_VALUE
        STOP_JOB
        DISABLE
        ENABLE
      - DBMS_SESSION
        Overview of DBMS_SESSION
        CLEAR_ALL_CONTEXT
        CLEAR_CONTEXT
        CLEAR_IDENTIFIER
        RESET_PACKAGE
        SET_CONTEXT
        SET_IDENTIFIER
        SESSION_IS_ROLE_ENABLED
        IS_ROLE_ENABLED
      - DBMS_SQL
        Overview
        BIND_VARIABLE
        CLOSE_CURSOR
        COLUMN_VALUE
        DEFINE_COLUMN
        DEFINE_ARRAY
        DESCRIBE_COLUMNS
        EXECUTE
        EXECUTE_AND_FETCH
        FETCH_ROWS
        IS_OPEN
        LAST_ERROR_POSITION
        OPEN_CURSOR
        PARSE
        VARIABLE_VALUE
      - DBMS_STATS
        Overview
        ALTER_STATS_HISTORY_RETENTION
        CREATE_STAT_TABLE
        DELETE_COLUMN_STATS
        DELETE_INDEX_STATS
        DELETE_TABLE_STATS
        DELETE_SCHEMA_STATS
        DELETE_SCHEMA_PREFS
        DELETE_SYSTEM_STATS
        DELETE_TABLE_PREFS
        DROP_STAT_TABLE
        EXPORT_COLUMN_STATS
        EXPORT_INDEX_STATS
        EXPORT_TABLE_STATS
        EXPORT_SCHEMA_STATS
        FLUSH_DATABASE_MONITORING_INFO
        GATHER_INDEX_STATS
        GATHER_TABLE_STATS
        GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS
        GATHER_SYSTEM_STATS
        GET_STATS_HISTORY_AVAILABILITY
        GET_STATS_HISTORY_RETENTION
        GET_PARAM
        GET_PREFS
        IMPORT_INDEX_STATS
        IMPORT_COLUMN_STATS
        IMPORT_TABLE_STATS
        IMPORT_SCHEMA_STATS
        LOCK_PARTITION_STATS
        LOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
        LOCK_TABLE_STATS
        RESTORE_TABLE_STATS
        RESTORE_SCHEMA_STATS
        RESET_GLOBAL_PREF_DEFAULTS
        RESET_PARAM_DEFAULTS
        PURGE_STATS
        SET_COLUMN_STATS
        SET_INDEX_STATS
        SET_TABLE_STATS
        SET_GLOBAL_PREFS
        SET_PARAM
        SET_SCHEMA_PREFS
        SET_SYSTEM_STATS
        SET_TABLE_PREFS
        UNLOCK_PARTITION_STATS
        UNLOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
        UNLOCK_TABLE_STATS
        COPY_TABLE_STATS
        CANCEL_GATHER_STATS
      - DBMS_UDR
        Overview
        CREATE_RULE
        DISABLE_RULE
        ENABLE_RULE
        REMOVE_RULE
      - DBMS_UTILITY
        Overview of DBMS_UTILITY
        ACTIVE_INSTANCES
        CURRENT_INSTANCE
        DB_VERSION
        FORMAT_CALL_STACK
        FORMAT_ERROR_BACKTRACE
        FORMAT_ERROR_STACK
        GET_ENDIANNESS
        GET_HASH_VALUE
        GET_PARAMETER_VALUE
        GET_SQL_HASH
        GET_TIME
        IS_BIT_SET
        IS_CLUSTER_DATABASE
        NAME_RESOLVE
        NAME_TOKENIZE
        OLD_CURRENT_SCHEMA
        OLD_CURRENT_USER
        PORT_STRING
        TABLE_TO_COMMA
        COMMA_TO_TABLE
      - DBMS_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY
        Overview
        ASH_REPORT
      - DBMS_XA
        Overview
        DBMS_XA constants
        DBMS_XA_XID object type
        DIST_TXN_SYNC
        XA_COMMIT
        XA_END
        XA_FORGET
        XA_GETLASTOER
        XA_PREPARE
        XA_RECOVER
        XA_ROLLBACK
        XA_SETTIMEOUT
        XA_START
      - DBMS_XMLGEN
        Overview
        CONVERT
      - DBMS_PROFILER
        Overview
        START_PROFILER
        STOP_PROFILER
        PAUSE_PROFILER
        RESUME_PROFILER
        FLUSH_DATA
        GET_VERSION
        INTERNAL_VERSION_CHECK
        ROLLUP_UNIT
        ROLLUP_RUN
        OB_INIT_OBJECTS
        OB_DROP_OBJECTS
      - DBMS_XPLAN
        Overview
        DISPLAY_ACTIVE_SESSION_PLAN
        DISPLAY_CURSOR
        DISPLAY
        DISABLE_OPT_TRACE
        DISPLAY_SQL_PLAN_BASELINE
        ENABLE_OPT_TRACE
        SET_OPT_TRACE_PARAMETER
      - DBMS_XPROFILE
        Overview of DBMS_XPROFILE
        DISPLAY_PROFILE
      - DBMS_EXTERNAL_TABLE
        Overview
        AUTO_REFRESH_EXTERNAL_TABLE
      - DBMS_DDL
        Overview of DBMS_DDL
        WRAP
        CREATE_WRAPPED
      - ODCIConst
        Overview
        ODCIArgDesc.ArgType
        ODCIEnv.CallProperty
        ODCIEnv.Envflags
        ODCIIndexAlter
        ODCIIndexAlter parameter alter_option
        ODCIIndexInfo.IndexInfoFlags
        ODCIIndexInfo.IndexParaDegree
        ODCIPredInfo.Flags
        ODCIQueryInfo.Flags
        ODCIStatsOptions.Flags
        ODCIStatsOptions.Options
        Return Status
        ScnFlg
      - UTL_ENCODE
        Overview
        BASE64_DECODE
        BASE64_ENCODE
      - UTL_FILE
        Overview of UTL_FILE
        FCLOSE
        FFLUSH
        FOPEN
        FGETPOS
        FREMOVE
        FRENAME
        FSEEK
        NEW_LINE
        GET_LINE
        PUT
        PUT_LINE
      - UTL_I18N
        Overview
        RAW_TO_CHAR
        STRING_TO_RAW
      - UTL_RECOMP
        Overview
        RECOMP_PARALLEL
        RECOMP_SERIAL
        TRUNCATE_UTL_RECOMP_SKIP_LIST
        POPULATE_UTL_RECOMP_SKIP_LIST
        PARALLEL_SLAVE
      - UTL_RAW
        Overview
        BIT_AND
        BIT_COMPLEMENT
        BIT_OR
        BIT_XOR
        CAST_FROM_BINARY_DOUBLE
        CAST_FROM_BINARY_FLOAT
        CAST_FROM_BINARY_INTEGER
        CAST_FROM_NUMBER
        CAST_TO_BINARY_DOUBLE
        CAST_TO_BINARY_FLOAT
        CAST_TO_BINARY_INTEGER
        CAST_TO_NUMBER
        CAST_TO_RAW
        CAST_TO_VARCHAR2
        COMPARE
        CONCAT
        COPIES
        LENGTH
        REVERSE
        SUBSTR
        TRANSLATE
      - UTL_TCP
        Overview of UTL_TCP
        OPEN_CONNECTION
        CLOSE_CONNECTION
        CLOSE_ALL_CONNECTIONS
        WRITE_LINE
        WRITE_TEXT
        WRITE_RAW
        GET_LINE
        GET_TEXT
      - UTL_SMTP
        Overview of UTL_SMTP
        OPEN_CONNECTION
        CLOSE_CONNECTION
        QUIT
        AUTH
        COMMAND
        COMMAND_REPLIES
        HELO
        EHLO
        MAIL
        RCPT
        OPEN_DATA
        WRITE_DATA
        WRITE_RAW_DATA
        CLOSE_DATA
        DATA
        VRFY
        HELP
        NOOP
        RSET
      - UTL_HTTP
        Overview of UTL_HTTP
        BEGIN_REQUEST
        END_REQUEST
        GET_RESPONSE
        END_RESPONSE
        READ_LINE
        READ_RAW
        READ_TEXT
        WRITE_LINE
        WRITE_RAW
        WRITE_TEXT
        SET_TRANSFER_TIMEOUT
        GET_TRANSFER_TIMEOUT
      - ANYDATA TYPE
        Overview of the ANYDATA type
        BEGINCREATE static procedure
        ENDCREATE member procedure
        GET* member functions
        GETTYPE member function
        GETTYPENAME member function
        PIECEWISE member procedure
        SET* member procedures
      - XMLType
        Overview
        CREATEXML
        GETCLOBVAL
        GETSTRINGVAL
        TRANSFORM
        XMLTYPE
        EXISTSNODE
        EXTRACT
    - Reserved PL keywords
- System views
  - Overview
  - Overview of system views
  - View changes between V3.x and V4.x
  - SYS tenant views
    - Dictionary views
      - information_schema.CONNECTION_CONTROL_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS
      - information_schema.CHARACTER_SETS
      - information_schema.CHECK_CONSTRAINTS
      - information_schema.COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY
      - information_schema.COLLATIONS
      - information_schema.COLUMN_PRIVILEGES
      - information_schema.COLUMNS
      - information_schema.ENGINES
      - information_schema.events
      - information_schema.GLOBAL_STATUS
      - information_schema.GLOBAL_VARIABLES
      - information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
      - information_schema.PARAMETERS
      - information_schema.PARTITIONS
      - information_schema.PROCESSLIST
      - information_schema.QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME
      - information_schema.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS
      - information_schema.role_table_grants
      - information_schema.role_column_grants
      - information_schema.role_routine_grants
      - information_schema.ROUTINES
      - information_schema.SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES
      - information_schema.SCHEMATA
      - information_schema.SESSION_STATUS
      - information_schema.SESSION_VARIABLES
      - information_schema.STATISTICS
      - information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
      - information_schema.TABLE_PRIVILEGES
      - information_schema.TABLES
      - information_schema.USER_PRIVILEGES
      - information_schema.VIEW_TABLE_USAGE
      - information_schema.VIEWS
      - mysql.columns_priv
      - mysql.db
      - mysql.default_roles
      - mysql.help_category
      - mysql.help_keyword
      - mysql.help_relation
      - mysql.help_topic
      - mysql.proc
      - mysql.procs_priv
      - mysql.role_edges
      - mysql.time_zone
      - mysql.time_zone_name
      - mysql.time_zone_transition
      - mysql.time_zone_transition_type
      - mysql.user
      - oceanbase.ALL_OB_EXTERNAL_TABLE_FILES
      - oceanbase.CDB_CKPT_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_DATABASE_PRIVILEGE
      - oceanbase.CDB_IND_COLUMNS
      - oceanbase.CDB_IND_PARTITIONS
      - oceanbase.CDB_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
      - CDB_INDEX_USAGE
      - oceanbase.CDB_INDEXES
      - CDB_MVIEW_LOGS
      - oceanbase.CDB_MVIEW_RUNNING_JOBS
      - CDB_MVIEWS
      - CDB_MVREF_CHANGE_STATS
      - CDB_MVREF_RUN_STATS
      - CDB_MVREF_STATS
      - CDB_MVREF_STATS_PARAMS
      - CDB_MVREF_STATS_SYS_DEFAULTS
      - CDB_MVREF_STMT_STATS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_ACCESS_POINT
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_AI_MODEL_ENDPOINTS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_AI_MODELS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS_ARB_REPLICA_TASKS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_ARCHIVE_DEST
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_ARCHIVELOG
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_ARCHIVELOG_PIECE_FILES
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_ARCHIVELOG_SUMMARY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_AUTO_INCREMENT
      - CDB_OB_AUX_STATISTICS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_JOB_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_JOBS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_POLICY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_TASKS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_JOB_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_JOBS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_PARAMETER
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_SET_FILES
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_STORAGE_INFO
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_STORAGE_INFO_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_TASKS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_BALANCE_JOB_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_BALANCE_JOBS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_BALANCE_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_BALANCE_TASKS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_COLUMN_CHECKSUM_ERROR_INFO
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_CCL_RULES
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_CS_REPLICA_STATS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_DATA_DICTIONARY_IN_LOG
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_DATABASES
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_DEADLOCK_EVENT_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_DYNAMIC_PARTITION_TABLES
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_EXTERNAL_TABLE_FILES
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_FREEZE_INFO
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_JOB_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_JOBS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_TASKS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_KV_TTL_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_KV_TTL_TASKS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_LOG_RESTORE_SOURCE
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS_ARB_REPLICA_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS_LOCATIONS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS_LOG_ARCHIVE_PROGRESS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS_REPLICA_TASKS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS_REPLICA_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_MAJOR_COMPACTION
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_OBJECT_BALANCE_WEIGHT
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_RECOVER_TABLE_JOB_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_RECOVER_TABLE_JOBS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_SERVICES
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_RESTORE_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_RESTORE_PROGRESS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_RSRC_DIRECTIVES
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_SENSITIVE_COLUMNS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_SENSITIVE_RULE_PLAINACCESS_USERS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_SENSITIVE_RULES
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_SERVER_SPACE_USAGE
