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Start on Cloud

A unified distributed database ready for your transactional, analytical, and AI workloads.

DEPLOY YOUR WAY

OceanBase Cloud

The best way to deploy and scale OceanBase

OceanBase Enterprise

Run and manage OceanBase on your infra

TRY OPEN SOURCE

OceanBase Community Edition

The free, open-source distributed database

OceanBase seekdb

Open source AI native search database

Customer Stories

Real-world success stories from enterprises across diverse industries.

View All
BY USE CASES

Mission-Critical Transactions

Global & Multicloud Application

Elastic Scaling for Peak Traffic

Real-time Analytics

Active Geo-redundancy

Database Consolidation

Comprehensive knowledge hub for OceanBase.

Blog

Live Demos

Training & Certification

Documentation

Official technical guides, tutorials, API references, and manuals for all OceanBase products.

View All
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OceanBase Database

SQL - V4.2.1

  • What is OceanBase Database
    • Overview
    • Differences between the Enterprise Edition and the Community Edition
    • System architecture
    • Compatibility with Oracle
      • Overview
      • SQL data types
      • Built-in functions
      • System views
    • Compatibility with MySQL
    • Limitations
  • Get Started
    • Quick start with OceanBase Database Community Edition
    • Learn OceanBase SQL
      • Before you begin
      • Basic SQL operations (MySQL mode)
      • Basic SQL operations (Oracle mode)
    • Build a sample application (MySQL mode)
      • Build a Python application
      • Build a Java application
      • Build a C application
      • Build a Go application
    • Build a sample application (Oracle mode)
      • Build a Java application
      • Build a C application
    • Try out advanced features of OceanBase Database
      • Scalable OLTP
        • Run the TPC-C benchmark in OceanBase Database
        • Try out the hot row update capability of OceanBase Database
      • Try out operational OLAP
      • Try out parallel import and data compression
      • Try out the multi-tenant feature
    • Video tutorials
  • Develop
    • Develop applications (MySQL mode)
      • Connect to OceanBase Database
        • Overview
        • Connect to an OceanBase Database tenant by using the mysql client
        • Connect to an OceanBase Database tenant by using OBClient
        • Connect to OceanBase Database by using ODC
        • Use database connection pool
          • Database connection pool configuration
          • Tomcat
          • c3p0
          • Proxool
          • HikariCP
          • DBCP
          • Commons Pool
          • Druid
      • Sample applications
        • Java
          • Spring Boot
          • Spring Batch
          • Spring Data JDBC
          • Spring Data JPA
          • Hibernate
          • MyBatis
        • Python
          • mysqlclient
          • PyMySQL
        • Go
          • Go-SQL-Driver/MySQL
          • GORM
      • Plan database objects
        • Create a database
        • Create a table group
        • Create a table
        • Create an index
        • Create an external table
      • Write data
        • Insert data
        • Update data
        • Delete data
        • Replace data
      • Read data
        • Single-table queries
        • Join tables
          • INNER JOIN queries
          • FULL JOIN queries
          • LEFT JOIN queries
          • RIGHT JOIN queries
          • Subqueries
        • Use operators and functions in queries
          • Use arithmetic operators in queries
          • Use numerical functions in queries
          • Use string concatenation operators in queries
          • Use string functions in queries
          • Use datetime functions in queries
          • Use type conversion functions in queries
          • Use aggregate functions in queries
          • Use NULL-related functions in queries
          • Use the CASE conditional operator in queries
          • Use the SELECT ... FOR UPDATE statement to lock query results
          • Use the SELECT ... LOCK IN SHARE MODE statement to lock query results
        • Use a DBLink in queries
        • Set operations
      • Transactions
        • Overview
        • Start a transaction
        • Savepoints
          • Mark a savepoint
          • Roll back a transaction to a savepoint
          • Release a savepoint
        • Commit a transaction
        • Roll back a transaction
      • Application errors
        • Troubleshooting guidelines
          • About error codes
          • Error handling specifications for MySQL-compatible applications
        • Common errors and troubleshooting practices
          • Disconnected from the server, with ERROR 2013 reported
          • Idle transaction timed out, with ERROR 6002 reported
          • Transaction timed out, with ERROR 4012 reported
          • User locked, with ERROR 3118 reported
          • Incorrect user password, with ERROR 1045 reported
          • Table already exists, with ERROR 1050 reported
          • Table does not exist, with ERROR 1146 reported
          • Duplicate data inserted, with ERROR 1062 reported
          • ERROR 1215 reported in foreign key addition
          • Data truncated while being inserted, with ERROR 1265 reported
    • Develop applications (Oracle mode)
      • Connect to OceanBase Database
        • Overview
        • Connect to an OceanBase Database tenant by using OBClient
        • Connect to OceanBase Database by using ODC
        • Use database connection pool
          • Database connection pool configuration
          • Tomcat
          • c3p0
          • Proxool
          • HikariCP
          • DBCP
          • Commons Pool
          • Druid
      • Sample applications
        • Java
          • OceanBase Connector/J
          • Spring Boot
          • Spring Batch
          • Spring Data JDBC
          • Spring Data JPA
          • Hibernate
          • MyBatis
          • JFinal
        • C/C++
          • OceanBase Connector/C
          • OceanBase Connector/ODBC
          • SqlSugar
      • Plan database objects
        • Create a table group
        • Create a table
        • Create an index
        • Create an external table
      • Write data
        • Insert data
        • Update data
        • Delete data
        • Replace data
      • Read data
        • Single-table queries
        • Join tables
          • INNER JOIN queries
          • FULL JOIN queries
          • LEFT JOIN queries
          • RIGHT JOIN queries
          • Subqueries
        • Use operators and functions in queries
          • Use arithmetic operators in queries
          • Use numerical functions in queries
          • Use string concatenation operators in queries
          • Use string functions in queries
          • Use datetime functions in queries
          • Use type conversion functions in queries
          • Use aggregate functions in queries
          • Use NULL-related functions in queries
          • Use CASE functions in queries
          • Use the SELECT...FOR UPDATE statement to lock query results
        • Use a DBLink in queries
        • Set operations
      • Transactions
        • Overview
        • Start a transaction
        • Savepoints
          • Mark a savepoint
          • Roll back a transaction to a savepoint
        • Commit a transaction
        • Roll back a transaction
      • Application errors
        • Troubleshooting guidelines
          • About error codes
          • Error handling specifications for Oracle-compatible applications
        • Common errors and troubleshooting practices
          • Idle transaction timed out, with Error ORA-24761 reported
          • Transaction timed out, with Error ORA-00600 reported
          • User locked, with ERROR 3118 reported
          • Incorrect user password, with ERROR 1045 reported
          • Table already exists, with Error ORA-00955 reported
          • Table does not exist, with Error ORA-04043 reported
          • Duplicate data inserted, with Error ORA-00001 reported
          • Error ORA-00600 reported in foreign key addition
          • Inconsistent data types, with Error ORA-00932 reported
  • Deploy
    • Overview
    • HA deployment solutions for OceanBase clusters
    • Deploy OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition
      • Deployment process
      • Before deployment
        • Prepare servers
        • Configure servers
        • Prepare installation packages
        • Deploy OAT
      • Deploy through GUI
        • Configure deployment environment using OAT
          • Add a server
        • Deploy OCP
          • Overview
          • Upload installation packages
          • Create MetaDB
          • Deploy OCP
        • Deploy OceanBase clusters using OCP
          • Add a server to the resource pool
          • Deploy a standalone OceanBase database by using OCP
          • Deploy a two-replica OceanBase cluster with the arbitration service by using OCP
          • Deploy a single-replica OceanBase cluster by using OCP
          • Deploy a three-replica OceanBase cluster by using OCP
        • (Optional) Deploy ODP
      • Deploy through CLI
        • Configure deployment environment
          • Initialize an OBServer node by using oatcli
          • (Optional) Configure the clock source
        • Deploy OceanBase clusters using CLI
          • Deploy a standalone OceanBase database by using the CLI
          • Deploy a two-replica OceanBase cluster with the arbitration service by using the CLI
          • Deploy a single-replica OceanBase cluster by using the CLI
          • Deploy a three-replica OceanBase cluster by using the CLI
        • (Optional) Deploy ODP
    • Deploy OceanBase Database Community Edition
      • Overview
      • Deploy locally
        • Software and hardware requirements
        • Before deployment
          • (Optional) Check resources
          • (Optional) Set password-free SSH logon
          • (Optional) Configure the clock source
          • (Optional) Perform disk planning
          • (Optional) Configure limits.conf
          • (Optional) Configure sysctl.conf
          • (Optional) Disable the firewall and SELinux
          • (Optional) Create a user
        • Deploy through GUI
          • Deploy an OceanBase cluster through the GUI of OBD
          • Deploy an OceanBase cluster through the GUI of OCP
        • Deploy OceanBase Database in a production environment by using the CLI
      • Deploy OceanBase Database in a Kubernetes cluster
    • Clear an OceanBase cluster
  • Migrate
    • Overview
    • Migrate from MySQL databases to OceanBase Database
      • Use OMS to migrate data from a MySQL database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database
      • Use mydumper and myloader to migrate data from a MySQL database to OceanBase Database
      • Use DBCAT to migrate schemas from a MySQL database to OceanBase Database
      • Use DataX to migrate table data from a MySQL database to OceanBase Database
      • Use CloudCanal to migrate data from a MySQL database to OceanBase Database
      • Use Canal to synchronize data from a MySQL database to OceanBase Database
      • Use Flink CDC to synchronize data from a MySQL database to OceanBase Database
      • Use ChunJun to migrate data from a MySQL database to OceanBase Database
    • Migrate from OceanBase Database to MySQL databases