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_SPACE_USAGE
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_SS_SPACE_USAGE
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_SYS_VARIABLES
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_STORAGE_IO_USAGE
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLE_LOCATIONS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLEGROUP_PARTITIONS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLEGROUP_SUBPARTITIONS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLEGROUP_TABLES
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLEGROUPS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLET_CHECKSUM_ERROR_INFO
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLET_REPLICAS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLET_TO_LS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLE_SPACE_USAGE
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_TEMP_FILES
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_TENANT_EVENT_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_TENANT_FLASHBACK_LOG_SCN
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_TRANSFER_PARTITION_TASKS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_TRANSFER_PARTITION_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_TRANSFER_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_TRANSFER_TASKS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_USERS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_VECTOR_INDEX_TASKS
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_VECTOR_INDEX_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_ZONE_MAJOR_COMPACTION
      - oceanbase.CDB_OBJECTS
      - oceanbase.CDB_PART_INDEXES
      - oceanbase.CDB_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
      - oceanbase.CDB_PART_TABLES
      - oceanbase.CDB_SCHEDULER_JOB_RUN_DETAILS
      - oceanbase.CDB_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
      - oceanbase.CDB_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
      - oceanbase.CDB_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
      - oceanbase.CDB_TAB_COLS
      - oceanbase.CDB_TAB_COLS_V$
      - oceanbase.CDB_TAB_PARTITIONS
      - oceanbase.CDB_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
      - oceanbase.CDB_TABLES
      - oceanbase.CDB_WR_ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.CDB_WR_CONTROL
      - oceanbase.CDB_WR_EVENT_NAME
      - oceanbase.CDB_WR_SNAPSHOT
      - oceanbase.CDB_WR_SQLSTAT
      - oceanbase.CDB_WR_SQLTEXT
      - oceanbase.CDB_WR_STATNAME
      - oceanbase.CDB_WR_SYS_TIME_MODEL
      - oceanbase.CDB_WR_SYSSTAT
      - oceanbase.CDB_WR_SYSTEM_EVENT
      - oceanbase.CDB_OB_EXTERNAL_RESOURCES
      - oceanbase.DBA_DB_LINKS
      - oceanbase.DBA_IND_PARTITIONS
      - oceanbase.DBA_IND_STATISTICS
      - oceanbase.DBA_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
      - oceanbase.DBA_INDEX_USAGE
      - oceanbase.DBA_MVIEW_DEPS
      - oceanbase.DBA_MVIEW_LOGS
      - oceanbase.DBA_MVIEW_RUNNING_JOBS
      - oceanbase.DBA_MVIEWS
      - oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_CHANGE_STATS
      - oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_RUN_STATS
      - oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_STATS
      - oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_STATS_PARAMS
      - oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_STATS_SYS_DEFAULTS
      - oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_STMT_STATS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_ACCESS_POINT
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_AI_MODEL_ENDPOINTS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_AI_MODELS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARBITRATION_SERVICE
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVE_DEST
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVELOG
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVELOG_PIECE_FILES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVELOG_SUMMARY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_AUTO_INCREMENT
      - DBA_OB_AUX_STATISTICS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_JOB_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_JOBS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_POLICY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_TASKS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_JOB_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_JOBS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_PARAMETER
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_SET_FILES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_STORAGE_INFO
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_STORAGE_INFO_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_TASKS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BALANCE_JOB_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BALANCE_JOBS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BALANCE_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BALANCE_TASKS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_CLONE_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_CLONE_PROGRESS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_CLUSTER_EVENT_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_CONCURRENT_LIMIT_SQL
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_CCL_RULES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_CS_REPLICA_STATS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_DATA_DICTIONARY_IN_LOG
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_DATABASE_PRIVILEGE
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_DATABASES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_DEADLOCK_EVENT_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_DYNAMIC_PARTITION_TABLES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_EXTERNAL_TABLE_FILES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_EXTERNAL_RESOURCES
      - DBA_OB_FORMAT_OUTLINES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_FREEZE_INFO
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_JOB_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_JOBS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_TASKS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_KV_TTL_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_KV_TTL_TASKS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_LOG_RESTORE_SOURCE
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_ARB_REPLICA_TASKS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_ARB_REPLICA_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_LOCATIONS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_LOG_ARCHIVE_PROGRESS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_REPLICA_TASKS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_REPLICA_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_MAJOR_COMPACTION
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_OUTLINE_CONCURRENT_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_OUTLINES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_RECOVER_TABLE_JOB_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_SERVICES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_RECOVER_TABLE_JOBS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_RESOURCE_POOLS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_RESTORE_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_RESTORE_PROGRESS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_ROOTSERVICE_EVENT_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_RSRC_IO_DIRECTIVES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_RSRC_DIRECTIVES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_SEQUENCE_OBJECTS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_SERVER_EVENT_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_SERVER_JOBS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_SERVERS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_SS_SPACE_USAGE
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_STORAGE_IO_USAGE
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_SYS_VARIABLES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLE_LOCATIONS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLE_OPT_STAT_GATHER_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLE_STAT_STALE_INFO
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUP_PARTITIONS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUP_SUBPARTITIONS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUP_TABLES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUPS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLET_REPLICAS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLET_TO_LS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TASK_OPT_STAT_GATHER_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TEMP_FILES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TENANT_EVENT_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TENANT_FLASHBACK_LOG_SCN
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TENANT_JOBS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TENANTS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TRANSFER_PARTITION_TASKS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TRANSFER_PARTITION_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TRANSFER_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TRANSFER_TASKS
      - DBA_OB_TRUSTED_ROOT_CERTIFICATE
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_UNIT_CONFIGS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_UNIT_JOBS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_UNITS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_USER_DEFINED_RULES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_USERS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_VECTOR_INDEX_TASKS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_VECTOR_INDEX_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_ZONE_MAJOR_COMPACTION
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_ZONES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_ZONE_STORAGE
      - oceanbase.DBA_OBJECTS
      - oceanbase.DBA_PART_COL_STATISTICS
      - oceanbase.DBA_PART_HISTOGRAMS
      - oceanbase.DBA_PART_INDEXES
      - oceanbase.DBA_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
      - oceanbase.DBA_PART_TABLES
      - oceanbase.DBA_RECYCLEBIN
      - oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUPS
      - oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_GROUP_MAPPINGS
      - oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_PLAN_DIRECTIVES
      - oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_PLANS
      - oceanbase.DBA_SCHEDULER_JOBS
      - oceanbase.DBA_SCHEDULER_JOB_RUN_DETAILS
      - oceanbase.DBA_SCHEDULER_WINDOWS
      - oceanbase.DBA_SEQUENCES
      - oceanbase.DBA_SQL_MANAGEMENT_CONFIG
      - oceanbase.DBA_SQL_PLAN_BASELINES
      - oceanbase.DBA_SUBPART_COL_STATISTICS
      - oceanbase.DBA_SUBPART_HISTOGRAMS
      - oceanbase.DBA_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
      - oceanbase.DBA_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
      - oceanbase.DBA_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
      - oceanbase.DBA_TAB_HISTOGRAMS
      - oceanbase.DBA_TAB_MODIFICATIONS
      - oceanbase.DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS
      - oceanbase.DBA_TAB_STATISTICS
      - oceanbase.DBA_TAB_STATS_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
      - oceanbase.DBA_TABLES
      - oceanbase.DBA_WR_ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_WR_CONTROL
      - oceanbase.DBA_WR_EVENT_NAME
      - oceanbase.DBA_WR_SNAPSHOT
      - oceanbase.DBA_WR_SQLSTAT
      - oceanbase.DBA_WR_SQLTEXT
      - oceanbase.DBA_WR_STATNAME
      - oceanbase.DBA_WR_SYS_TIME_MODEL
      - oceanbase.DBA_WR_SYSSTAT
      - oceanbase.DBA_WR_SYSTEM_EVENT
    - Performance views
      - GV$ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
      - GV$DML_STATS
      - GV$LATCH
      - GV$OB_ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
      - GV$OB_COMPACTION_DIAGNOSE_INFO
      - GV$OB_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
      - GV$OB_COMPACTION_SUGGESTIONS
      - GV$OB_CGROUP_CONFIG
      - GV$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
      - GV$OB_FLT_TRACE_CONFIG
      - GV$OB_FUNCTION_IO_STAT
      - GV$OB_GROUP_IO_STAT
      - GV$OB_HMS_CLIENT_POOL_STAT
      - GV$OB_HNSW_INDEX_INFO
      - GV$OB_IO_BENCHMARK
      - GV$OB_IO_CALIBRATION_STATUS
      - GV$OB_IVF_INDEX_INFO
      - GV$OB_KVCACHE
      - GV$OB_KV_GROUP_COMMIT_STATUS
      - GV$OB_LOG_STAT
      - GV$OB_LOG_TRANSPORT_DEST_STAT
      - GV$OB_LS_SNAPSHOTS
      - GV$OB_MEMORY
      - GV$OB_MEMSTORE
      - GV$OB_MEMSTORE_INFO
      - GV$OB_MERGE_INFO
      - GV$OB_NIC_INFO
      - GV$OB_RPC_INCOMING
      - GV$OB_RPC_OUTGOING
      - GV$OB_PARAMETERS
      - GV$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_EXPLAIN
      - GV$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_STAT
      - GV$OB_PLAN_CACHE_STAT
      - GV$OB_PROCESSLIST
      - GV$OB_PS_ITEM_INFO
      - GV$OB_PS_STAT