      • Use OMS to migrate data from a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
      • Use OMS to migrate incremental data from an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
      • Use DBCAT to migrate schemas from OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
      • Use DataX to migrate table data from OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
      • Use Canal to synchronize data from OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
      • Use CloudCanal to migrate data from OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
      • Use Flink CDC to migrate data from OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
      • Use ChunJun to migrate data from OceanBase Database to a MySQL database
    • Migrate from Oracle databases to OceanBase Database
      • Use OMS to migrate data from an Oracle database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database
      • Use OMS to migrate data from an Oracle database to an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database
      • Use DBCAT to migrate schemas from an Oracle database to OceanBase Database
      • Use DataX to migrate table data from an Oracle database to OceanBase Database
    • Migrate from OceanBase Database to Oracle databases
      • Use OMS to migrate data from an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database to an Oracle database
      • Use DBCAT to migrate schemas from OceanBase Database to an Oracle database
      • Use DataX to migrate table data from OceanBase Database to an Oracle database
    • Migrate from DB2 databases to OceanBase Database
      • Use OMS to migrate data from a DB2 LUW database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database
      • Use OMS to migrate data from a DB2 LUW database to an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database
      • Use DBCAT to migrate table schemas from a DB2 LUW database to OceanBase Database
    • Migrate from OceanBase Database to DB2 databases
      • Use OMS to migrate data from a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database to a DB2 LUW database
      • Use OMS to migrate data from an Oracle tenant of OceanBase Database to a DB2 LUW database
    • Migrate from TiDB databases to OceanBase Database
      • Use OMS to migrate data from a TiDB database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database
    • Migrate from PostgreSQL databases to OceanBase Database
      • Use OMS to migrate data from a PostgreSQL database to a MySQL tenant of OceanBase Database
    • Migrate from CSV files to OceanBase Database
      • Use DataX to migrate CSV files to OceanBase Database
      • Import data by using the LOAD DATA statement
    • Import data from SQL files to OceanBase Database
    • Migrate data between OceanBase Database
      • Use OMS to migrate data from an OceanBase Database tenant to another of the same type
      • Use OMS to migrate data from an OceanBase Database tenant to another of the same type in active-active disaster recovery scenarios
      • Use OBLOADER & OBDUMPER to migrate data between MySQL tenants in OceanBase Database
      • Use OBLOADER & OBDUMPER to migrate data from a MySQL tenant to an Oracle tenant in OceanBase Database
      • Use OBLOADER & OBDUMPER to migrate data between Oracle tenants in OceanBase Database
      • Use OBLOADER & OBDUMPER to migrate data from an Oracle tenant to a MySQL tenant in OceanBase Database
    • Migrate data using SQL statements
      • Migrate data between tables
      • Migrate resource units
      • Export data by using OUTFILE statements
    • Bypass import
      • Overview
      • Import data in bypass mode by using the LOAD DATA statement
      • Import data in bypass mode by using the INSERT INTO SELECT statement
  • Manage
    • Log on to an OceanBase Database tenant
    • Manage clusters
      • Overview
      • Cluster parameters
      • Common cluster operations
        • View a zone
        • View a node
        • Restart a node
        • Add a node
        • Delete a node
        • Isolate a node
        • Replace a node
        • Start a zone
        • Add a zone
        • Delete a zone
        • Modify a zone
        • Isolate a zone
        • View cluster parameters
        • Modify cluster parameters
        • Online upgrade from standalone deployment to distributed deployment
        • Upgrade clusters
          • Upgrade OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition
            • Overview
            • Upgrade the arbitration service
            • Upgrade an OceanBase cluster
            • Check upgrade results
          • Upgrade OceanBase Database Community Edition
            • Upgrade OceanBase Database by using OBD
      • Troubleshoot common problems
        • Failures of a minority of nodes
        • Failures of the majority of nodes
    • Manage tenants
      • Tenant introduction
      • Tenant capacity
      • Tenant types
      • User tenant introduction
      • Tenant system variables
      • Common tenant operations
        • Create a tenant
        • Resource isolation
          • Resource isolation overview
          • Manage resource isolation (Oracle mode)
            • Configure cgroups
            • Calibrate the disk performance
            • Configure user-level resource isolation
            • Configure SQL statement-level resource isolation
            • Update a resource management plan config
            • Delete a resource management plan config
            • Delete a resource management plan
            • Delete a resource group
            • Clear cgroup configurations
          • Manage resource isolation (MySQL mode)
            • Configure cgroups
            • Configure user-level resource isolation
            • Calibrate the disk performance
            • Configure SQL statement-level resource isolation
            • Update a resource management plan config
            • Delete a resource management plan config
            • Delete a resource management plan
            • Delete a resource group
            • Clear cgroup configurations
        • View tenant and resource information
        • View and set the tenant allowlist
        • View tenant system variables
        • Modify system variables of a tenant
        • Scale in/out
          • Introduction to scaling in/out
          • Modify the unit configs for a tenant
          • Modify the number of resource units for a tenant
          • Modify the number of primary zones for a tenant
        • Modify attributes of a resource pool
        • Modify attributes of a tenant
        • Lock and unlock a tenant
        • Drop a tenant
        • Recover a tenant
        • Rename a tenant
        • Manage resource pools
          • View resource pool information
          • Allocate a resource pool to a tenant
          • Remove resource pools from a tenant
          • Merge and split resource pools
          • Drop a resource pool
        • Manage unit configs
          • Query unit configs
          • Modify unit configs
          • Drop unit configs
    • Manage replicas
      • Overview
      • Replica distribution
        • Locality
        • Common locality operations
          • View locality
          • Modify locality
          • Add replicas
          • Remove replicas
          • Adjust the distribution of replicas
          • View the locality change history
          • Migrate units
      • Traffic distribution
      • Data distribution
    • High availability
      • High availability overview
      • Multi-replica disaster recovery
        • Data link introduction
        • ODP high availability
        • Database-level high availability
        • Disaster recovery architecture and levels
      • Physical standby database disaster recovery
        • Overview
        • Limitations
        • Create a standby tenant
          • Preparations
          • Create an empty standby tenant
          • Create a standby tenant by using the backup and recovery feature
          • Create a standby tenant by using the BACKUP DATABASE PLUS ARCHIVELOG feature
        • Log transmission service
          • Overview
          • Configure log transmission service
            • Specify a log restore source
            • Set the log recovery endpoint
          • View log restore source information
          • View the log synchronization progress
          • Pause or resume log synchronization
          • Optimize the log synchronization performance
          • Set the log synchronization bandwidth limit
          • Set log synchronization compression
        • Log storage service
        • Switch roles
          • Overview of tenant roles
          • Switchover
          • Failover
        • Drop primary and standby tenants
      • Arbitration high availability
        • Overview
        • Enable the arbitration service for a tenant
        • Disable the arbitration service for a tenant
        • Modify the log stream downgrade control time
        • Replace the arbitration service for a cluster
        • Remove the arbitration service for a cluster
        • Clear residual cluster information
      • Manage recycle bin
        • Overview
        • Enable or disable the recycle bin
        • View objects in the recycle bin
        • Restore objects from the recycle bin
        • Purge the recycle bin
      • Flashback queries
    • Security and permissions
      • Overview
      • Identification and authentication
        • MySQL mode
          • Identity authentication
          • Password complexity
          • Logon failure processing
        • Oracle mode
          • Identity authentication
          • Password complexity
          • Logon failure processing
      • Access control
        • Overview
        • Users and permissions
          • Overview
          • MySQL mode
            • Create a user
            • Privilege types in MySQL mode
            • Grant privileges
            • Privilege delegation
            • View user privileges
            • Modify user privileges
            • Lock or unlock a user
            • Drop a user
          • Oracle mode
            • Privilege types in Oracle mode
            • Create a user
            • Grant direct privileges
            • Privilege delegation
            • Manage roles
              • Overview
              • Create a role
              • Grant a role to another role
              • Grant a role to a user
              • Activate or deactivate roles for a user
              • View roles
              • Modify a role
              • Revoke a role
              • Drop a role
            • Grant indirect privileges
            • Query user privileges
            • Modify user privileges
            • Lock or unlock a user
            • Drop a user
        • Network security access control
        • RPC connection authentication
        • Row-level access control
      • Data transmission encryption
        • Overview
        • OBServer transmission encryption
        • ODP transmission encryption
      • Transparent data encryption
        • Transparent data encryption test report
        • Overview
        • MySQL mode
          • Enable transparent data encryption for new tables
          • Enable transparent data encryption for existing tables
          • Decrypt a table
        • Oracle mode
          • Enable transparent data encryption for new tables
          • Enable transparent data encryption for existing tables
          • Decrypt a table
      • Security audit
        • Overview
        • Enable security audit
        • Set and view audit rules
        • View audit records
        • Audit user logon operations
        • Audit user operations
        • Audit specified database objects
    • Backup and restore
      • Introduction to physical backup and restore
      • Deploy NFS
      • Log archive
        • Overview
        • Preparations
        • Enable ARCHIVELOG
        • Disable ARCHIVELOG
        • View information about pieces
        • View the archiving progress
        • View the archiving history
        • View the archiving parameter settings
        • Change the log archive destination
        • Views related to log archiving
      • Data backup
        • Preparations
        • Initiate a full data backup job
        • Initiate an incremental data backup job
        • Stop a backup job
        • View the data backup progress
        • View the data backup history
        • View data backup parameter settings
        • Change the backup destination
        • Views related to data backup
      • Clear backup data
        • Automatically clean up expired backup data
        • Stop backup cleanup
        • Query the backup cleanup progress
        • Query the backup cleanup history
        • Backup cleanup parameter
        • Views related to backup cleanup
      • Restore data
        • Preparations
        • Perform physical restore
        • Cancel physical restore
        • View the physical restore progress
        • View physical restore results
        • Upgrade a tenant after restore
        • Convert a standby tenant into primary tenant
        • Replay logs to a standby tenant
        • Parameters related to physical restore
        • Views related to physical restore
      • Restore by table
        • Preparations
        • Perform table restore
        • Cancel table restore
        • View the table restore progress
        • View the table restore result
        • Parameters related to table restore
        • Views related to table restore
    • Monitor
      • Overview
      • Metrics
        • System monitoring
          • Overview
          • Metrics
          • Wait events
          • Latch events
        • SQL monitoring
          • Overview
          • SQL audit
          • Execution plans
      • Cases
    • Logs
      • Overview
      • Log levels
      • Log stability
      • Log control
      • Log metrics
      • View logs
        • Search for the logs of a specific SQL request
        • Query the log of a previous SQL request by using the SQL Trace feature
    • Daily inspection
      • Overview
      • Check cluster parameters
      • Check the host status
      • Check tenant resource usage
      • Check cluster resource usage
      • Check the OBServer node status
      • Check the NTP offset
      • Deadlock detection
      • End-to-end tracing
        • Overview
        • Process
        • Methods
        • Show end-to-end tracing information
    • Performance tuning
      • Overview
      • Identify bottlenecks on the data link
      • Identify bottlenecks within components
        • ODP performance bottlenecks
        • ODP performance analysis
        • OBServer performance bottlenecks
          • Overview
          • Non-optimal plan
            • Non-optimal plans
            • Buffer tables
            • Cardinality
          • Hard parsing
          • Capacity issues
          • Internal wait events
      • SQL tuning
        • SQL tuning system
        • Execution plan optimization
          • Statistical information and row estimation
            • Overview
            • Statistical information
              • Overview
              • Collect statistical information
                • Overview
                • Manually collect statistics
                • Automatically collect statistics
              • Query statistics
              • Manage statistical information
                • Overview
                • Delete and set statistics
                • Import and export statistics
                • Lock statistics
                • Query historical versions of statistics and roll back to a specified version
                • Configure statistics collection strategies
            • Row estimation
              • Overview
              • Row estimation based on the selectivity
              • Row estimation based on the storage layer
            • Use statistical information and row estimation
          • Plan management
            • Plan cache
            • Disadvantages of the plan cache and countermeasures
            • Views related to the plan cache
          • Index selection
            • Overview
            • Reduce row reads
            • Avoid table access by index primary key
            • Avoid sorting
          • Join order and join algorithm
            • Joins
            • Join algorithm
              • Nested loop joins
              • Hash joins
              • Merge joins
              • Common business issues
            • Join types
            • Join order
          • Order and limit optimization
            • Overview
            • SORT assignment and optimization
            • Optimization in ORDER BY + LIMIT scenarios
        • Business logic optimization
          • SQL specifications
          • Schema specifications
        • Locate and analyze slow queries I
        • Locate and analyze slow queries II
        • Typical scenarios and cases
    • Troubleshooting
      • Overview
      • Bootstrap
      • Storage
        • Minor compaction and major compaction
        • Memory-related errors
        • Migration, replication, and rebuild tasks
      • Election
        • Election
        • Leader switchover exceptions
        • Absence of the leader
      • Transaction
        • Transaction-related errors
        • Transaction rollbacks
        • Long-running transactions
        • Suspended transactions
        • Idle transactions
      • Log synchronization-related errors
      • Physical standby database
        • Log synchronization stuck for the physical standby database
        • Switchover failures
      • Backup and restore
        • Data backup failures
        • Physical restore failures
    • Emergency response
      • Emergency response overview
      • Analysis, diagnosis, and decision-making procedure
      • Common emergency problem handling
        • Hardware issues
          • Node failure
          • Network failure
          • ODP failure
          • Other hardware and network issues
        • Capacity issues
          • Exceptions of SQL queries
          • Node disk I/O high
          • Node network card overload
          • Tenant memory full
          • obproxy thread exhaustion
          • Node clog disk full
          • Node data disk full
          • Tenant request queue backlog
        • Other cluster issues
          • sys tenant or RootService exceptions
          • Insufficiency or leakage of system memory
  • OBKV
    • Overview
    • Architecture
    • OBKV-Table
      • OBKV-Table
        • Overview
        • OBKV-Table operation types
        • Differences between replace and insert_or_update
        • Supported value types
        • OBKV-Table data models
      • Use the OBKV-Table Java client
        • Use the OBKV-Table Java client to connect to a cluster
        • Set client parameters
        • Supported client interfaces
        • Use the OBKV-Table Java client
      • Use the OBKV-Table GO client
        • Use the OBKV-Table Go client to connect to a cluster
        • Overview of the Go client
        • Individual API operations
        • Batch operations
        • About queries
        • Aggregation API
        • Filters
      • Delete expired data
      • FAQ
    • OBKV-HBase
      • Overview
      • Core features
      • Compatibility with HBase
      • Deployment
      • Use OBKV-HBase
        • Overview
        • Data model
        • Data model design
        • Connect to a cluster by using the OBKV-HBase client
        • Data operation examples
        • Delete expired data
      • OBKV-HBase management
        • Overview
        • High availability
        • Security and permissions
        • Monitoring metrics
      • Performance test
      • OBKV-HBase integration
        • Synchronize data to OBKV-HBase by using Flink
      • Views
      • FAQ
    • RPC message compression
  • Reference
    • System principles
      • Architecture of OceanBase Database
      • Development of OceanBase Database
      • Multi-tenant architecture
        • Overview
        • Compatibility modes
        • Tenants
        • Tenants and resource management
          • Tenant resource management
          • Multi-tenant resource isolation
          • Resource unit balancing
      • Database objects
        • Oracle mode
          • Introduction
            • Overview
            • Database object types
            • Database object storage
            • Dependencies between database objects
          • Tables
            • Overview
            • Data type
              • Overview
              • Character data types
              • Numeric data types
              • Datetime data types
              • ROWID data types
              • LOB data types
              • Format model
                • Overview
                • Number format models
                • Datetime format models
              • Multi-model data types
            • Integrity constraints
            • Table storage
            • Table compression
            • Partitioned table
            • Tables with and without a primary key
            • Temporary tables
          • Indexes
            • About indexes
            • Local and global indexes
            • Unique and non-unique indexes
            • Use indexes
            • Index storage
          • Partitions
            • Overview
            • Partitioning keys
            • Partitioning types
            • Partitioned indexes
          • Views
            • Overview
            • View categorization
            • OceanBase-specific views
            • Oracle-compatible views
            • Data operations in views
            • Data access from views
            • Updatable views
          • Other objects
            • Sequences
            • Synonyms
          • System views
            • Dictionary views
            • Performance views
          • Data integrity
            • Overview
            • Integrity constraint type
              • Overview
              • NOT NULL constraints
              • UNIQUE KEY constraints
              • PRIMARY KEY constraints
              • FOREIGN KEY constraints
              • CHECK constraints
            • Use of integrity constraints
        • MySQL mode
          • Introduction
            • Overview
            • Database object types
            • Database object storage
            • Dependencies between database objects
          • Tables
            • Overview
            • Data type
              • Overview
              • Numeric data types
              • Datetime data types
              • Character data types
              • LOB data types
              • Multi-model data types
              • Spatial data types
              • JSON data types
            • Integrity constraints
            • Table storage
            • Table compression