      - GV$OB_PX_P2P_DATAHUB
      - GV$OB_PX_TARGET_MONITOR
      - GV$OB_PX_WORKER_STAT
      - GV$OB_QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME_HISTOGRAM
      - GV$OB_RES_MGR_SYSSTAT
      - GV$OB_SERVER_SCHEMA_INFO
      - GV$OB_SERVERS
      - GV$OB_SERVER_STORAGE
      - GV$OB_SESS_TIME_MODEL
      - GV$OB_SESSION
      - GV$OB_SHARED_STORAGE_QUOTA
      - GV$OB_SQL_AUDIT
      - GV$OB_SQL_CCL_STATUS
      - GV$SQL_JOIN_FILTER
      - GV$OB_SQL_PLAN
      - GV$SQL_PLAN_MONITOR
      - GV$OB_SQL_WORKAREA_MEMORY_INFO
      - GV$OB_SQLSTAT
      - GV$OB_SSTABLES
      - GV$OB_SS_LOCAL_CACHE
      - GV$OB_SS_OBJECT_TYPE_IO_STAT
      - GV$OB_STORAGE_CACHE_TASKS
      - GV$OB_SYS_TIME_MODEL
      - GV$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_HISTORY
      - GV$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
      - GV$OB_TABLET_LOCAL_CACHE
      - GV$OB_TENANT_MEMORY
      - GV$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT
      - GV$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT_DETAIL
      - GV$OB_TENANT_RUNTIME_INFO
      - GV$OB_TRANSACTION_PARTICIPANTS
      - GV$OB_TRANSACTION_SCHEDULERS
      - GV$OB_UNITS
      - GV$OB_VECTOR_MEMORY
      - GV$SESSION_EVENT
      - GV$SESSION_LONGOPS
      - GV$SESSION_WAIT
      - GV$SESSION_WAIT_HISTORY
      - GV$SESSTAT
      - GV$SQL_WORKAREA
      - GV$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE
      - GV$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM
      - GV$SYSSTAT
      - GV$SYSTEM_EVENT
      - gv$tenant
      - gv$tenant_memstore_allocator_info
      - GV$OB_ARBITRATION_MEMBER_INFO
      - GV$OB_ARBITRATION_SERVICE_STATUS
      - GV$OB_KV_CLIENT_INFO
      - GV$OB_LOCKS
      - GV$OB_OPT_STAT_GATHER_MONITOR
      - GV$OB_THREAD
      - GV$OB_PL_CACHE_OBJECT
      - GV$UNIT
      - V$OB_PL_CACHE_OBJECT
      - V$ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
      - V$DML_STATS
      - V$ENCRYPTED_TABLESPACES
      - V$EVENT_NAME
      - V$LATCH
      - V$OB_ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
      - V$OB_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATUS
      - V$OB_COMPACTION_DIAGNOSE_INFO
      - V$OB_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
      - V$OB_COMPACTION_SUGGESTIONS
      - V$OB_COMPATIBILITY_CONTROL
      - V$OB_CGROUP_CONFIG
      - V$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
      - V$OB_DYNAMIC_PARTITION_TABLES
      - V$OB_ENCRYPTED_TABLES
      - V$OB_FUNCTION_IO_STAT
      - V$OB_GROUP_IO_STAT
      - V$OB_HMS_CLIENT_POOL_STAT
      - V$OB_IO_BENCHMARK
      - V$OB_HNSW_INDEX_INFO
      - V$OB_IO_CALIBRATION_STATUS
      - V$OB_IVF_INDEX_INFO
      - V$OB_KVCACHE
      - V$OB_KV_CLIENT_INFO
      - V$OB_KV_GROUP_COMMIT_STATUS
      - V$OB_LOG_STAT
      - V$OB_LOG_TRANSPORT_DEST_STAT
      - V$OB_LS_LOG_RESTORE_STATUS
      - V$OB_LS_REPLICA_TASK_PLAN
      - V$OB_LS_SNAPSHOTS
      - V$OB_MEMORY
      - V$OB_MEMSTORE
      - V$OB_MEMSTORE_INFO
      - V$OB_MERGE_INFO
      - V$OB_NIC_INFO
      - V$OB_RPC_INCOMING
      - V$OB_RPC_OUTGOING
      - V$OB_PARAMETERS
      - V$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_EXPLAIN
      - V$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_STAT
      - V$OB_PLAN_CACHE_STAT
      - V$OB_PROCESSLIST
      - V$OB_PS_ITEM_INFO
      - V$OB_PS_STAT
      - V$OB_PX_P2P_DATAHUB
      - V$OB_PX_TARGET_MONITOR
      - V$OB_PX_WORKER_STAT
      - V$OB_QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME_HISTOGRAM
      - V$OB_RES_MGR_SYSSTAT
      - V$OB_SERVER_SCHEMA_INFO
      - V$OB_SERVERS
      - V$OB_SERVER_STORAGE
      - V$OB_SESS_TIME_MODEL
      - V$OB_SESSION
      - V$SESSION_EVENT
      - V$OB_SHARED_STORAGE_QUOTA
      - V$OB_SQL_AUDIT
      - V$OB_SQL_CCL_STATUS
      - V$SQL_JOIN_FILTER
      - V$OB_SQL_PLAN
      - V$OB_SQL_WORKAREA_MEMORY_INFO
      - V$OB_SQLSTAT
      - V$OB_SS_SSTABLES
      - V$OB_SSTABLES
      - V$OB_SS_LOCAL_CACHE
      - V$OB_SS_OBJECT_TYPE_IO_STAT
      - V$OB_STORAGE_CACHE_TASKS
      - V$OB_SYS_TIME_MODEL
      - V$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_HISTORY
      - V$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
      - V$OB_TABLET_LOCAL_CACHE
      - V$OB_TENANT_MEMORY
      - V$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT
      - V$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT_DETAIL
      - V$OB_TENANT_RUNTIME_INFO
      - V$OB_TIMESTAMP_SERVICE
      - V$OB_TRANSACTION_PARTICIPANTS
      - V$OB_TRANSACTION_SCHEDULERS
      - V$OB_UNITS
      - V$RESTORE_POINT
      - V$RSRC_PLAN
      - V$SESSION_LONGOPS
      - V$SESSION_WAIT
      - V$SESSION_WAIT_HISTORY
      - V$SESSTAT
      - V$SQL_MONITOR_STATNAME
      - V$SQL_PLAN_MONITOR
      - V$SQL_WORKAREA
      - V$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE
      - V$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM
      - V$STATNAME
      - V$SYSSTAT
      - V$SYSTEM_EVENT
      - V$OB_ARBITRATION_MEMBER_INFO
      - V$OB_ARBITRATION_SERVICE_STATUS
      - V$OB_LOCKS
      - V$OB_OPT_STAT_GATHER_MONITOR
      - V$OB_THREAD
      - V$OB_VECTOR_MEMORY
      - v$tenant_memstore_allocator_info
      - V$UNIT
  - MySQL tenant views
    - Dictionary views
      - information_schema.CONNECTION_CONTROL_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS
      - information_schema.CHARACTER_SETS
      - information_schema.CHECK_CONSTRAINTS
      - information_schema.COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY
      - information_schema.COLLATIONS
      - information_schema.COLUMN_PRIVILEGES
      - information_schema.COLUMNS
      - information_schema.ENGINES
      - information_schema.events
      - information_schema.GLOBAL_STATUS
      - information_schema.GLOBAL_VARIABLES
      - information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
      - information_schema.PARAMETERS
      - information_schema.PARTITIONS
      - information_schema.PROCESSLIST
      - information_schema.QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME
      - information_schema.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS
      - information_schema.role_table_grants
      - information_schema.role_column_grants
      - information_schema.role_routine_grants
      - information_schema.ROUTINES
      - information_schema.SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES
      - information_schema.SCHEMATA
      - information_schema.SESSION_STATUS
      - information_schema.SESSION_VARIABLES
      - information_schema.ST_GEOMETRY_COLUMNS
      - information_schema.ST_SPATIAL_REFERENCE_SYSTEMS
      - information_schema.STATISTICS
      - information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
      - information_schema.TABLE_PRIVILEGES
      - information_schema.TABLES
      - information_schema.USER_PRIVILEGES
      - information_schema.VIEW_TABLE_USAGE
      - information_schema.VIEWS
      - mysql.audit_log_filter
      - mysql.audit_log_user
      - mysql.columns_priv
      - mysql.db
      - mysql.default_roles
      - mysql.help_category
      - mysql.help_keyword
      - mysql.help_relation
      - mysql.help_topic
      - mysql.proc
      - mysql.procs_priv
      - mysql.role_edges
      - mysql.time_zone
      - mysql.time_zone_name
      - mysql.time_zone_transition
      - mysql.time_zone_transition_type
      - mysql.user
      - oceanbase.ALL_OB_EXTERNAL_TABLE_FILES
      - oceanbase.DBA_DB_LINKS
      - oceanbase.DBA_IND_PARTITIONS
      - oceanbase.DBA_IND_STATISTICS
      - oceanbase.DBA_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
      - oceanbase.DBA_INDEX_USAGE
      - oceanbase.DBA_MVIEW_DEPS
      - oceanbase.DBA_MVIEW_LOGS
      - oceanbase.DBA_MVIEW_RUNNING_JOBS
      - oceanbase.DBA_MVIEWS
      - oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_CHANGE_STATS
      - oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_RUN_STATS
      - oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_STATS
      - oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_STATS_PARAMS
      - oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_STATS_SYS_DEFAULTS
      - oceanbase.DBA_MVREF_STMT_STATS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_ACCESS_POINT
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_AI_MODEL_ENDPOINTS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_AI_MODELS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVE_DEST
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVELOG
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVELOG_PIECE_FILES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVELOG_SUMMARY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_AUTO_INCREMENT
      - DBA_OB_AUX_STATISTICS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_JOB_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_JOBS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_POLICY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_TASKS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_JOB_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_JOBS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_PARAMETER
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_SET_FILES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_STORAGE_INFO
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_STORAGE_INFO_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_TASKS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BALANCE_JOB_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BALANCE_JOBS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BALANCE_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_BALANCE_TASKS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_CONCURRENT_LIMIT_SQL
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_CCL_RULES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_CS_REPLICA_STATS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_DATA_DICTIONARY_IN_LOG
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_DATABASE_PRIVILEGE
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_DATABASES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_DEADLOCK_EVENT_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_DYNAMIC_PARTITION_TABLES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_EXTERNAL_TABLE_FILES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_EXTERNAL_RESOURCES
      - DBA_OB_FORMAT_OUTLINES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_FREEZE_INFO
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_JOB_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_JOBS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_TASKS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_KV_TTL_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_KV_TTL_TASKS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_LOG_RESTORE_SOURCE
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_ARB_REPLICA_TASKS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_ARB_REPLICA_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_LOCATIONS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_LOG_ARCHIVE_PROGRESS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_REPLICA_TASKS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_REPLICA_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_MAJOR_COMPACTION
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_OBJECT_BALANCE_WEIGHT
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_OUTLINE_CONCURRENT_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_OUTLINES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_RECOVER_TABLE_JOB_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_RECOVER_TABLE_JOBS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_SERVICES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_RESTORE_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_RESTORE_PROGRESS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_RSRC_IO_DIRECTIVES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_RSRC_DIRECTIVES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_SENSITIVE_COLUMNS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_SENSITIVE_RULE_PLAINACCESS_USERS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_SENSITIVE_RULES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_SEQUENCE_OBJECTS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_SS_SPACE_USAGE
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_STORAGE_IO_USAGE
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_SYS_VARIABLES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLE_LOCATIONS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLE_OPT_STAT_GATHER_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLE_STAT_STALE_INFO
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUP_PARTITIONS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUP_SUBPARTITIONS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUP_TABLES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUPS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLET_REPLICAS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLE_SPACE_USAGE