            • Partitioned table
            • Tables with and without a primary key
          • Indexes
            • About indexes
            • Local and global indexes
            • Unique and non-unique indexes
            • Spatial indexes
            • Use indexes
            • Index storage
          • Partitions
            • Overview
            • Partitioning keys
            • Partitioning types
            • Partitioned indexes
          • Views
            • Overview
            • View categorization
            • OceanBase-specific views
            • MySQL-compatible views
            • Oracle-compatible views in MySQL tenants
            • Oracle-compatible views in the sys tenant
            • Data operations in views
            • Data access from views
            • Updatable views
          • System views
            • Dictionary views
            • Performance views
          • Data integrity
            • Overview
            • Integrity constraint type
              • Overview
              • NOT NULL constraints
              • UNIQUE KEY constraints
              • PRIMARY KEY constraints
              • FOREIGN KEY constraints
            • Use of integrity constraints
      • Distributed database objects
        • Overview
        • Cluster architecture
        • Data partitions and replicas
          • Overview
          • Log streams
          • Partition replica type
            • Overview
            • Full-featured replica
          • Multi-replica consensus protocols
        • Dynamic scaling
          • Cluster scaling
          • Tenant resource scaling
            • Overview
            • Horizontal scaling of tenant resources
            • Vertical scaling of tenant resources
            • Cross-zone management of tenant resources
      • Data link
        • Overview
        • Database proxy
          • Overview
          • SQL routing
          • Connection management
          • ODP configuration management
          • Logs and monitoring
        • Database connector
          • Overview
          • OBCI
          • OceanBase Connector/J
          • OceanBase Connector/C
      • User interface and query language
        • SQL
          • Introduction
            • Overview
            • SQL data access
            • SQL standards
          • SQL statements
            • Overview
            • DDL statements
            • DML statements
            • DCL statements
          • Execution process of SQL queries
          • Query SQL execution plans
          • Distributed execution plan
            • Perform distributed execution and parallel queries
            • Generate distributed execution plans
            • Run and disable a parallel query
            • Manage distributed execution plans
            • Perform parameter tuning for a parallel query
        • PL
          • PL concepts
            • Oracle mode
              • Subprograms
              • Stored procedures
              • Functions
              • Triggers
              • Packages
            • MySQL mode
              • Subprograms
              • Stored procedures
              • Functions
              • Triggers
          • PL subprogram execution mechanism
        • Client programming languages
      • Transaction management
        • Transaction
          • Overview
          • Transaction structure
          • Statement-level atomicity
          • GTS
          • Transaction control
            • Overview
            • Active transactions
            • Savepoint
            • Transaction control statements
              • MySQL transaction control
              • Oracle transaction control
          • Redo logs
          • Local transactions
          • Distributed transaction
            • Overview
            • Two-phase commit
          • XA transactions
        • Transaction concurrency and consistency
          • Overview
          • Multi-version read consistency
          • Concurrency control
            • Overview
            • Lock mechanism
          • Transaction isolation level
            • Overview
            • Transaction isolation levels in Oracle mode
            • Transaction isolation levels in MySQL mode
          • Weak consistency read
      • Storage architecture
        • Overview
        • Data storage
          • Overview
          • MemTables
          • SSTables
          • Compression and encoding
        • Compaction
          • Overview
          • Minor compaction
          • Major compaction
        • Multi-level caches
        • Query processing
        • Data integrity
          • Detect silent data corruption
      • Data reliability and high availability
        • High availability architecture
          • Overview
          • ODP high availability
          • Leader election in distributed systems
          • Multi-replica log synchronization
          • Paxos protocol
          • Automatic handling of node failures
        • Deployment solutions for disaster recovery
        • Data protection
          • Overview
          • Flashback queries
          • Recycle bin
        • Backup and restore
          • Overview
          • Backup directory structures
          • Backup architecture
          • Restore architecture
      • Database security
        • Overview
        • Authentication
        • Access control
        • Data transmission encryption
        • Data storage encryption
        • Monitoring and alerting
        • Security audit
      • OBServer node architecture
        • Structure of the OBServer node installation directory
        • Configuration files
        • observer thread model
          • Threads
          • Worker threads
          • Background threads
        • Logs
        • Memory management
          • Overview
          • Memory-related parameters
          • Memory-related views
          • Memory usage logs
          • Diagnose memory errors
    • System management
      • Configuration management
        • Overview
        • Set parameters
        • Set variables
        • General system parameters
        • Default production parameters
        • Minimum resource configurations
      • Storage management
        • Minor compaction management
          • Overview
          • Automatically trigger a minor compaction
          • Manually initiate a minor compaction
          • View minor compaction information
          • Modify minor compaction settings
        • Major compaction management
          • Overview
          • Automatically trigger a major compaction
          • Configure scheduled major compactions
          • Adaptive major compactions
          • Manually initiate a major compaction
          • Manually control a major compaction
          • View the major compaction process
          • Modify major compaction settings
        • Data compression
          • Overview
          • Data encoding and compression
      • Memory management
        • Overview
        • Memory structure
        • Set the maximum memory for an OceanBase database
        • Manage internal system memory
        • Manage internal tenant memory
        • Manage the memory of the plan cache
        • Memleak-based regular memory leak diagnostics mechanism
        • Query memory usage information
        • FAQ about memory
      • Process management
        • Overview
        • Multi-tenant threads of OceanBase Database
        • View the thread status
        • Background threads of OceanBase Database
        • FAQ about multi-tenant threads
      • Disk management
        • Configure automatic scale-out of disk space for data files
    • Database object management
      • Overview
      • MySQL mode
        • Create and manage databases
          • Create a database
          • View databases
          • Modify a database
          • Drop a database
        • Create and manage tables
          • Overview
          • Create a table
          • Define an auto-increment column
          • Define column constraints
          • Query the definition of a table
          • Modify a table
          • Empty a table
          • Drop a table
          • Lock a table
          • Create and manage external tables
            • Overview
            • Create an external table
            • Manage external files
        • Create and manage partitions
          • Overview
          • Create a partitioned table
          • Modify partitioning rules
          • Add a partition
          • Drop a partition
          • Truncate a partition
          • Partition pruning
          • Query data in specified partitions
          • Create indexes on partitioned tables
            • Overview
            • Local indexes
            • Global indexes
        • Create and manage table groups
          • Overview
          • Create a table group
          • Query information about a table group
          • Add tables to a table group
          • Modify the SHARDING attribute of a table group
          • Manage tables in a table group
          • Drop a table group
        • Create and manage indexes
          • Overview
          • Create an index
          • Query indexes
          • Drop an index
          • System functions supported for function-based indexes
          • System functions not supported for function-based indexes
        • Manage views
        • Create and manage sequences
          • Create a sequence
          • Query sequences
          • Reference a sequence
          • Modify a sequence
          • Drop a sequence
        • Create and manage triggers
          • Overview
          • Create a DML trigger
          • Query trigger information
          • Drop a trigger
        • Create and manage DBLinks
          • Create a DBLink
          • Query a DBLink
          • Use a DBLink to access data in a remote database
          • Drop a DBLink
      • Oracle mode
        • Create and manage tables
          • Overview
          • Create a table
          • Define column constraints
          • Query the definition of a table
          • Modify a table
          • Empty a table
          • Drop a table
          • Lock a table
          • Create and manage external tables
            • Overview
            • Create an external table
            • Manage external files
        • Create and manage partitions
          • Overview
          • Create a partitioned table
          • Modify partitioning rules
          • Rename a partition
          • Add a partition
          • Drop a partition
          • Truncate a partition
          • Partition pruning
          • Query data in specified partitions
          • Create indexes on partitioned tables
            • Overview
            • Local indexes
            • Global indexes
        • Create and manage table groups
          • Overview
          • Create a table group
          • Query information about a table group
          • Add tables to a table group
          • Modify the SHARDING attribute of a table group
          • Manage tables in a table group
          • Drop a table group
        • Create and manage indexes
          • Overview
          • Create an index
          • Query indexes
          • Drop an index
          • System functions supported for function-based indexes
          • System functions not supported for function-based indexes
        • Manage views
        • Manage sequences
        • Manage synonyms
        • Create and manage triggers
          • Overview
          • Create a DML trigger
          • Create an INSTEAD OF trigger
          • Create a composite trigger
          • Modify and drop a trigger
          • Disable or enable a trigger
          • Query trigger information
        • Manage directory objects
        • Create and manage DBLinks
          • Create a DBLink
          • Query existing DBLinks
          • Use a DBLink to access data in a remote database
          • Use a DBLink to modify data in a remote database
          • Drop a DBLink
          • Install and configure OCI
    • Database design specifications and practices
      • Object naming conventions
        • Overview
        • Tenant naming conventions
        • User naming conventions
        • Table naming conventions
        • Field naming conventions
        • Other naming conventions
      • Object structure design specifications
        • Field design
        • Table structure design
        • Partitioned table design
        • Index design
        • Other structural designs
      • Character set specifications
      • Database connection specifications
      • Comments
      • ORM conventions
      • Exception handling
    • SQL reference
      • SQL syntax
        • System tenants
          • Overview
          • ALTER SYSTEM
            • ACTIVATE
            • ARCHIVELOG
            • ARBITRATION
            • BOOTSTRAP
            • BACKUP
            • BALANCE TASK
            • CANCEL MIGRATE UNIT
            • CANCEL RECOVER TABLE
            • MERGE
            • MIGRATE UNIT
            • DELETE BACKUP
            • FAILOVER
            • FLUSH PLAN CACHE
            • JOB
            • LOG RESTORE SOURCE
            • PARAMETER
            • RECOVER
            • REFRESH
            • RESTORE
            • RECOVER TABLE
            • SERVER
            • SWITCHOVER
            • THROTTLE
            • ZONE
          • ALTER RESOURCE POOL
          • ALTER RESOURCE TENANT
          • ALTER RESOURCE UNIT
          • ALTER TENANT
          • CREATE RESOURCE POOL
          • CREATE RESOURCE UNIT
          • CREATE TENANT
          • DROP RESOURCE POOL
          • DROP RESOURCE UNIT
          • DROP TENANT
          • SET DECRYPTION
          • SET ENCRYPTION
        • User tenants (MySQL mode)
          • Basic elements
            • Data types
              • Overview
              • Numeric types
                • Overview
                • Integer data types
                • Fixed-point data types
                • Floating-point data types
                • Bit value data type
              • Datetime types
                • Overview
                • DATE, DATETIME, and TIMESTAMP types
                • TIME type
                • YEAR type
              • String types
                • Overview
                • CHAR and VARCHAR
                • BINARY and VARBINARY
              • Large objects and text types
                • Overview
                • BLOB types
                • TEXT types
              • ENUM type
              • SET type
              • JSON data types
                • Overview
                • Create a JSON value
                • Query and modify JSON values
                • Convert a JSON data type
              • Spatial data types
                • Overview
                • SRS
                • Create a spatial column
                • Create a spatial index
                • Spatial data formats
            • Expressions
              • Overview
              • Expression syntax
              • Convert data types in expression evaluation
            • Character set and collation
              • Overview
              • Character sets
              • Collations
              • Database-level character sets and collations
              • Table-level character sets and collations
              • Column-level character sets and collations
              • Character sets and collations for character expressions
              • Character sets and collations for client connection
            • Literals
              • Overview
              • Strings
              • Numbers
              • Datetime values
              • Bit values
              • Boolean values
              • NULLs
            • Schema object names
            • User-defined variables
            • Comments
          • Operators
            • Overview
            • Operator precedence
            • Arithmetic operators
            • Bitwise operators
            • Comparison operators
            • Logical operators
            • Assignment operators
            • Date and time operators
            • Concatenation operators
            • BINARY operator
            • CASE conditional operator
          • Sequence pseudocolumns
          • Functions
            • Overview
            • Single-row functions
              • Datetime functions
                • ADDDATE
                • CONVERT_TZ
                • CURDATE
                • CURRENT_DATE
                • CURRENT_TIME
                • CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
                • CURTIME
                • DATE
                • DATE_ADD
                • DATE_FORMAT
                • DATE_SUB
                • DATEDIFF
                • DAYOFMONTH
                • DAYOFWEEK
                • DAYOFYEAR
                • EXTRACT
                • FROM_DAYS
                • FROM_UNIXTIME
                • GET_FORMAT
                • HOUR
                • LAST_DAY
                • LOCALTIME
                • LOCALTIMESTAMP
                • MAKEDATE
                • MAKETIME
                • MICROSECOND
                • MINUTE
                • MONTH
                • MONTHNAME
                • NOW
                • PERIOD_ADD
                • PERIOD_DIFF
                • QUARTER
                • SEC_TO_TIME
                • SECOND
                • STR_TO_DATE
                • SUBDATE
                • SUBTIME
                • SYSDATE
                • TIME
                • TIME_FORMAT
                • TIME_TO_SEC
                • TIME_TO_USEC
                • TIMEDIFF
                • TIMESTAMP
                • TIMESTAMPADD
                • TIMESTAMPDIFF
                • TO_DAYS
                • TO_SECONDS
                • UNIX_TIMESTAMP
                • USEC_TO_TIME
                • UTC_DATE
                • UTC_TIME
                • UTC_TIMESTAMP
                • WEEK
                • WEEKDAY
                • WEEKOFYEAR
                • YEARWEEK
                • YEAR
                • ADDTIME
                • DAYNAME
                • DAY
              • String functions
                • ASCII
                • BIN
                • BIT_LENGTH
                • CHAR
                • CHAR_LENGTH
                • CHARACTER_LENGTH
                • CONCAT
                • CONCAT_WS
                • ELT
                • EXPORT_SET
                • FIELD
                • FIND_IN_SET
                • FORMAT
                • HEX
                • INSERT
                • INSTR
                • INT2IP
                • IP2INT
                • LCASE
                • LEFT
                • LENGTH
                • LOCATE
                • LOWER
                • LPAD
                • LTRIM
                • MAKE_SET
                • MID
                • OCT
                • OCTET_LENGTH
                • ORD
                • POSITION
                • QUOTE
                • REGEXP
                • REGEXP_INSTR
                • REGEXP_LIKE
                • REGEXP_REPLACE
                • REGEXP_SUBSTR
                • REPEAT
                • REPLACE
                • REVERSE
                • RIGHT
                • RLIKE
                • RPAD
                • RTRIM
                • SPACE
                • STRCMP
                • SUBSTR
                • SUBSTRING
                • SUBSTRING_INDEX
                • TRIM
                • UCASE
                • UNHEX
                • UPPER
                • WEIGHT_STRING
                • TO_BASE64
                • FROM_BASE64
                • SOUNDEX
              • Conversion functions
                • CAST
                • CONVERT
                • SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP
                • TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN
              • Mathematical functions
                • ABS
                • ACOS
                • ASIN
                • ATAN
                • ATAN2
                • BIT_COUNT
                • CEIL
                • CEILING
                • CONV
                • COS
                • COT
                • CRC32
                • DEGREES
                • EXP
                • FLOOR
                • GENERATOR
                • LN
                • LOG
                • LOG10
                • LOG2
                • MOD
                • NEG
                • NORMAL
                • PI
                • POW
                • POWER
                • RADIANS
                • RAND
                • RANDOM
                • RANDSTR
                • ROUND
                • SIGN
                • SIN
                • SQRT
                • TAN
                • TRUNCATE
                • UNIFORM
                • ZIPF
              • Comparison functions
                • GREATEST
                • INTERVAL
                • ISNULL
                • LEAST
              • Process control functions
                • CASE
                • IF
                • IFNULL
                • NULLIF
                • ORA_DECODE
            • Aggregate functions
              • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
              • AVG
              • BIT_AND
              • BIT_OR
              • BIT_XOR
              • COUNT
              • GROUP_CONCAT
              • GROUPING
              • MAX
              • MIN
              • STD
              • STDDEV
              • STDDEV_POP
              • STDDEV_SAMP
              • SUM
              • VAR_POP
              • VAR_SAMP
              • VARIANCE
            • Analysis functions
              • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
              • AVG
              • BIT_AND
              • BIT_OR
              • BIT_XOR
              • COUNT
              • CUME_DIST
              • DENSE_RANK
              • FIRST_VALUE
              • LAG
              • LAST_VALUE
              • LEAD
              • MAX
              • MIN
              • NTH_VALUE
              • NTILE
              • PERCENT_RANK
              • RANK
              • ROW_NUMBER
              • STD
              • STDDEV
              • STDDEV_POP
              • STDDEV_SAMP
              • SUM
              • VAR_POP
              • VAR_SAMP
              • VARIANCE
            • Encryption functions
              • AES_DECRYPT
              • AES_ENCRYPT
              • COMPRESS
              • DECODE
              • DES_DECRYPT
              • DES_ENCRYPT
              • ENCODE
              • ENCRYPT
              • MD5
              • UNCOMPRESS
              • UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH
              • RANDOM_BYTES
              • SHA
              • SHA1
              • SHA2
              • VALIDATE_PASSWORD_STRENGTH
            • Information functions
              • BENCHMARK
              • CHARSET
              • COERCIBILITY
              • COLLATION