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLET_TO_LS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TASK_OPT_STAT_GATHER_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TENANT_EVENT_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TENANTS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TEMP_FILES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TRANSFER_PARTITION_TASKS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TRANSFER_PARTITION_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TRANSFER_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TRANSFER_TASKS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_USER_DEFINED_RULES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_USERS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_VECTOR_INDEX_TASKS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_VECTOR_INDEX_TASK_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_ZONE_MAJOR_COMPACTION
      - oceanbase.DBA_OBJECTS
      - oceanbase.DBA_PART_COL_STATISTICS
      - oceanbase.DBA_PART_HISTOGRAMS
      - oceanbase.DBA_PART_INDEXES
      - oceanbase.DBA_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
      - oceanbase.DBA_PART_TABLES
      - oceanbase.DBA_RECYCLEBIN
      - oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUPS
      - oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_GROUP_MAPPINGS
      - oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_PLAN_DIRECTIVES
      - oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_PLANS
      - oceanbase.DBA_SCHEDULER_JOBS
      - oceanbase.DBA_SCHEDULER_JOB_RUN_DETAILS
      - oceanbase.DBA_SCHEDULER_WINDOWS
      - oceanbase.DBA_SEQUENCES
      - oceanbase.DBA_SQL_MANAGEMENT_CONFIG
      - oceanbase.DBA_SQL_PLAN_BASELINES
      - oceanbase.DBA_SUBPART_COL_STATISTICS
      - oceanbase.DBA_SUBPART_HISTOGRAMS
      - oceanbase.DBA_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
      - oceanbase.DBA_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
      - oceanbase.DBA_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
      - oceanbase.DBA_TAB_HISTOGRAMS
      - oceanbase.DBA_TAB_MODIFICATIONS
      - oceanbase.DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS
      - oceanbase.DBA_TAB_STATISTICS
      - oceanbase.DBA_TAB_STATS_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
      - oceanbase.DBA_TABLES
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_TENANT_FLASHBACK_LOG_SCN
      - oceanbase.DBA_WR_ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
      - oceanbase.DBA_WR_CONTROL
      - oceanbase.DBA_WR_EVENT_NAME
      - oceanbase.DBA_WR_SNAPSHOT
      - oceanbase.DBA_WR_SQLSTAT
      - oceanbase.DBA_WR_SQLTEXT
      - oceanbase.DBA_WR_STATNAME
      - oceanbase.DBA_WR_SYS_TIME_MODEL
      - oceanbase.DBA_WR_SYSSTAT
      - oceanbase.DBA_WR_SYSTEM_EVENT
    - Performance views
      - GV$ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
      - GV$DML_STATS
      - GV$LATCH
      - GV$OB_ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
      - GV$OB_COMPACTION_DIAGNOSE_INFO
      - GV$OB_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
      - GV$OB_COMPACTION_SUGGESTIONS
      - GV$OB_CGROUP_CONFIG
      - GV$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
      - GV$OB_FLT_TRACE_CONFIG
      - GV$OB_FUNCTION_IO_STAT
      - GV$OB_GROUP_IO_STAT
      - GV$OB_HMS_CLIENT_POOL_STAT
      - GV$OB_HNWS_INDEX_INFO
      - GV$OB_IVF_INDEX_INFO
      - GV$OB_KVCACHE
      - GV$OB_KV_CLIENT_INFO
      - GV$OB_KV_GROUP_COMMIT_STATUS
      - GV$OB_LOG_STAT
      - GV$OB_LOG_TRANSPORT_DEST_STAT
      - GV$OB_LS_SNAPSHOTS
      - GV$OB_MEMORY
      - GV$OB_MEMSTORE
      - GV$OB_MEMSTORE_INFO
      - GV$OB_MERGE_INFO
      - GV$OB_NIC_INFO
      - GV$OB_RPC_INCOMING
      - GV$OB_RPC_OUTGOING
      - GV$OB_PARAMETERS
      - GV$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_EXPLAIN
      - GV$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_STAT
      - GV$OB_PLAN_CACHE_STAT
      - GV$OB_PROCESSLIST
      - GV$OB_PS_ITEM_INFO
      - GV$OB_PS_STAT
      - GV$OB_PX_P2P_DATAHUB
      - GV$OB_PX_TARGET_MONITOR
      - GV$OB_PX_WORKER_STAT
      - GV$OB_QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME_HISTOGRAM
      - GV$OB_RES_MGR_SYSSTAT
      - GV$OB_SERVER_SCHEMA_INFO
      - GV$OB_SESS_TIME_MODEL
      - GV$OB_SESSION
      - GV$OB_SHARED_STORAGE_QUOTA
      - GV$OB_SQL_AUDIT
      - GV$OB_SQL_CCL_STATUS
      - GV$SQL_JOIN_FILTER
      - GV$OB_SQL_PLAN
      - GV$OB_SQL_WORKAREA_MEMORY_INFO
      - GV$OB_SQLSTAT
      - GV$OB_SSTABLES
      - GV$OB_SS_LOCAL_CACHE
      - GV$OB_SS_OBJECT_TYPE_IO_STAT
      - GV$OB_STORAGE_CACHE_TASKS
      - GV$OB_SYS_TIME_MODEL
      - GV$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_HISTORY
      - GV$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
      - GV$OB_TABLET_LOCAL_CACHE
      - GV$OB_TENANT_MEMORY
      - GV$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT
      - GV$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT_DETAIL
      - GV$OB_TRANSACTION_PARTICIPANTS
      - GV$OB_TRANSACTION_SCHEDULERS
      - GV$OB_UNITS
      - GV$OB_VECTOR_MEMORY
      - GV$SESSION_EVENT
      - GV$SESSION_LONGOPS
      - GV$SESSION_WAIT
      - GV$SESSION_WAIT_HISTORY
      - GV$SESSTAT
      - GV$SQL_PLAN_MONITOR
      - GV$SQL_WORKAREA
      - GV$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE
      - GV$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM
      - GV$SYSSTAT
      - GV$SYSTEM_EVENT
      - GV$OB_ARBITRATION_MEMBER_INFO
      - GV$OB_ARBITRATION_SERVICE_STATUS
      - GV$OB_LOCKS
      - GV$OB_OPT_STAT_GATHER_MONITOR
      - GV$OB_THREAD
      - GV$OB_PL_CACHE_OBJECT
      - V$OB_PL_CACHE_OBJECT
      - V$ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
      - V$DML_STATS
      - V$EVENT_NAME
      - V$LATCH
      - V$OB_ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
      - V$OB_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATUS
      - V$OB_COMPACTION_DIAGNOSE_INFO
      - V$OB_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
      - V$OB_COMPACTION_SUGGESTIONS
      - V$OB_COMPATIBILITY_CONTROL
      - V$OB_CGROUP_CONFIG
      - V$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
      - V$OB_DYNAMIC_PARTITION_TABLES
      - V$OB_ENCRYPTED_TABLES
      - V$ENCRYPTED_TABLESPACES
      - V$OB_FUNCTION_IO_STAT
      - V$OB_GROUP_IO_STAT
      - V$OB_HMS_CLIENT_POOL_STAT
      - V$OB_HNWS_INDEX_INFO
      - V$OB_IVF_INDEX_INFO
      - V$OB_KVCACHE
      - V$OB_KV_CLIENT_INFO
      - V$OB_KV_GROUP_COMMIT_STATUS
      - V$OB_LOG_STAT
      - V$OB_LOG_TRANSPORT_DEST_STAT
      - V$OB_LS_LOG_RESTORE_STATUS
      - V$OB_LS_REPLICA_TASK_PLAN
      - V$OB_LS_SNAPSHOTS
      - V$OB_MEMORY
      - V$OB_MEMSTORE
      - V$OB_MEMSTORE_INFO
      - V$OB_MERGE_INFO
      - V$OB_NIC_INFO
      - V$OB_RPC_INCOMING
      - V$OB_RPC_OUTGOING
      - V$OB_PARAMETERS
      - V$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_EXPLAIN
      - V$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_STAT
      - V$OB_PLAN_CACHE_STAT
      - V$OB_PROCESSLIST
      - V$OB_PS_ITEM_INFO
      - V$OB_PS_STAT
      - V$OB_PX_P2P_DATAHUB
      - V$OB_PX_TARGET_MONITOR
      - V$OB_PX_WORKER_STAT
      - V$OB_QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME_HISTOGRAM
      - V$OB_RES_MGR_SYSSTAT
      - V$RSRC_PLAN
      - V$OB_SERVER_SCHEMA_INFO
      - V$OB_SESS_TIME_MODEL
      - V$OB_SESSION
      - V$SESSION_EVENT
      - V$OB_SHARED_STORAGE_QUOTA
      - V$OB_SQL_AUDIT
      - V$OB_SQL_CCL_STATUS
      - V$SQL_JOIN_FILTER
      - V$OB_SQL_PLAN
      - V$OB_SQL_WORKAREA_MEMORY_INFO
      - V$OB_SQLSTAT
      - V$OB_SS_SSTABLES
      - V$OB_SSTABLES
      - V$OB_SS_LOCAL_CACHE
      - V$OB_SS_OBJECT_TYPE_IO_STAT
      - V$OB_STORAGE_CACHE_TASKS
      - V$OB_SYS_TIME_MODEL
      - V$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_HISTORY
      - V$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
      - V$OB_TABLET_LOCAL_CACHE
      - V$OB_TENANT_MEMORY
      - V$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT
      - V$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT_DETAIL
      - V$OB_TIMESTAMP_SERVICE
      - V$OB_TRANSACTION_PARTICIPANTS
      - V$OB_TRANSACTION_SCHEDULERS
      - V$OB_UNITS
      - V$OB_VECTOR_MEMORY
      - V$RESTORE_POINT
      - V$SESSION_LONGOPS
      - V$SESSION_WAIT
      - V$SESSION_WAIT_HISTORY
      - V$SESSTAT
      - V$SQL_MONITOR_STATNAME
      - V$SQL_PLAN_MONITOR
      - V$SQL_WORKAREA
      - V$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE
      - V$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM
      - V$STATNAME
      - V$SYSSTAT
      - V$SYSTEM_EVENT
      - V$OB_ARBITRATION_MEMBER_INFO
      - V$OB_ARBITRATION_SERVICE_STATUS
      - V$OB_LOCKS
      - V$OB_OPT_STAT_GATHER_MONITOR
      - V$OB_THREAD
  - Oracle tenant views
    - Dictionary views
      - ALL_ALL_TABLES
      - ALL_ARGUMENTS
      - ALL_COL_COMMENTS
      - ALL_COL_PRIVS
      - ALL_COLL_TYPES
      - ALL_CONS_COLUMNS
      - ALL_CONSTRAINTS
      - ALL_DB_LINKS
      - ALL_DEF_AUDIT_OPTS
      - ALL_DEPENDENCIES
      - ALL_DIRECTORIES
      - ALL_ERRORS
      - ALL_IND_COLUMNS
      - ALL_IND_EXPRESSIONS
      - ALL_IND_PARTITIONS
      - ALL_IND_STATISTICS
      - ALL_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
      - ALL_INDEXES
      - ALL_METHOD_PARAMS
      - ALL_MVIEW_LOGS
      - ALL_MVIEWS
      - ALL_OB_EXTERNAL_TABLE_FILES
      - ALL_OBJECTS
      - ALL_OB_SOURCE
      - ALL_PART_COL_STATISTICS
      - ALL_PART_HISTOGRAMS
      - ALL_PART_INDEXES
      - ALL_PLSQL_TYPES
      - ALL_PLSQL_COLL_TYPES
      - ALL_PLSQL_TYPE_ATTRS
      - ALL_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
      - ALL_PART_TABLES
      - ALL_POLICIES
      - ALL_POLICY_CONTEXTS
      - ALL_POLICY_GROUPS
      - ALL_PROCEDURES
      - ALL_PROFILES
      - ALL_SCHEDULER_JOB_ARGS
      - ALL_SCHEDULER_PROGRAM_ARGS
      - ALL_SCHEDULER_WINDOWS
      - ALL_SEC_RELEVANT_COLS
      - ALL_SEQUENCES
      - ALL_SOURCE
      - ALL_SUBPART_COL_STATISTICS
      - ALL_SUBPART_HISTOGRAMS
      - ALL_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
      - ALL_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
      - ALL_SYNONYMS
      - ALL_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
      - ALL_TAB_COLS
      - ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
      - ALL_TAB_COMMENTS
      - ALL_TAB_HISTOGRAMS
      - ALL_TAB_MODIFICATIONS
      - ALL_TAB_PARTITIONS
      - ALL_TAB_PRIVS
      - ALL_TAB_STATISTICS
      - ALL_TAB_STATS_HISTORY
      - ALL_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
      - ALL_TABLES
      - ALL_TRIGGER_ORDERING
      - ALL_TRIGGERS
      - ALL_TYPE_ATTRS
      - ALL_TYPE_METHODS
      - ALL_TYPES
      - ALL_USERS
      - ALL_VIEWS
      - AUDIT_ACTIONS
      - DBA_ALL_TABLES
      - DBA_ARGUMENTS
      - DBA_AUDIT_EXISTS
      - DBA_AUDIT_OBJECT
      - DBA_AUDIT_SESSION
      - DBA_AUDIT_STATEMENT
      - DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL
      - DBA_COL_COMMENTS
      - DBA_COL_PRIVS
      - DBA_COLL_TYPES
      - DBA_CONS_COLUMNS
      - DBA_CONSTRAINTS
      - DBA_CONTEXT
      - DBA_DB_LINKS
      - DBA_DEPENDENCIES
      - DBA_DIRECTORIES
      - DBA_ERRORS
      - DBA_IND_COLUMNS
      - DBA_IND_EXPRESSIONS
      - DBA_IND_PARTITIONS
      - DBA_IND_STATISTICS
      - DBA_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
      - DBA_INDEX_USAGE
      - DBA_INDEXES
      - DBA_JOBS
      - DBA_JOBS_RUNNING
      - DBA_METHOD_PARAMS
      - DBA_MVIEW_DEPS
      - DBA_MVIEW_LOGS
      - DBA_MVIEW_RUNNING_JOBS
      - DBA_MVIEWS
      - DBA_MVREF_CHANGE_STATS
      - DBA_MVREF_RUN_STATS
      - DBA_MVREF_STATS
      - DBA_MVREF_STATS_PARAMS
      - DBA_MVREF_STATS_SYS_DEFAULTS
      - DBA_MVREF_STMT_STATS
      - DBA_OB_ACCESS_POINT
      - DBA_OB_ARCHIVE_DEST
      - DBA_OB_ARCHIVELOG
      - DBA_OB_ARCHIVELOG_PIECE_FILES
      - DBA_OB_ARCHIVELOG_SUMMARY
      - DBA_OB_AUX_STATISTICS
      - DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_JOB_HISTORY
      - DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_JOBS
      - DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_POLICY
      - DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_TASK_HISTORY
      - DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_TASKS
      - DBA_OB_BACKUP_JOB_HISTORY
      - DBA_OB_BACKUP_JOBS
      - DBA_OB_BACKUP_PARAMETER
      - DBA_OB_BACKUP_SET_FILES
      - DBA_OB_BACKUP_STORAGE_INFO
      - DBA_OB_BACKUP_STORAGE_INFO_HISTORY
      - DBA_OB_BACKUP_TASK_HISTORY
      - DBA_OB_BACKUP_TASKS
      - DBA_OB_BALANCE_JOB_HISTORY
      - DBA_OB_BALANCE_JOBS
      - DBA_OB_BALANCE_TASK_HISTORY
      - DBA_OB_BALANCE_TASKS
      - DBA_OB_CONCURRENT_LIMIT_SQL
      - DBA_OB_CS_REPLICA_STATS
      - DBA_OB_CCL_RULES
      - DBA_OB_DATA_DICTIONARY_IN_LOG
      - DBA_OB_DATABASE_PRIVILEGE
      - DBA_OB_DATABASES
      - DBA_OB_DEADLOCK_EVENT_HISTORY
      - DBA_OB_DYNAMIC_PARTITION_TABLES
      - DBA_OB_EXTERNAL_TABLE_FILES
      - DBA_OB_FORMAT_OUTLINES
      - DBA_OB_FREEZE_INFO
      - DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_JOB_HISTORY
      - DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_JOBS
      - DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_TASK_HISTORY
      - DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_TASKS
      - DBA_OB_LOG_RESTORE_SOURCE
      - DBA_OB_LS
      - DBA_OB_LS_ARB_REPLICA_TASKS
      - DBA_OB_LS_ARB_REPLICA_TASK_HISTORY
      - DBA_OB_LS_HISTORY
      - DBA_OB_LS_LOCATIONS
      - DBA_OB_LS_LOG_ARCHIVE_PROGRESS
      - DBA_OB_SENSITIVE_COLUMNS
      - DBA_OB_SENSITIVE_RULE_PLAINACCESS_USERS
      - DBA_OB_SENSITIVE_RULES
      - DBA_OB_SERVICES
      - DBA_OB_LS_REPLICA_TASKS
      - DBA_OB_LS_REPLICA_TASK_HISTORY
      - DBA_OB_MAJOR_COMPACTION
      - DBA_OB_OBJECT_BALANCE_WEIGHT
      - DBA_OB_OUTLINE_CONCURRENT_HISTORY
      - DBA_OB_OUTLINES
      - DBA_OB_RECOVER_TABLE_JOB_HISTORY
      - DBA_OB_RECOVER_TABLE_JOBS
      - DBA_OB_RESTORE_HISTORY
      - DBA_OB_RESTORE_PROGRESS
      - DBA_OB_RSRC_IO_DIRECTIVES
      - DBA_OB_RSRC_DIRECTIVES
      - DBA_OB_SPATIAL_COLUMNS
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_SS_SPACE_USAGE
      - oceanbase.DBA_OB_STORAGE_IO_USAGE
      - DBA_OB_SYS_VARIABLES
      - DBA_OB_SOURCE
      - DBA_OB_TABLE_LOCATIONS
      - DBA_OB_TABLE_OPT_STAT_GATHER_HISTORY
      - DBA_OB_TABLE_STAT_STALE_INFO
      - DBA_OB_TABLEGROUP_PARTITIONS
      - DBA_OB_TABLEGROUP_SUBPARTITIONS
      - DBA_OB_TABLEGROUP_TABLES
      - DBA_OB_TABLEGROUPS
      - DBA_OB_TABLET_REPLICAS
      - DBA_OB_TABLET_TO_LS
      - DBA_OB_TASK_OPT_STAT_GATHER_HISTORY
      - DBA_OB_TENANT_EVENT_HISTORY
      - DBA_OB_TENANT_FLASHBACK_LOG_SCN
      - DBA_OB_TEMP_FILES
      - DBA_OB_TENANTS
      - DBA_OB_TRANSFER_PARTITION_TASKS
      - DBA_PLSQL_TYPES
      - DBA_PLSQL_COLL_TYPES
      - DBA_PLSQL_TYPE_ATTRS
      - DBA_OB_TRANSFER_PARTITION_TASK_HISTORY
      - DBA_OB_TRANSFER_TASK_HISTORY
      - DBA_OB_TRANSFER_TASKS
      - DBA_OB_USER_DEFINED_RULES
      - DBA_OB_ZONE_MAJOR_COMPACTION
      - DBA_OBJ_AUDIT_OPTS
      - DBA_OBJECTS
      - DBA_PART_COL_STATISTICS
      - DBA_PART_HISTOGRAMS
      - DBA_PART_INDEXES
      - DBA_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
      - DBA_PART_TABLES
      - DBA_POLICIES
      - DBA_POLICY_CONTEXTS
      - DBA_POLICY_GROUPS
      - DBA_PROCEDURES
      - DBA_PROFILES
      - DBA_RECYCLEBIN
      - DBA_ROLE_PRIVS
      - DBA_ROLES
      - DBA_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUPS
      - DBA_RSRC_GROUP_MAPPINGS
      - DBA_RSRC_PLAN_DIRECTIVES
      - DBA_RSRC_PLANS
      - DBA_SCHEDULER_JOB_ARGS
      - DBA_SCHEDULER_JOB_RUN_DETAILS
      - DBA_SCHEDULER_JOBS
      - DBA_SCHEDULER_PROGRAM
      - DBA_SCHEDULER_PROGRAM_ARGS
      - DBA_SCHEDULER_WINDOWS
      - DBA_SEC_RELEVANT_COLS
      - DBA_SEGMENTS
      - DBA_SEQUENCES
      - DBA_SOURCE
      - DBA_SQL_MANAGEMENT_CONFIG
      - DBA_SQL_PLAN_BASELINES
      - DBA_STMT_AUDIT_OPTS
      - DBA_SUBPART_COL_STATISTICS
      - DBA_SUBPART_HISTOGRAMS
      - DBA_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
      - DBA_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
      - DBA_SYNONYMS
      - DBA_SYS_PRIVS
      - DBA_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
      - DBA_TAB_COLS
      - DBA_TAB_COLUMNS
      - DBA_TAB_COMMENTS
      - DBA_TAB_HISTOGRAMS
      - DBA_TAB_MODIFICATIONS
      - DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS
      - DBA_TAB_PRIVS
      - DBA_TAB_STATISTICS
      - DBA_TAB_STATS_HISTORY
      - DBA_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
      - DBA_TABLES
      - DBA_TABLESPACES
      - DBA_OB_TABLE_SPACE_USAGE
      - DBA_TRIGGER_ORDERING
      - DBA_TRIGGERS
      - DBA_TYPE_ATTRS
      - DBA_TYPE_METHODS
      - DBA_TYPES
      - DBA_USERS
      - DBA_VIEWS
      - DBA_WR_ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
      - DBA_WR_CONTROL
      - DBA_WR_EVENT_NAME
      - DBA_WR_SNAPSHOT
      - DBA_WR_SQLSTAT
      - DBA_WR_SQLTEXT
      - DBA_WR_STATNAME
      - DBA_WR_SYS_TIME_MODEL
      - DBA_WR_SYSSTAT
      - DBA_WR_SYSTEM_EVENT
      - DBMS_LOCK_ALLOCATED
      - DICT
      - DICTIONARY
      - NLS_DATABASE_PARAMETERS
      - NLS_INSTANCE_PARAMETERS
      - NLS_SESSION_PARAMETERS
      - PROXY_USERS
      - ROLE_ROLE_PRIVS
      - ROLE_SYS_PRIVS
      - ROLE_TAB_PRIVS
      - STMT_AUDIT_OPTION_MAP
      - TENANT_VIRTUAL_GLOBAL_VARIABLE
      - TENANT_VIRTUAL_SESSION_VARIABLE
      - USER_ALL_TABLES
      - USER_ARGUMENTS
      - USER_AUDIT_OBJECT
      - USER_AUDIT_SESSION
      - USER_AUDIT_STATEMENT
      - USER_AUDIT_TRAIL
      - USER_COL_COMMENTS
      - USER_COL_PRIVS
      - USER_COLL_TYPES
      - USER_CONS_COLUMNS
      - USER_CONSTRAINTS
      - USER_DB_LINKS
      - USER_DEPENDENCIES
      - USER_ERRORS
      - USER_IND_COLUMNS
      - USER_IND_EXPRESSIONS
      - USER_IND_PARTITIONS
      - USER_IND_STATISTICS
      - USER_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
      - USER_INDEXES
      - USER_PLSQL_TYPES
      - USER_PLSQL_COLL_TYPES
      - USER_PLSQL_TYPE_ATTRS
      - USER_JOBS
      - USER_MVIEW_LOGS
      - USER_MVIEWS
      - USER_MVREF_CHANGE_STATS
      - USER_MVREF_RUN_STATS
      - USER_MVREF_STATS
      - USER_MVREF_STATS_PARAMS
      - USER_MVREF_STATS_SYS_DEFAULTS
      - USER_MVREF_STMT_STATS
      - USER_OBJECTS
      - USER_OB_SOURCE
      - USER_PART_COL_STATISTICS
      - USER_PART_HISTOGRAMS
      - USER_PART_INDEXES
      - USER_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
      - USER_PART_TABLES
      - USER_POLICIES
      - USER_POLICY_CONTEXTS
      - USER_POLICY_GROUPS
      - USER_PROCEDURES
      - USER_PROFILES
      - USER_RECYCLEBIN
      - USER_ROLE_PRIVS
      - USER_SCHEDULER_JOB_ARGS
      - USER_SCHEDULER_PROGRAM_ARGS
      - USER_SEC_RELEVANT_COLS
      - USER_SEGMENTS
      - USER_SEQUENCES
      - USER_SOURCE
      - USER_SUBPART_COL_STATISTICS
      - USER_SUBPART_HISTOGRAMS
      - USER_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
      - USER_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
      - USER_SYNONYMS
      - USER_SYS_PRIVS
      - USER_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
      - USER_TAB_COLS
      - USER_TAB_COLUMNS
      - USER_TAB_COMMENTS
      - USER_TAB_HISTOGRAMS
      - USER_TAB_MODIFICATIONS
      - USER_TAB_PARTITIONS
      - USER_TAB_PRIVS
      - USER_TAB_STATISTICS
      - USER_TAB_STATS_HISTORY
      - USER_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
      - USER_TABLES
      - USER_TABLESPACES
      - USER_TRIGGER_ORDERING
      - USER_TRIGGERS
      - USER_TYPE_ATTRS
      - USER_TYPE_METHODS
      - USER_TYPES
      - USER_USERS
      - USER_VIEWS
    - Performance views
      - GV$ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
      - GV$DBLINK
      - GV$DML_STATS
      - GV$GLOBAL_TRANSACTION
      - GV$INSTANCE
      - GV$OB_ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
      - GV$OB_ARBITRATION_MEMBER_INFO
      - GV$OB_COMPACTION_DIAGNOSE_INFO
      - GV$OB_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
      - GV$OB_COMPACTION_SUGGESTIONS
      - GV$OB_CGROUP_CONFIG
      - GV$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
      - GV$OB_FLT_TRACE_CONFIG
      - GV$OB_FUNCTION_IO_STAT
      - GV$OB_GLOBAL_TRANSACTION
      - GV$OB_GROUP_IO_STAT
      - GV$OB_HMS_CLIENT_POOL_STAT
      - GV$OB_KVCACHE
      - GV$OB_LOG_STAT
      - GV$OB_LOG_TRANSPORT_DEST_STAT
      - GV$OB_LS_SNAPSHOTS
      - GV$OB_MEMORY
      - GV$OB_MEMSTORE
      - GV$OB_MEMSTORE_INFO
      - GV$OB_NIC_INFO
      - GV$OB_OPT_STAT_GATHER_MONITOR
      - GV$OB_PARAMETERS
      - GV$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_EXPLAIN
      - GV$OB_PL_CACHE_OBJECT
      - GV$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_STAT
      - GV$OB_PLAN_CACHE_STAT
      - GV$OB_PROCESSLIST
      - GV$OB_PS_ITEM_INFO
      - GV$OB_PS_STAT
      - GV$OB_PX_P2P_DATAHUB
      - GV$OB_PX_TARGET_MONITOR
      - GV$OB_PX_WORKER_STAT
      - GV$OB_QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME_HISTOGRAM
      - GV$OB_RES_MGR_SYSSTAT
      - GV$OB_SERVER_SCHEMA_INFO
      - GV$OB_SESS_TIME_MODEL
      - GV$OB_SESSION
      - GV$OB_SHARED_STORAGE_QUOTA
      - GV$OB_SQL_AUDIT
      - GV$OB_SQL_CCL_STATUS
      - GV$SQL_JOIN_FILTER
      - GV$OB_SQL_PLAN
      - GV$OB_SQL_WORKAREA_MEMORY_INFO
      - GV$OB_SQLSTAT
      - GV$OB_SSTABLES
      - GV$OB_SS_LOCAL_CACHE
      - GV$OB_SYS_TIME_MODEL
      - GV$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_HISTORY
      - GV$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
      - GV$OB_TENANT_MEMORY
      - GV$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT
      - GV$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT_DETAIL
      - GV$OB_TRANSACTION_PARTICIPANTS
      - GV$OB_TRANSACTION_SCHEDULERS
      - GV$OB_UNITS
      - GV$OB_RESULT_CACHE_OBJECTS
      - GV$OPEN_CURSOR
      - GV$SESSION_WAIT
      - GV$SESSION_WAIT_HISTORY
      - GV$SESSTAT
      - GV$SQL_PLAN_MONITOR
      - GV$SQL_WORKAREA
      - GV$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE
      - GV$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM
      - GV$SYSSTAT
      - GV$SYSTEM_EVENT
      - GV$OB_ARBITRATION_SERVICE_STATUS
      - GV$OB_LOCKS
      - GV$OB_THREAD
      - V$ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
      - V$DBLINK
      - V$DML_STATS
      - V$OB_ENCRYPTED_TABLES
      - V$ENCRYPTED_TABLESPACES
      - V$EVENT_NAME
      - V$GLOBAL_TRANSACTION
      - V$GLOBALCONTEXT
      - V$INSTANCE
      - V$OB_MEMORY
      - V$OB_MEMSTORE
      - V$NLS_PARAMETERS
      - V$OB_ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
      - V$OB_ARBITRATION_MEMBER_INFO
      - V$OB_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATUS
      - V$OB_COMPACTION_DIAGNOSE_INFO
      - V$OB_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
      - V$OB_COMPACTION_SUGGESTIONS
      - V$OB_CGROUP_CONFIG
      - V$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
      - V$OB_DYNAMIC_PARTITION_TABLES
      - V$OB_FUNCTION_IO_STAT
      - V$OB_GLOBAL_TRANSACTION
      - V$OB_GROUP_IO_STAT
      - V$OB_HMS_CLIENT_POOL_STAT
      - V$OB_KVCACHE
      - V$OB_LOG_STAT
      - V$OB_LOG_TRANSPORT_DEST_STAT
      - V$OB_LS_LOG_RESTORE_STATUS
      - V$OB_LS_SNAPSHOTS
      - V$OB_MEMSTORE_INFO
      - V$OB_NIC_INFO
      - V$OB_OPT_STAT_GATHER_MONITOR
      - V$OB_PARAMETERS
      - V$OB_PL_CACHE_OBJECT
      - V$OB_PROCESSLIST
      - V$OB_PX_P2P_DATAHUB
      - V$OB_PX_TARGET_MONITOR
      - V$OB_PX_WORKER_STAT
      - V$OB_QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME_HISTOGRAM
      - V$OB_RES_MGR_SYSSTAT
      - V$OB_RESULT_CACHE_OBJECTS
      - V$OB_SERVER_SCHEMA_INFO
      - V$OB_SESS_TIME_MODEL
      - V$OB_SESSION
      - V$OB_SHARED_STORAGE_QUOTA
      - V$OB_SQL_PLAN
      - V$OB_SQL_WORKAREA_MEMORY_INFO
      - V$OB_SQLSTAT
      - V$OB_SS_LOCAL_CACHE
      - V$OB_SYS_TIME_MODEL
      - V$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_HISTORY
      - V$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
      - V$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT
      - V$OB_TENANT_RESOURCE_LIMIT_DETAIL
      - V$OB_TIMESTAMP_SERVICE
      - V$OB_TRANSACTION_PARTICIPANTS
      - V$OB_TRANSACTION_SCHEDULERS
      - V$OB_UNITS
      - V$OPEN_CURSOR
      - V$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_EXPLAIN
      - V$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_STAT
      - V$OB_PLAN_CACHE_STAT
      - V$OB_PS_ITEM_INFO
      - V$OB_PS_STAT
      - V$RSRC_PLAN
      - V$SESSION_WAIT
      - V$SESSION_WAIT_HISTORY
      - V$SESSTAT
      - V$OB_SQL_AUDIT
      - V$OB_SQL_CCL_STATUS
      - V$SQL_JOIN_FILTER
      - V$SQL_MONITOR_STATNAME
      - V$SQL_PLAN_MONITOR
      - V$SQL_WORKAREA
      - V$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE
      - V$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM
      - V$OB_SS_SSTABLES
      - V$OB_SSTABLES
      - V$RESTORE_POINT
      - V$STATNAME
      - V$SYSSTAT
      - V$SYSTEM_EVENT
      - V$OB_TENANT_MEMORY
      - V$TIMEZONE_NAMES
      - V$VERSION
      - V$OB_ARBITRATION_SERVICE_STATUS
      - V$OB_LOCKS
      - V$OB_LS_REPLICA_TASK_PLAN
      - V$OB_THREAD
  - Overview of metrics
  - General wait events
- Parameters and system variables
  - Overview
  - Changes to configuration parameters and system variables in V3.x and V4.x
  - Parameters
    - Overview
    - Cluster-level parameters
      - alert_log_level
      - all_cluster_list
      - all_server_list
      - arbitration_degradation_policy
      - auto_broadcast_location_cache_rate_limit
      - auto_leader_switch_interval
      - auto_refresh_location_cache_rate_limit
      - autoinc_cache_refresh_interval
      - async_ps_cursor_max_count
      - backup_backup_dest
      - backup_backup_dest_option
      - backup_concurrency
      - backup_dest
      - backup_dest_option
      - backup_log_archive_option
      - backup_net_limit
      - backup_recovery_window
      - backup_region
      - backup_zone
      - balance_blacklist_failure_threshold
      - balance_blacklist_retry_interval
      - balancer_emergency_percentage
      - balancer_log_interval