              • CONNECTION_ID
              • CURRENT_USER
              • DATABASE
              • FOUND_ROWS
              • LAST_INSERT_ID
              • ICU_VERSION
              • ROW_COUNT
              • SCHEMA
              • SESSION_USER
              • SYSTEM_USER
              • USER
              • VERSION
              • OB_VERSION
            • JSON functions
              • Overview
              • Create JSON text functions
                • JSON_ARRAY
                • JSON_OBJECT
                • JSON_QUOTE
              • Search JSON text functions
                • JSON_CONTAINS
                • JSON_CONTAINS_PATH
                • JSON_EXTRACT
                • JSON_KEYS
                • JSON_OVERLAPS
                • JSON_SEARCH
                • JSON_VALUE
                • MEMBER OF
              • Modify JSON text functions
                • JSON_ARRAY_APPEND
                • JSON_ARRAY_INSERT
                • JSON_INSERT
                • JSON_MERGE
                • JSON_MERGE_PATCH
                • JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE
                • JSON_REMOVE
                • JSON_REPLACE
                • JSON_SET
                • JSON_UNQUOTE
              • Return JSON text property functions
                • JSON_DEPTH
                • JSON_LENGTH
                • JSON_TYPE
                • JSON_VALID
              • JSON_TABLE
              • JSON utility functions
                • JSON_PRETTY
                • JSON_STORAGE_SIZE
              • JSON aggregate functions
                • JSON_ARRAYAGG
                • JSON_OBJECTAGG
            • Spatial functions
              • Functions that create geometry values
              • Spatial operation functions
              • Spatial relation functions
              • Geometry property functions
              • Geometry format conversion functions
            • Performance schema functions
              • FORMAT_BYTES
              • FORMAT_PICO_TIME
            • Other functions
              • ANY_VALUE
              • BIN_TO_UUID
              • COALESCE
              • DEFAULT
              • NAME_CONST
              • INET_ATON
              • INET_NTOA
              • INET6_ATON
              • INET6_NTOA
              • IS_IPV4
              • IS_IPV4_COMPAT
              • IS_IPV6
              • IS_UUID
              • NVL
              • UUID_TO_BIN
              • SLEEP
              • UUID
              • UUID_SHORT
              • VALUES
          • Queries and subqueries
            • Overview
            • Subqueries
            • Joins
          • SQL statements
            • General syntax
            • CTE
            • ALTER DATABASE
            • ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE
            • ALTER OUTLINE
            • ALTER SEQUENCE
            • MERGE
            • ALTER TABLE
            • ALTER TABLEGROUP
            • ALTER USER
            • ALTER VIEW
            • ANALYZE
            • CREATE DATABASE LINK
            • CREATE DATABASE
            • CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE
            • CREATE INDEX
            • CREATE OUTLINE
            • DROP RESTORE POINT
            • CREATE SEQUENCE
            • CREATE TABLE
            • CREATE TABLEGROUP
            • CREATE USER
            • CREATE VIEW
            • DEALLOCATE PREPARE
            • DROP DATABASE LINK
            • DELETE
            • DESCRIBE
            • DROP DATABASE
            • DROP INDEX
            • DROP OUTLINE
            • DROP TABLE
            • DROP TABLEGROUP
            • DROP SEQUENCE
            • DROP USER
            • DROP VIEW
            • EXECUTE
            • EXPLAIN
            • FLASHBACK
            • GRANT
            • HELP
            • INSERT
            • KILL
            • LOAD DATA
            • LOCK TABLES
            • MERGE
            • OPTIMIZE
            • PREPARE
            • PURGE
            • PURGE RECYCLEBIN
            • RENAME USER
            • RENAME TABLE
            • REPLACE
            • REVOKE
            • SAVEPOINT
            • SCHEMA
            • SELECT INTO
            • SELECT
              • SELECT statement
              • JOIN clause
              • OVER clause
              • UNION clause
            • SET
            • SET CHARSET
            • SET NAMES
            • SET PASSWORD
            • SET TRANSACTION
            • SHOW
            • TRANSACTION
            • TRUNCATE TABLE
            • UPDATE
            • USE
            • VALUES
          • DDL feature
            • Overview
            • Online and offline DDL operations
            • Index operations
            • Primary key operations
            • Column operations
            • Generated column operations
            • Foreign key operations
            • Table operations
            • Partition operations
            • Column type change rules
        • User tenants (Oracle mode)
          • Introduction to SQL
          • Pseudo columns
            • Overview
            • Hierarchical query pseudocolumns
            • Sequence pseudocolumns
            • ORA_ROWSCN pseudocolumn
            • ROWNUM pseudocolumn
            • ROWID pseudocolumn
          • Basic elements
            • Built-in data types
              • Overview
              • Character data types
                • Overview
                • CHAR data type
                • NCHAR data type
                • NVARCHAR2 data type
                • VARCHAR2 data type
                • VARCHAR data type
              • Numeric data types
                • Overview
                • NUMBER data type
                • FLOAT data type
                • Floating-point numbers
                • Precedence of numeric data types
              • Datetime and interval data types
                • Overview
                • DATE data type
                • TIMESTAMP data type
                • TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE data type
                • TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE data type
                • INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH data type
                • INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND data type
                • Calculation of dates, timestamps, and intervals
              • RAW data type
              • Large object data types
                • Overview
                • BLOB data type
                • CLOB data type
              • Rowid data types
              • User-defined data types
              • Any types
              • JSON data types
                • Overview
                • Create JSON columns
                • Query JSON data
                • Conversion rules for JSON data types
              • XML data types
                • Overview
                • XML data definition
                • Create an XMLType column
                • Query XMLType data
                • Convert XMLType data
            • Data type comparison rules
              • Overview
              • Numeric value comparison rules
              • Date value comparison rules
              • Character value comparison rules
              • Data type precedence
              • Data type conversion rules
              • Security considerations for data conversion
            • Literals
              • Overview
              • Text literals
              • Numeric literals
              • Datetime literals
                • Date literals
                • Timestamp literals
              • Interval literals
            • Format model
              • Overview
              • Number format models
              • Datetime format models
              • RR datetime format element
              • String-to-date conversion rules
            • NULL value
              • Overview
              • NULLs in SQL functions
              • NULLs in comparison conditions
              • NULLs in conditional expressions
            • Annotations
              • Overview
              • Comments within SQL statements
              • Comments on schema and non-schema objects
              • Hints
                • Overview
                • Hint list
                  • Hints related to access path
                  • Hints related to join orders
                  • Hints related to joins
                  • Hints related to parallel execution
                  • Hints related to query strategy
                  • Hints related to query conversion
                  • Other hints
            • Database objects
              • Schema objects
              • Non-schema objects
            • Database naming conventions
              • Overview
              • Suggestions on schema object names
            • Database object reference methods
              • Overview
              • Reference schema objects
              • Reference objects in a remote database
                • Create a DBLink
                • Reference a DBLink
              • Reference partitioned tables and indexes
              • Reference an attribute or method of an object type
            • Character sets and collations
          • Operators
            • Overview
            • Operator precedence
            • Arithmetic operators
            • Concatenation operator
            • Hierarchical query operators
            • Set operators
            • COLLATE operator
          • Functions
            • Overview
            • Single-row functions
              • Numeric functions
                • ABS
                • ACOS
                • ASIN
                • ATAN
                • ATAN2
                • BITAND
                • CEIL
                • COS
                • COSH
                • EXP
                • FLOOR
                • GENERATOR
                • LN
                • LOG
                • MOD
                • NANVL
                • NORMAL
                • POWER
                • REMAINDER
                • ROUND
                • RANDOM
                • RANDSTR
                • SIGN
                • SIN
                • SINH
                • SQRT
                • TAN
                • TANH
                • TRUNC
                • UNIFORM
                • WIDTH_BUCKET
                • ZIPF
              • String functions that return a string
                • CHR
                • CONCAT
                • INITCAP
                • LOWER
                • LPAD
                • LTRIM
                • NLS_LOWER
                • NLSSORT
                • NLS_UPPER
                • REGEXP_REPLACE
                • REGEXP_SUBSTR
                • REPLACE
                • RPAD
                • RTRIM
                • SUBSTR
                • TRANSLATE
                • TRANSLATE ... USING
                • TRIM
                • UPPER
              • String functions that return numbers
                • ASCII
                • INSTR
                • LENGTH
                • REGEXP_COUNT
                • REGEXP_INSTR
              • Datetime functions
                • ADD_MONTHS
                • CURRENT_DATE
                • CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
                • DBTIMEZONE
                • EXTRACT(datetime)
                • FROM_TZ
                • LAST_DAY
                • LOCALTIMESTAMP
                • MONTHS_BETWEEN
                • NEXT_DAY
                • NUMTODSINTERVAL
                • NUMTOYMINTERVAL
                • ROUND(date)
                • SESSIONTIMEZONE
                • SYS_EXTRACT_UTC
                • SYSDATE
                • SYSTIMESTAMP
                • TO_CHAR(datetime)
                • TO_DSINTERVAL
                • TO_TIMESTAMP
                • TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ
                • TO_YMINTERVAL
                • TRUNC(date)
                • TZ_OFFSET
              • Generic comparison functions
                • GREATEST
                • LEAST
              • Conversion functions
                • ASCIISTR
                • CAST
                • CHARTOROWID
                • CONVERT
                • HEXTORAW
                • NUMTODSINTERVAL
                • NUMTOYMINTERVAL
                • RAWTOHEX
                • ROWIDTOCHAR
                • ROWIDTONCHAR
                • SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP
                • TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN
                • TO_BINARY_DOUBLE
                • TO_BINARY_FLOAT
                • TO_BLOB
                • TO_CHAR(character)
                • TO_CHAR(datetime)
                • TO_CHAR(number)
                • TO_CLOB
                • TO_DATE
                • TO_DSINTERVAL
                • TO_MULTI_BYTE
                • TO_NUMBER
                • TO_NCHAR(character)
                • TO_NCHAR(datetime)
                • TO_NCHAR(number)
                • TO_SINGLE_BYTE
                • TO_TIMESTAMP
                • TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ
                • TO_YMINTERVAL
                • UNISTR
              • Encoding and decoding functions
                • DECODE
                • DUMP
                • ORA_HASH
                • VSIZE
              • Null value related functions
                • COALESCE
                • LNNVL
                • NANVL
                • NULLIF
                • NVL
                • NVL2
              • Environment and identifier functions
                • SYS_CONTEXT
                • SYS_GUID
                • UID
                • USER
                • USERENV
                • OB_VERSION
              • Hierarchical functions
                • SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH
              • JSON functions
                • Overview
                • Create JSON text functions
                  • JSON_ARRAY
                  • JSON_OBJECT
                  • JSON_ARRAYAGG
                  • JSON_OBJECTAGG
                • Query JSON text functions
                  • JSON_VALUE
                  • JSON_QUERY
                  • JSON_EXISTS
                  • JSON_TABLE
                • Validate JSON text functions
                  • JSON_EQUAL
                • Modify JSON text functions
                  • JSON_MERGEPATCH
              • XML functions
                • Overview
                • Construct XMLType data functions
                  • XMLAGG
                  • XMLATTRIBUTES
                  • XMLELEMENT
                  • XMLPARSE
                • Query XMLType data functions
                  • EXTRACT
                  • EXTRACTVALUE
                  • XMLSERIALIZE
                  • XMLCAST
                • Modify XMLType data functions
                  • UPDATEXML
            • Aggregate functions
              • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
              • AVG
              • CORR
              • COUNT
              • COVAR_POP
              • COVAR_SAMP
              • CUME_DIST
              • DENSE_RANK
              • GROUPING
              • KEEP
              • LISTAGG
              • MAX
              • MEDIAN
              • MIN
              • PERCENT_RANK
              • PERCENTILE_CONT
              • PERCENTILE_DISC
              • RANK
              • REGR_(Linear Regression)
              • ROLLUP
              • STDDEV
              • STDDEV_POP
              • STDDEV_SAMP
              • SUM
              • VAR_POP
              • VAR_SAMP
              • VARIANCE
              • WMSYS.WM_CONCAT/WM_CONCAT
            • Analysis functions
              • Analytic functions
              • AVG
              • CORR
              • COUNT
              • COVAR_POP
              • COVAR_SAMP
              • CUME_DIST
              • DENSE_RANK
              • FIRST_VALUE
              • KEEP
              • LAG
              • LAST_VALUE
              • LEAD
              • LISTAGG
              • MAX
              • MEDIAN
              • MIN
              • NTILE
              • NTH_VALUE
              • PERCENT_RANK
              • PERCENTILE_CONT
              • PERCENTILE_DISC
              • RANK
              • RATIO_TO_REPORT
              • REGR_(Linear Regression)
              • ROW_NUMBER
              • STDDEV
              • STDDEV_POP
              • STDDEV_SAMP
              • SUM
              • VAR_POP
              • VAR_SAMP
              • VARIANCE
              • WMSYS.WM_CONCAT/WM_CONCAT
          • Expressions
            • Overview
            • Simple expressions
            • Compound expressions
            • Case expressions
            • Column expressions
            • CURSOR expressions
            • Datetime expressions
            • Function expressions
            • Interval expressions
            • Scalar subquery expressions
            • Type constructor expressions
            • Expression list
          • Conditions
            • Overview
            • Condition precedence
            • Comparison conditions
            • Floating-point conditions
            • Logical conditions
            • Pattern-matching conditions
            • NULL conditions
            • Compound conditions
            • BETWEEN condition
            • EXISTS condition
            • IN condition
          • Queries and subqueries
            • Overview
            • Simple query
            • Hierarchical query
            • Compound query
            • Join query
            • Subquery
            • DUAL table query
          • SQL statements
            • DDL
              • ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE
              • ALTER INDEX
              • ALTER KEYSTORE
              • ALTER OUTLINE
              • ALTER PROFILE
              • ALTER ROLE
              • ALTER SEQUENCE
              • ALTER SESSION
              • ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH PLAN CACHE
              • ALTER SYSTEM PARAMETER
              • ALTER TABLE
              • ALTER TABLEGROUP
              • ALTER USER
              • CREATE CONTEXT
              • CREATE DIRECTORY
              • CREATE DATABASE LINK
              • CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE
              • CREATE INDEX
              • CREATE KEYSTORE
              • CREATE OUTLINE
              • CREATE PROFILE
              • CREATE ROLE
              • CREATE SEQUENCE
              • CREATE SYNONYM
              • CREATE TABLE
              • CREATE TABLEGROUP
              • CREATE TABLESPACE
              • CREATE USER
              • CREATE VIEW
              • DROP CONTEXT
              • DROP DATABASE LINK
              • DROP DIRECTORY
              • DROP INDEX
              • DROP OUTLINE
              • DROP PROFILE
              • DROP ROLE
              • DROP SEQUENCE
              • DROP SYNONYM
              • DROP TABLE
              • DROP TABLEGROUP
              • DROP TABLESPACE
              • DROP USER
              • DROP VIEW
              • RENAME
              • TRUNCATE TABLE
              • ALTER SYSTEM MAJOR FREEZE
            • DML
              • DELETE
              • INSERT
              • MERGE
              • PURGE
              • EXPLAIN
              • SELECT
                • SIMPLE SELECT
                • Set-based SELECT
                • WITH clause
              • UPDATE
            • DCL
              • ANALYZE
              • ALTER SYSTEM KILL SESSION
              • AUDIT
              • COMMENT
              • COMMIT
              • FLASHBACK TABLE BEFORE DROP
              • GRANT
              • KILL
              • LOAD DATA
              • LOCK TABLE
              • REVOKE
              • ROLLBACK
              • SAVEPOINT
              • SET NAMES
              • SET PASSWORD
              • SET ROLE
              • SET VARIABLE
              • SHOW
              • SHRINK
              • TRANSACTION
          • DDL feature
            • Overview
            • Online and offline DDL operations
            • Index operations
            • Primary key operations
            • Column operations
            • Generated column operations
            • Foreign key operations
            • Table operations
            • Partition operations
            • Column type change rules
      • SQL specifications and practices
        • Limitations on writing SQL statements
        • SQL writing specifications
          • SELECT statements
          • DML statements
          • Multi-table join statements
          • Table scan
          • Transactions
          • Cache
          • Hint
          • Others
        • SQL statement examples
          • Implicit data type conversion
          • JOIN tables
          • Weak consistency read
          • Pagination queries
      • PL reference
        • What is PL
          • Overview
          • Main features of PL
          • PL architecture
        • PL reference (MySQL mode)
          • Syntax of PL stored programs
          • PL stored procedures
            • Overview
            • Variables in stored programs
            • Stored procedures
            • Stored functions
            • Triggers
            • Limitations on stored programs
          • PL cursors
            • Overview
            • Cursor execution process
            • Limitations on server cursors
          • PL conditional control statements
            • CASE
            • IF
            • ITERATE
            • LEAVE
            • LOOP
            • REPEAT
            • RETURN
            • WHILE
          • PL data manipulation statements
            • CALL
            • DO
          • PL data definition statements
            • ALTER FUNCTION
            • ALTER PROCEDURE
            • CREATE FUNCTION
            • CREATE PROCEDURE
            • CREATE TRIGGER
            • DROP FUNCTION
            • DROP PROCEDURE
            • DROP TRIGGER
          • PL database management statements
            • SHOW CREATE FUNCTION
            • SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE
            • SHOW CREATE TRIGGER
            • SHOW FUNCTION STATUS
            • SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS
            • SHOW TRIGGERS
          • PL related dictionary views
            • INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARAMETERS
            • INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES
            • INFORMATION_SCHEMA TRIGGERS
          • PL exception handling
            • Overview
            • DECLARE ... CONDITION
            • DECLARE ... HANDLER
            • GET DIAGNOSTICS
            • RESIGNAL
            • SIGNAL
            • Effective scope of an exception handler
            • Diagnostics area
            • Exception handling and OUT/INOUT parameters
            • Limitations on exception handling
          • PL system packages