      - balancer_task_timeout
      - balancer_timeout_check_interval
      - balancer_tolerance_percentage
      - bf_cache_miss_count_threshold
      - bf_cache_priority
      - builtin_db_data_verify_cycle
      - cache_wash_threshold
      - clog_cache_priority
      - clog_disk_usage_limit_percentage
      - clog_disk_utilization_threshold
      - clog_expire_days
      - clog_io_isolation_mode
      - clog_sync_time_warn_threshold
      - clog_transport_compress_func
      - cluster
      - cluster_id
      - config_additional_dir
      - cpu_count
      - cpu_reserved
      - data_copy_concurrency
      - data_dir
      - data_disk_usage_limit_percentage
      - data_disk_write_limit_percentage
      - data_storage_error_tolerance_time
      - data_storage_warning_tolerance_time
      - datafile_disk_percentage
      - datafile_maxsize
      - datafile_next
      - datafile_size
      - dead_socket_detection_timeout
      - debug_sync_timeout
      - default_compress
      - default_compress_func
      - default_row_format
      - default_transport_compress_func
      - devname
      - diag_syslog_per_error_limit
      - disk_io_thread_count
      - dtl_buffer_size
      - election_blacklist_interval
      - election_cpu_quota
      - enable_asan_for_memory_context
      - enable_async_syslog
      - enable_auto_leader_switch
      - enable_auto_refresh_location_cache
      - enable_cgroup
      - enable_dblink
      - enable_ddl
      - enable_election_group
      - enable_global_background_resource_isolation
      - enable_global_freeze_trigger
      - enable_log_archive
      - enable_logservice
      - enable_major_freeze
      - enable_manual_merge
      - enable_merge_by_turn
      - enable_ob_esi_process
      - enable_ob_ratelimit
      - enable_one_phase_commit
      - enable_perf_event
      - enable_pg
      - enable_record_trace_id
      - enable_record_trace_log
      - enable_rereplication
      - enable_rich_error_msg
      - enable_rootservice_standalone
      - enable_rpc_authentication_bypass
      - enable_separate_sys_clog
      - enable_smooth_leader_switch
      - enable_sql_audit
      - enable_sql_operator_dump
      - enable_sys_table_ddl
      - enable_sys_unit_standalone
      - enable_syslog_recycle
      - enable_syslog_wf
      - enable_tcp_keepalive
      - enable_upgrade_mode
      - external_table_disk_cache_max_percentage
      - fast_recovery_concurrency
      - flush_log_at_trx_commit
      - fuse_row_cache_priority
      - gc_wait_archive
      - get_leader_candidate_rpc_timeout
      - global_background_cpu_quota
      - global_index_build_single_replica_timeout
      - global_major_freeze_residual_memory
      - global_write_halt_residual_memory
      - high_priority_net_thread_count
      - ignore_replay_checksum_error
      - ignore_replica_checksum_error
      - ilog_index_expire_time
      - index_block_cache_priority
      - index_cache_priority
      - index_clog_cache_priority
      - index_info_block_cache_priority
      - internal_sql_execute_timeout
      - large_query_threshold
      - large_query_worker_percentage
      - leak_mod_to_check
      - lease_time
      - local_ip
      - location_cache_cpu_quota
      - location_cache_expire_time
      - location_cache_priority
      - location_cache_refresh_min_interval
      - location_cache_refresh_rpc_timeout
      - location_cache_refresh_sql_timeout
      - location_fetch_concurrency
      - location_refresh_thread_count
      - log_archive_batch_buffer_limit
      - log_archive_checkpoint_interval
      - log_disk_percentage
      - log_disk_size
      - logservice_access_point
      - log_storage_warning_trigger_percentage
      - log_storage_warning_tolerance_time
      - ls_meta_table_check_interval
      - max_kept_major_version_number
      - max_px_worker_count
      - max_string_print_length
      - max_syslog_file_count
      - memory_chunk_cache_size
      - memory_limit
      - memory_limit_percentage
      - memory_reserved
      - memstore_limit_percentage
      - merge_stat_sampling_ratio
      - merge_thread_count
      - merger_completion_percentage
      - merger_switch_leader_duration_time
      - merger_warm_up_duration_time
      - micro_block_merge_verify_level
      - migrate_concurrency
      - migration_disable_time
      - min_observer_version
      - minor_deferred_gc_time
      - minor_freeze_times
      - minor_merge_concurrency
      - minor_warm_up_duration_time
      - multiblock_read_gap_size
      - multiblock_read_size
      - mysql_port
      - net_thread_count
      - ob_esi_io_concurrency
      - ob_esi_max_syslog_file_count
      - ob_esi_memory_limit
      - ob_esi_rpc_port
      - ob_esi_session_timeout
      - ob_esi_syslog_level
      - ob_event_history_recycle_interval
      - ob_ratelimit_stat_period
      - ob_startup_mode
      - ob_python_home
      - obconfig_url
      - observer_id
      - ob_storage_s3_url_encode_type
      - ob_enable_java_env
      - ob_java_home
      - ob_java_connector_path
      - ob_java_opts
      - ob_enable_utl_http
      - ofs_list
      - opt_tab_stat_cache_priority
      - partition_table_check_interval
      - plan_cache_evict_interval
      - plan_cache_high_watermark
      - plan_cache_low_watermark
      - px_task_size
      - px_workers_per_cpu_quota
      - rebuild_replica_data_lag_threshold
      - recyclebin_object_expire_time
      - replica_safe_remove_time
      - resource_hard_limit
      - resource_soft_limit
      - restore_concurrency
      - rootservice_async_task_queue_size
      - rootservice_async_task_thread_count
      - rootservice_list
      - rootservice_memory_limit
      - rootservice_ready_check_interval
      - row_compaction_update_limit
      - row_purge_thread_count
      - rpc_client_authentication_method
      - rpc_port
      - rpc_server_authentication_method
      - rpc_timeout
      - schema_history_expire_time
      - schema_history_recycle_interval
      - server_balance_cpu_mem_tolerance_percent
      - server_balance_critical_disk_waterlevel
      - server_balance_disk_tolerance_percent
      - server_check_interval
      - server_cpu_quota_max
      - server_cpu_quota_min
      - server_data_copy_in_concurrency
      - server_data_copy_out_concurrency
      - server_permanent_offline_time
      - sql_audit_memory_limit
      - sql_login_thread_count
      - sql_net_thread_count
      - sql_protocol_min_tls_version
      - ssl_client_authentication
      - ssl_external_kms_info
      - stack_size
      - standby_fetch_log_bandwidth_limit
      - storage_meta_cache_priority
      - strict_check_os_params
      - switchover_process_thread_count
      - sync_io_thread_count
      - sys_bkgd_io_high_percentage
      - sys_bkgd_io_low_percentage
      - sys_bkgd_migration_change_member_list_timeout
      - sys_bkgd_migration_retry_num
      - sys_bkgd_net_percentage
      - sys_cpu_limit_trigger
      - syslog_compress_func
      - syslog_disk_size
      - syslog_file_uncompressed_count
      - syslog_io_bandwidth_limit
      - syslog_level
      - syslog_sync_size_threshold
      - system_cpu_quota
      - system_memory
      - system_trace_level
      - tableapi_transport_compress_func
      - tablet_ls_cache_priority
      - tablet_meta_table_check_interval
      - tablet_meta_table_scan_batch_count
      - tablet_size
      - tcp_keepcnt
      - tcp_keepidle
      - tcp_keepintvl
      - tenant_cpu_variation_per_server
      - tenant_groups
      - tenant_task_queue_size
      - token_reserved_percentage
      - trace_log_sampling_interval
      - trace_log_slow_query_watermark
      - trx_2pc_retry_interval
      - trx_force_kill_threshold
      - trx_try_wait_lock_timeout
      - unit_balance_resource_weight
      - unit_gc_wait_time
      - use_large_pages
      - user_block_cache_priority
      - user_iort_up_percentage
      - user_row_cache_priority
      - user_tab_col_stat_cache_priority
      - virtual_table_location_cache_expire_time
      - wait_leader_batch_count
      - weak_read_version_refresh_interval
      - workers_per_cpu_quota
      - zone
      - zone_merge_concurrency
      - zone_merge_order
      - zone_merge_timeout
    - Tenant-level parameters
      - arbitration_timeout
      - archive_lag_target
      - approx_count_distinct_precision
      - audit_log_buffer_size
      - audit_log_compression
      - attach_shared_sstable_thread_score
      - audit_log_enable
      - audit_log_format
      - audit_log_max_size
      - audit_log_path
      - audit_log_prune_seconds
      - audit_log_query_sql
      - audit_log_rotate_on_size
      - audit_log_strategy
      - audit_sys_operations
      - audit_trail
      - auto_split_tablet_size
      - backup_data_file_size
      - balancer_idle_time
      - choose_migration_source_policy
      - clog_max_unconfirmed_log_count
      - clog_persistence_compress_func
      - compaction_dag_cnt_limit
      - compaction_high_thread_score
      - compaction_low_thread_score
      - compaction_mid_thread_score
      - compaction_schedule_tablet_batch_cnt
      - compatible
      - connection_control_failed_connections_threshold
      - connection_control_max_connection_delay
      - connection_control_min_connection_delay
      - cpu_quota_concurrency
      - ddl_thread_score
      - default_auto_increment_mode
      - default_enable_extended_rowid
      - default_load_mode
      - default_micro_block_format_version
      - default_progressive_merge_num
      - default_skip_index_level
      - default_storage_cache_policy
      - default_table_merge_engine
      - default_table_organization
      - default_table_store_format
      - direct_load_allow_fallback
      - dump_data_dictionary_to_log_interval
      - enable_adaptive_plan_cache
      - enable_auto_split
      - enable_clog_encryption
      - enable_clog_persistence_compress
      - enable_database_sharding_none
      - enable_early_lock_release
      - enable_gts_standalone
      - enable_kv_group_commit
      - enable_kv_ttl
      - enable_lock_priority
      - enable_manual_storage_cache_policy
      - enable_mlog_auto_maintenance
      - enable_monotonic_weak_read
      - enable_mv_binlog_minimal_mode
      - enable_ls_leader_balance
      - enable_rebalance
      - enable_sql_extension
      - enable_transfer
      - enable_user_defined_rewrite_rules
      - external_kms_info
      - external_table_io_hole_size
      - external_table_io_range_size
      - freeze_trigger_percentage
      - global_index_auto_split_policy
      - ha_high_thread_score
      - ha_low_thread_score
      - ha_mid_thread_score
      - inc_sstable_upload_thread_score
      - io_category_config
      - job_queue_processes
      - json_document_max_depth
      - kv_ttl_duty_duration
      - kv_group_commit_batch_size
      - kv_group_commit_rw_mode
      - kv_hbase_client_scanner_timeout_period
      - kv_ttl_history_recycle_interval
      - load_data_diagnosis_log_compression
      - load_data_diagnosis_log_max_size
      - load_vector_index_on_follower
      - lob_enable_block_cache_threshold
      - log_archive_concurrency
      - log_disk_throttling_maximum_duration
      - log_disk_throttling_percentage
      - log_disk_utilization_limit_threshold
      - log_disk_utilization_threshold
      - log_restore_concurrency
      - log_storage_compress_all
      - log_storage_compress_func
      - log_transport_compress_all
      - log_transport_compress_func
      - ls_gc_delay_time
      - ls_scale_out_factor
      - major_compact_trigger
      - major_freeze_duty_time
      - max_partition_num
      - max_stale_time_for_weak_consistency
      - mds_compaction_high_thread_score
      - mds_compaction_mid_thread_score
      - mds_minor_compact_trigger
      - merger_check_interval
      - minor_compact_trigger
      - mlog_trim_interval
      - ob_compaction_schedule_interval
      - ob_enable_batched_multi_statement
      - ob_encoding_granularity
      - ob_enable_java_udf
      - ob_enable_python_udf
      - ob_proxy_readonly_transaction_routing_policy
      - ob_query_switch_leader_retry_timeout
      - ob_ssl_invited_common_names
      - ob_vector_memory_limit_percentage
      - open_cursors
      - optimizer_index_cost_adj
      - partition_balance_schedule_interval
      - plsql_code_type
      - plsql_debug
      - plsql_optimize_level
      - plsql_v2_compatibility
      - px_node_policy
      - package_state_sync_max_size
      - query_memory_limit_percentage
      - query_response_time_flush
      - query_response_time_range_base
      - query_response_time_stats
      - range_optimizer_max_mem_size
      - recover_table_concurrency
      - recover_table_dop
      - replica_parallel_migration_mode
      - result_cache_max_size
      - result_cache_max_result
      - ob_result_cache_evict_percentage
      - ob_deterministic_udf_cache_max_size
      - rpc_memory_limit_percentage
      - shared_log_retention
      - spill_compression_codec
      - sql_work_area
      - standby_db_fetch_log_rpc_timeout
      - standby_db_preferred_upstream_log_region
      - sts_credential
      - tde_method
      - tenant_sql_login_thread_count
      - tenant_sql_net_thread_count
      - temporary_file_max_disk_size
      - storage_rowsets_size
      - suspend_storage_cache_task
      - ttl_thread_score
      - undo_retention
      - vector_index_memory_saving_mode
      - vector_index_optimize_duty_time
      - workarea_size_policy
      - writing_throttling_maximum_duration
      - writing_throttling_trigger_percentage
      - zone_deploy_mode
  - System variables
    - Overview
    - Global variables
      - activate_all_roles_on_login
      - auto_increment_cache_size
      - auto_increment_increment
      - auto_increment_offset
      - autocommit
      - automatic_sp_privileges
      - binlog_row_image
      - block_encryption_mode
      - character_set_client
      - character_set_connection
      - cardinality_estimation_model
      - character_set_database
      - character_set_filesystem
      - character_set_results
      - character_set_server
      - character_set_system
      - collation_connection
      - collation_database
      - collation_server
      - connect_timeout
      - cte_max_recursion_depth
      - cursor_sharing
      - datadir
      - default_password_lifetime
      - default_storage_engine
      - div_precision_increment
      - error_on_overlap_time
      - event_scheduler
      - explicit_defaults_for_timestamp
      - ENABLE_OPTIMIZER_ROWGOAL
      - foreign_key_checks
      - group_concat_max_len
      - identity
      - init_connect
      - innodb_stats_persistent
      - innodb_strict_mode
      - interactive_timeout
      - license
      - lc_time_names
      - log_row_value_options
      - long_query_time
      - lower_case_table_names
      - max_allowed_packet
      - max_connections
      - max_sp_recursion_depth
      - max_user_connections
      - mview_refresh_dop
      - net_buffer_length
      - net_read_timeout
      - net_write_timeout
      - nls_calendar
      - nls_characterset
      - nls_comp
      - nls_currency
      - nls_date_format
      - nls_date_language
      - nls_dual_currency
      - nls_iso_currency
      - nls_length_semantics
      - nls_nchar_characterset
      - nls_nchar_conv_excp
      - nls_numeric_characters
      - nls_sort
      - nls_territory
      - nls_timestamp_format
      - nls_timestamp_tz_format
      - ob_bnl_join_cache_size
      - ob_compatibility_mode
      - ob_compatibility_control
      - ob_compatibility_version
      - ob_create_table_strict_mode
      - ob_default_lob_inrow_threshold
      - ob_default_replica_num
      - ob_early_lock_release
      - ob_enable_ps_parameter_anonymous_block
      - ob_enable_pl_async_commit
      - ob_enable_aggregation_pushdown
      - ob_enable_blk_nestedloop_join
      - ob_enable_hash_group_by
      - ob_enable_index_direct_select
      - ob_enable_jit
      - ob_enable_pl_cache
      - ob_enable_plan_cache
      - ob_enable_rich_error_msg
      - ob_enable_sql_audit
      - ob_enable_transformation
      - ob_enable_transmission_checksum
      - ob_enable_truncate_flashback
      - ob_global_debug_sync
      - ob_log_level
      - ob_max_read_stale_time
      - ob_pl_block_timeout
      - ob_plan_cache_evict_high_percentage
      - ob_plan_cache_evict_low_percentage
      - ob_plan_cache_percentage
      - ob_proxy_global_variables_version
      - ob_query_timeout
      - ob_read_consistency
      - ob_reserved_meta_memory_percentage
      - ob_route_policy
      - ob_sql_audit_percentage
      - ob_sql_work_area_percentage
      - ob_table_access_policy
      - ob_tcp_invited_nodes
      - ob_temp_tablespace_size_percentage
      - ob_timestamp_service
      - ob_trx_idle_timeout
      - ob_trx_lock_timeout
      - ob_trx_timeout
      - optimizer_capture_sql_plan_baselines
      - ob_security_version
      - optimizer_dynamic_sampling
      - optimizer_features_enable
      - optimizer_use_sql_plan_baselines
      - parallel_degree_limit
      - parallel_degree_policy
      - parallel_max_servers
      - parallel_min_scan_time_threshold
      - parallel_servers_target
      - performance_schema
      - plugin_dir
      - plsql_ccflags
      - pid_file
      - query_cache_size
      - plsql_optimize_level
      - port
      - query_cache_type
      - query_rewrite_enabled
      - query_rewrite_integrity
      - read_only
      - recyclebin
      - regexp_stack_limit
      - regexp_time_limit
      - resource_manager_plan
      - socket
      - runtime_bloom_filter_max_size
      - runtime_filter_max_in_num
      - runtime_filter_type
      - runtime_filter_wait_time_ms
      - secure_file_priv
      - server_uuid
      - sql_auto_is_null
      - sql_mode
      - sql_quote_show_create
      - sql_safe_updates
      - sql_select_limit
      - sql_throttle_current_priority
      - sql_throttle_network
      - sql_throttle_priority
      - sql_throttle_rt
      - SQL_TRANSPILER
      - sql_warnings
      - system_time_zone
      - time_zone
      - transaction_isolation
      - transaction_read_only
      - tx_isolation
      - tx_read_only
      - validate_password_check_user_name
      - validate_password_length
      - validate_password_mixed_case_count
      - validate_password_number_count
      - validate_password_policy
      - validate_password_special_char_count
      - version
      - version_comment
      - wait_timeout
    - Session-level variables
      - enable_sql_plan_monitor
      - is_result_accurate
      - last_insert_id
      - nls_language
      - ob_capability_flag
      - ob_enable_show_trace
      - ob_hnsw_ef_search
      - ob_ivf_nprobes
      - ob_last_schema_version
      - ob_org_cluster_id
      - ob_sparse_drop_ratio_search
      - ob_proxy_partition_hit
      - ob_proxy_set_trx_executed
      - ob_trace_info
      - timestamp
      - tracefile_identifier
- Error codes
  - MySQL-compatible mode
    - Overview
    - 0001 to 3999
    - 4000 to 4499
    - 4500 to 4999
    - 5000 to 5999
    - 6000 to 6999
    - 7000 to 7999
    - 8000 to 8999
    - 9000 ~ 9499
    - 9500 to 9999
    - 10000 to 12000
    - 22998, 30926, 38104, and 38105
  - Oracle-compatible mode
    - Overview
    - OBE-00000 ~ OBE-00999
    - OBE-01000 to OBE-01499
    - OBE-01500 to OBE-01999
    - OBE-02000 to OBE-04999
    - OBE-05000 to OBE-10000
    - OBE-10000 to OBE-19999
    - OBE-20000 to OBE-29999
    - OBE-30000 to OBE-49999
    - OBE-50000 to OBE-99999
    - PLS-00000 to PLS-00999
- Performance tuning
  - Overview
  - Performance related tools
    - System tools
      - Top general tool
      - CPU tools
      - Memory tools
      - Disk I/O tools
      - Network tools
    - Internal tables
      - GV$SYSSTAT
      - GV$OB_SQL_AUDIT
      - GV$OB_TRANSACTION_PARTICIPANTS
    - Logs
      - slow trans
      - dump tenant info
      - Trace logs
    - OCP
  - System tuning
    - OS parameter tuning
    - Database parameter tuning
      - CPU-related parameters
      - I/O-related parameters
      - Memory-related parameters
      - Network transmission related parameters
    - ODP parameter tuning
      - CPU parameters
      - Network transmission related parameters
      - Routing parameters on nodes
  - Business model tuning
    - Load balancing
    - SQL diagnostics
    - Distributed transactions
  - Performance diagnosis
    - Cluster performance diagnosis
    - Diagnose tenant performance
    - Monitor ODP performance
    - Monitor host performance
    - WR management
      - Overview
      - Manage WR
      - Monitor historical session performance
      - Clean up WR data
    - ASH report
      - ASH
      - Generate an ASH report
      - Analyze an ASH report
      - ASH best practices
  - SQL tuning
    - Execution process of SQL queries
    - SQL execution plans
      - Introduction to SQL execution plans
      - Fast parameterization
      - Execution plan cache
      - Execution plan operators
        TABLE SCAN
        JOIN
        COUNT
        GROUP BY
        WINDOW FUNCTION
        SUBPLAN FILTER
        DISTINCT
        SEQUENCE
        MATERIAL
        SORT
        LIMIT
        FOR UPDATE
        SELECT INTO
        SUBPLAN SCAN
        UNION
        INTERSECT
        EXCEPT/MINUS
        INSERT
        DELETE
        UPDATE
        MERGE
        EXCHANGE
        GI
      - Display execution plans in real time
      - SQL optimization practice with EXPLAIN
    - Distributed execution plans
      - Perform distributed execution and parallel queries
      - Generate a distributed plan
      - Schedule distributed execution plans
      - Manage distributed execution plans
      - Parallel execution enabling methods and their priority
      - Auto DOP
      - Execute parallel queries
      - Perform parameter tuning for a parallel query
      - Parallel DML
      - Parallel DDL
    - Parallel execution plans
      - Introduction to parallel execution
      - Classification and optimization of parallel execution
      - Set concurrent execution
        Concurrency control and queuing
        Set a DOP for parallel execution
        Set parallel execution parameters
      - Parallel execution diagnostics
      - Parallel execution tuning tips
      - Quick start
    - SQL tuning
      - Overview of SQL tuning
      - General procedure
      - SQL execution performance monitoring
        GV$OB_SQL_AUDIT
        SQL Trace
        Plan cache views
        SQL performance analysis example
        Use SQL Audit to analyze wait events in a query
        Analyze SQL queries that cause an abrupt RT jitter
        View and analyze the shape of an execution plan
        Analyze slow SQL queries
        Query SQL traffic distribution and QPS
        Check whether SQL queries are balanced across servers in a cluster
        Find the TOP N SQL queries
        Analyze whether an unusually large number of remote execution requests exist in the system or the execution of an SQL statement
        Find full table scan SQL statements in a tenant
        Find the TOP N queries with the longest execution time within a certain period
        Analyze queries related to distributed plans
        Check whether the RPC execution count of a distributed subplan is balanced across servers in a cluster
      - Optimizer statistics
        Overview of statistics
        Statistics collection methods
        Overview
        Histograms
        Manually collect statistics
        Automatic statistics collection
        Online statistics collection
        Dynamic sampling
        Statistics management
        Overview
        Delete statistics
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        Import and export statistics
        Lock and unlock statistics
        Manage statistics history
        Manage statistics preferences
        Collection and update strategy for partitioned table statistics
        Monitoring and diagnostics for statistics collection
        OceanBase statistics management practical guide
      - Query rewrite
        Overview
        Rule-based query rewrite
        Cost-based query rewrite
      - Query optimization
        Access path
        Overview
        Rule-based path selection
        Cost-based path selection
        Join algorithm
        Overview
        Join algorithms
        Runtime filter
        Join order
      - Manage execution plans
        Optimizer hints
        Plan binding
        SQL execution plan management (SPM)
    - Glossary
    - General issues in SQL tuning
- Database proxy
  - OceanBase Database Proxy
  - Connection and routing
  - ODP
    - Overview
    - Manage ODP clusters
      - Create an ODP cluster
      - Manage ODP cluster parameters
      - Delete an ODP cluster
      - Upgrade all ODPs in an ODP cluster
      - Restart all ODPs in an ODP cluster
      - Manage OceanBase clusters connected to an ODP cluster
      - Monitor ODP cluster performance
    - Manage ODP
      - Add an ODP
      - Start an ODP
      - Refresh ODP configurations
      - Stop an ODP
      - Restart an ODP
      - Delete an ODP
      - Upgrade one or more ODPs
    - ODP startup parameters
  - Physical connections
  - Logical connection
    - Query all sessions
    - Query the details of a session
    - Query the metrics of a session
    - Query session variables
    - Terminate a server session
  - Route management
    - Table-based routing of ODP
    - LDC-based routing
    - ODP routing policy
      - Read/Write splitting
      - Follower-first read
      - Blocklist mechanism
      - Transaction routing
  - View tenant sessions
  - Terminate a tenant session
  - Set the maximum number of connections for a tenant
- Drivers
  - ECOB
  - OBCI
  - OceanBase Connector/J
  - OceanBase Connector/C
  - OceanBase Connector/ODBC
- Platforms
  - OMA
  - OMS
  - OCP
  - ODC
  - OAT
- Components & tools
  - O&M management
    - obshell
      - Use cases
        obshell management
        Start or stop obshell
        Upgrade obshell
        cluster management
        Deploy an OceanBase cluster
        Deploy ODP
        Take over an OceanBase cluster not deployed by obshell
        Start an OceanBase cluster
        Stop an OceanBase cluster
        Use obshell to scale out an OceanBase cluster
        Upgrade an OceanBase cluster
        Initiate a cluster-level backup
        Replace a faulty node
        Tenant management
        Create a tenant
        Initiate a tenant-level backup
        Initiate tenant-level restore
        Expand a tenant
        Configure an OBServer node to start automatically on boot
      - obshell commands
        Agent commands of obshell
        Cluster commands of obshell
        obshell unit commands
        obshell resource pool commands
        Tenant command group of obshell
        Task commands of obshell
        Backup commands in obshell
        obshell restore command group
        obshell recyclebin command group
      - obshell Dashboard
        obshell Dashboard
        Cluster information
        Cluster Management
        Tenant management
        Overview of tenant management
        Overview
        Database Management
        User Management
        Backup and restore
        Overview of Backup and Restore
        Immediately backup
        Initiate restore
        Performance Monitoring
        Alarm center
        Overview
        View alert events
        Managing Alert Suppression
        Parameter management
        Package management
        Task Management
      - API references
        obshell API requests
        Hybrid encryption for API operations
        obshell management
        AgentUpgradeCheck
        UpgradeAgent
        Set node password
        QueryNodeStatus
        cluster management
        Add a node before cluster initialization
        DeleteNodeBeforeClusterInitialization
        SetClusterConfig
        SetServerConfig
        Initialize Cluster
        StartCluster
        StopCluster
        ObUpgradeCheck
        Upgrade OceanBase Database
        Scale out a cluster
        Cluster shrink
        GetObInfo
        Delete a Zone
        ODP management
        Deploy ODP
        Start ODP
        Stop ODP
        Upload an ODP installation package
        Upgrade ODP
        Destroy ODP
        Unit config management
        Create a resource specification
        Retrieve all resource specifications
        Query the information of a specified resource specification
        Delete a resource specification
        Resource pool management
        Get information about all resource pools
        Delete a specified resource pool
        Tenant management
        Create a tenant
        Query tenant information
        Change the tenant password
        Modify the access whitelist of a tenant
        Modify the primary zone of a tenant
        Modify tenant system variables
        Modify tenant configurations
        Rename a tenant
        Create a user
        Delete a user
        Delete a tenant
        Add a tenant replica
        Modify a tenant replica
        Delete a tenant replica
        Lock a tenant
        Unlock a tenant
        Get an overview of all tenants
        Query a system variable of a specified tenant
        Fuzzy query tenant system variables
        Query a tenant parameter
        Fuzzy query tenant parameters
        Backup management
        Set the backup configuration for a tenant
        Set cluster-level backup configurations
        Update the backup configuration of a tenant
        Update the cluster-level backup configuration
        Initiate a backup for a single tenant
        Initiate a cluster-level backup
        View information about a backup task for a tenant
        View cluster-level backup tasks
        Modify the backup status of a tenant
        Modify the status of cluster-level backups
        Modify the log archiving status of a tenant
        Modify the log archiving status of a cluster
        Restore management
        Initiate tenant restore
        View tenant recovery
        Cancel tenant restore
        Recycle bin management
        Query all tenant information in the recycle bin
        Restore a tenant from the recycle bin
        Clear a tenant from the recycle bin
        Task management
        OperateDag
        GetDagDetails
        GetNodeDetails
        GetSubtaskDetails
        QueryUnfinishedTasks
        QueryUnfinishedAgentTasks
        QueryUnfinishedObTasks
        QueryLastObTask
        QueryLastAgentTask
        Other APIs
        UploadPkg
        GetPublicKey
      - SDK references
        Python
        Quick start
        obshell management
        Install obshell
        Start obshell
        Perform an agent upgrade check
        Upgrade agents
        Set node password
        Query the status of a node
        cluster management
        Add a node before cluster initialization
        Remove a node before cluster initialization
        Set cluster-level configurations
        Set server-level configurations
        Initialize nodes
        Initialize a cluster
        Start a cluster
        Stop a cluster
        Take over a cluster
        Perform an OceanBase Database upgrade check
        Upgrade OceanBase Database
        Scale out a cluster
        Scale in a cluster
        Query the information about a cluster
        Clean up obshell nodes in an uninitialized cluster
        Create a cluster
        Delete a zone
        ODP management
        Deploy ODP
        Start ODP
        Stop ODP
        Upload an ODP installation package
        Upgrade ODP
        Destroy ODP
        Unit config management
        Create a resource specification
        Obtain information about all resource specifications
        Query information about a specified resource unit
        Delete a resource specification
        Resource pool management
        Get information about all resource pools
        Delete a resource pool
        Tenant management
        Create a tenant
        Query tenant information
        Change the password of a tenant
        Modify the access whitelist of a tenant
        Modify the primary zone of a tenant
        Modify tenant system variables
        Modify tenant parameters
        Rename a tenant
        Create a user
        Delete a user
        Drop a tenant
        Add a tenant replica
        Modify a tenant replica
        Delete a tenant replica
        Lock a tenant
        Unlock a tenant
        Query the overview of all tenants
        Query tenant system variables
        Query tenant parameters
        Backup management
        Configure the backup settings for a tenant
        Configure cluster-level backup settings
        Update the backup configuration of a tenant
        Update cluster-level backup configuration
        Initiate a backup for a single tenant
        Initiate a cluster-level backup
        View a backup task of a tenant
        View cluster-level tenant backup tasks
        Modify the backup status of a tenant
        Modify the status of cluster-level backups
        Change the log archiving status of a tenant
        Modify the log archiving status of a cluster
        Restore management
        Restore a single tenant
        View tenant recovery
        Cancel tenant restoration
        Recycle bin management
        Get information about all tenants in the recycle bin
        Restore a tenant from the recycle bin
        Purge a tenant from the recycle bin
        Task management
        Operate a task
        Obtain the information about a task
        Obtain the information about a node
        Obtain the information about a subtask
        Query all unfinished tasks
        Query unfinished agent tasks
        Query unfinished OceanBase cluster tasks
        Query the last O&M task in an OceanBase cluster
        Query the last O&M task of an obshell node
        Other APIs
        Search for RPM packages
        Download RPM packages
        Upload an RPM package
        GO
        Quick Start with obshell-sdk-go
        obshell management
        Install obshell
        Start obshell
        Perform an agent upgrade check
        Upgrade agents
        Query the status of a node
        cluster management
        Add a node before cluster initialization
        Remove a node before cluster initialization
        Set cluster-level configurations
        Set server-level configurations
        Initialize the nodes
        Initialize a cluster
        Start a cluster
        Stop a cluster
        Take over a cluster
        Perform an OceanBase Database upgrade check
        Upgrade OceanBase Database
        Scale out a cluster
        Cluster shrink
        Query the information about a cluster
        Clean up obshell nodes in an uninitialized cluster
        Create a cluster
        Delete a zone
        Unit config management
        Create a resource unit configuration
        Query all resource specifications
        Query the specifications of a specified resource
        Drop a resource unit configuration
        Resource pool management
        Get information about all resource pools
        Drop a resource pool
        Tenant management
        Create a tenant
        Query tenant information
        Change a tenant password
        Modify the tenant access whitelist
        Modify the primary zone of a tenant
        Modify tenant system variables
        Modify tenant parameters
        Rename a tenant
        Drop a tenant
        Add a tenant replica
        Modify a tenant replica
        Delete a tenant replica
        Lock a tenant
        Unlock a tenant
        Query the overview of all tenants
        Query tenant system variables
        Query tenant parameters
        Backup management
        Set the backup configuration for a tenant
        Set the cluster-level backup configuration
        Update the backup configuration for a tenant
        Update the cluster-level backup configuration
        Initiate a backup for a single tenant
        Initiate a cluster-level backup
        View a backup task for a tenant
        View cluster-level tenant backup tasks
        Modify the backup status of a tenant
        Modify the status of a cluster-level backup
        Change the log archiving status of a tenant
        Modify the status of cluster-level log archiving
        Restore management
        Initiate a restore for a single tenant
        View tenant recovery
        Cancel tenant restore
        Recycle bin management
        Get information about all tenants in the recycle bin
        Restore a tenant from the recycle bin
        Purge tenants from the recycle bin
        Task management
        Operate a task
        Obtain the information about a task
        Obtain the information about a node
        Obtain the information about a subtask
        Query all unfinished tasks
        Query unfinished agent tasks
        Query unfinished OceanBase cluster tasks
        Query the last O&M task in an OceanBase cluster
        Query the last O&M task of an obshell node
        Other APIs
        Search for RPM packages
        Download RPM packages
        Upload an RPM package
      - Error codes
    - obd
    - ob_admin
      - Overview
      - clog
        log_tool
        Format of clogs
        Transaction logs
      - Backup and restore
        dump_backup
        test_io_device
        io_adapter_benchmark
      - dumpsst
    - ob-operator
    - ob_error
  - Monitoring and diagnostics
    - obdiag
    - sql_diagnoser
      - Overview
      - Install and use SQL diagnoser sql_diagnoser
        Install sql_diagnoser
        Use sql_diagnoser
      - sql_diagnoser parameters
        Built-in diagnostic items
        Diagnostic rule expression
        API operations
        Diagnostic items of SQL review
  - Log analysis
    - oblogminer
      - Overview
      - Install oblogminer
      - Command-line options
      - Examples
      - FAQ
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    - obloader and obdumper
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      - Overview of obcdc
      - obcdc parameters
        Sample configuration file
        General obcdc parameters
        obcdc parameters
      - obcdc development instructions
      - obcdc_tailf
      - Throttling
      - obcdc allowlist and blocklist
      - Incremental direct load in obcdc
      - obcdc supports synchronous standby databases
      - obcdc supports data dictionaries.
      - FAQ
  - Stress testing tools
    - mysqltest
      - Use obd.sh to run mysqltest
      - Use of cases
        Add a test case
        Test case writing conventions
        General test case writing commands
- OceanBase plugin
  - Overview of OceanBase plugin
  - Tokenizer plugin
  - MySQL external table plugin
FAQ
- Products
- FAQ about SQL statements
- Deployment
- Cluster management
- High availability
- FAQ about columnstores
Release Notes
- Version number guidelines
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    - OceanBase Database Community Edition V3.1.5
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LCASE

Last Updated：2026-03-06 07:02:42 Updated

LCASE(str)

Purpose

Convert the characters in the string to lowercase.

The function is a synonym for LOWER().

Examples

obclient> SELECT LCASE('OBCLIENTHello!');
+----------------------------+
| LCASE('OBCLIENT hello!')    |
+----------------------------+
| Hi, obclient!             |
+----------------------------+
1 row in set

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LCASE

Syntax

Purpose

Examples