            • Overview
            • DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER
              • Overview
              • CREATE_CONSUMER_GROUP
              • CREATE_PLAN
              • CREATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
              • DELETE_CONSUMER_GROUP
              • DELETE_PLAN
              • DELETE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
              • SET_CONSUMER_GROUP_MAPPING
              • UPDATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
            • DBMS_STATS
              • Overview
              • ALTER_STATS_HISTORY_RETENTION
              • CREATE_STAT_TABLE
              • DELETE_COLUMN_STATS
              • DELETE_INDEX_STATS
              • DELETE_TABLE_STATS
              • DELETE_SCHEMA_STATS
              • DELETE_SCHEMA_PREFS
              • DELETE_TABLE_PREFS
              • DROP_STAT_TABLE
              • EXPORT_COLUMN_STATS
              • EXPORT_INDEX_STATS
              • EXPORT_TABLE_STATS
              • EXPORT_SCHEMA_STATS
              • FLUSH_DATABASE_MONITORING_INFO
              • GATHER_INDEX_STATS
              • GATHER_TABLE_STATS
              • GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS
              • GET_STATS_HISTORY_AVAILABILITY
              • GET_STATS_HISTORY_RETENTION
              • GET_PARAM
              • GET_PREFS
              • IMPORT_INDEX_STATS
              • IMPORT_COLUMN_STATS
              • IMPORT_TABLE_STATS
              • IMPORT_SCHEMA_STATS
              • LOCK_PARTITION_STATS
              • LOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
              • LOCK_TABLE_STATS
              • RESTORE_TABLE_STATS
              • RESTORE_SCHEMA_STATS
              • RESET_GLOBAL_PREF_DEFAULTS
              • RESET_PARAM_DEFAULTS
              • PURGE_STATS
              • SET_COLUMN_STATS
              • SET_INDEX_STATS
              • SET_TABLE_STATS
              • SET_GLOBAL_PREFS
              • SET_PARAM
              • SET_SCHEMA_PREFS
              • SET_TABLE_PREFS
              • UNLOCK_PARTITION_STATS
              • UNLOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
              • UNLOCK_TABLE_STATS
            • DBMS_UDR
              • Overview
              • CREATE_RULE
              • DISABLE_RULE
              • ENABLE_RULE
              • REMOVE_RULE
            • DBMS_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY
              • Overview
              • ASH_REPORT
              • CREATE_SNAPSHOT
              • DROP_SNAPSHOT_RANGE
              • MODIFY_SNAPSHOT_SETTINGS
            • DBMS_XPLAN
              • Overview
              • DISPLAY_ACTIVE_SESSION_PLAN
              • DISPLAY_CURSOR
              • DISPLAY
              • DISABLE_OPT_TRACE
              • DISPLAY_SQL_PLAN_BASELINE
              • ENABLE_OPT_TRACE
              • SET_OPT_TRACE_PARAMETER
          • Reserved and non-reserved PL keywords
        • PL reference (Oracle mode)
          • PL language basics
            • Character sets
            • Lexical units
            • Declaration
            • Quote identifiers
            • Scope and visibility of identifiers
            • Assign values
            • Expressions
            • PL blocks
            • Subprograms
            • Error-reporting functions
          • PL data types
            • Overview
            • SQL data types
            • LOB data types
            • BOOLEAN type
            • User-defined subtypes
            • PLS_INTEGER and BINARY_INTEGER
            • Arrays
            • PL JSON data types
          • PL process control
            • Overview
            • Conditional control
            • Loop control
            • Sequential control
          • PL collections and records
            • Overview
            • Collections
            • Associative arrays
            • Varrays
            • Nested tables
            • Collection constructor function
            • Collection methods
              • Overview
              • DELETE method
              • TRIM method
              • EXTEND method
              • EXISTS method
              • FIRST and LAST methods
              • COUNT method
              • LIMIT method
              • PRIOR and NEXT methods
            • Records
            • Insert records into a table and update a table by using records
            • Create and call a subprogram with record type parameters
          • PL static SQL
            • Overview
            • Cursors
              • Overview
              • Cursor attributes
              • Implicit cursors
              • Explicit cursors
              • Cursor variables
              • Traverse cursor data by using the FOR loop
              • Modify and drop a cursor
            • Transaction processing and control
            • Autonomous transactions
              • Overview
              • Control an autonomous transaction
              • Autonomous triggers
              • Call autonomous functions from SQL statements
          • PL dynamic SQL
            • Overview
            • Execute dynamic SQL statements
            • DBMS_SQL system package
          • PL stored procedures and functions
            • Overview
            • Create a stored procedure
            • Create a function
            • Manage stored procedures and functions
            • Privilege control
            • Pipeline functions
              • Overview
              • Create a pipelined function
              • Application
            • User-defined functions
              • Overview
              • Interface for user-defined aggregate functions
              • Create user-defined aggregate functions
              • Use user-defined aggregate functions
            • Collection of stored procedure information and its impact on parallel execution of SQL statements
            • PL DBLink
          • PL triggers
            • Overview
            • Create a DML trigger
            • Modify and drop a trigger
            • Disable or enable a trigger
            • Query trigger information
            • INSTEAD OF DML trigger
            • Compound DML trigger
          • PL packages
            • Overview
            • Create a program package
            • Overloaded programs in a package
            • Manage program packages
            • Definition of the PL environment by the STANDARD package
          • PL exception handling
            • Overview
            • Compile-Time alerts
            • Exception types
            • Exception handling processes
          • DDL operations on stored PL units
            • Overview
            • ALTER FUNCTION
            • ALTER PACKAGE
            • ALTER PROCEDURE
            • ALTER TRIGGER
            • ALTER TYPE
            • CREATE FUNCTION
            • CREATE PACKAGE
            • CREATE PACKAGE BODY
            • CREATE PROCEDURE
            • CREATE TRIGGER
            • CREATE TYPE
            • CREATE TYPE BODY
            • DROP FUNCTION
            • DROP PACKAGE
            • DROP PROCEDURE
            • DROP TRIGGER
            • DROP TYPE
            • DROP TYPE BODY
          • PL label security package
            • Overview
            • SA_SYSDBA policy management package
              • Overview
              • SA_SYSDBA.ALTER_POLICY
              • SA_SYSDBA.CREATE_POLICY
              • SA_SYSDBA.DROP_POLICY
            • SA_COMPONENTS label component package
              • Overview
              • SA_COMPONENTS.ALTER_LEVEL
              • SA_COMPONENTS.CREATE_LEVEL
              • SA_COMPONENTS.DROP_LEVEL
            • SA_LABEL_ADMIN label management package
              • Overview
              • SA_LABEL_ADMIN.ALTER_LABEL
              • SA_LABEL_ADMIN.CREATE_LABEL
              • SA_LABEL_ADMIN.DROP_LABEL
            • SA_POLICY_ADMIN policy management package
              • Overview
              • SA_POLICY_ADMIN.APPLY_TABLE_POLICY
              • SA_POLICY_ADMIN.DISABLE_TABLE_POLICY
              • SA_POLICY_ADMIN.ENABLE_TABLE_POLICY
              • SA_POLICY_ADMIN.REMOVE_TABLE_POLICY
            • SA_USER_ADMIN user label management package
              • Overview
              • SA_USER_ADMIN.SET_LEVELS
            • SA_SESSION session management package
              • Overview
              • SA_SESSION.LABEL
              • SA_SESSION.RESTORE_DEFAULT_LABELS
              • SA_SESSION.ROW_LABEL
              • SA_SESSION.SET_LABEL
              • SA_SESSION.SET_ROW_LABEL
          • PL system package (Oracle mode)
            • Overview
            • DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO
              • Overview
              • READ_CLIENT_INFO
              • READ_MODULE
              • SET_ACTION
              • SET_CLIENT_INFO
              • SET_MODULE
            • DBMS_AUDIT_MGMT
              • Overview
              • CLEAN_AUDIT_TRAIL
              • CREATE_PURGE_JOB
              • DROP_PURGE_JOB
              • SET_LAST_ARCHIVE_TIMESTAMP
              • SET_PURGE_JOB_STATUS
            • DBMS_CRYPTO
              • Overview
              • ENCRYPT
              • DECRYPT
              • HASH
            • DBMS_DEBUG
              • Overview
              • ATTACH_SESSION
              • CONTINUE
              • DEBUG_ON
              • DEBUG_OFF
              • DETACH_SESSION
              • DELETE_BREAKPOINT
              • DISABLE_BREAKPOINT
              • ENABLE_BREAKPOINT
              • GET_VALUE
              • GET_VALUES
              • GET_RUNTIME_INFO
              • GET_TIMEOUT_BEHAVIOUR
              • INITIALIZE
              • PROBE_VERSION
              • PRINT_BACKTRACE
              • SET_TIMEOUT
              • SET_TIMEOUT_BEHAVIOUR
              • SET_BREAKPOINT
              • SHOW_BREAKPOINTS
            • DBMS_DESCRIBE
              • Overview
              • DESCRIBE_PROCEDURE
            • DBMS_JOB
              • Overview
              • BROKEN
              • CHANGE
              • ZONE
              • INTERVAL
              • NEXT_DATE
              • REMOVE
              • RUN
              • SUBMIT
              • USER_EXPORT
              • WHAT
            • DBMS_LOB
              • Overview
              • APPEND
              • CLOSE
              • COPY
              • CREATETEMPORARY
              • ERASE
              • FREETEMPORARY
              • GETLENGTH
              • ISOPEN
              • INSTR
              • ISTEMPORARY
              • OPEN
              • READ
              • SUBSTR
              • TRIM
              • WRITE
              • WRITEAPPEND
            • DBMS_LOCK
              • Overview
              • ALLOCATE_UNIQUE
              • ALLOCATE_UNIQUE_AUTONOMOUS
              • REQUEST
              • SLEEP
            • DBMS_METADATA
              • Overview
              • GET_DDL
            • DBMS_OUTPUT
              • Overview
              • DISABLE
              • ENABLE
              • GET_LINE
              • GET_LINES
              • NEW_LINE
              • PUT
              • PUT_LINE
            • DBMS_PLAN_CACHE
              • Overview
              • PURGE
            • DBMS_RANDOM
              • Overview
              • INITIALIZE
              • NORMAL
              • RANDOM
              • SEED
              • STRING
              • TERMINATE
              • VALUE
            • DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER
              • Overview
              • CREATE_CONSUMER_GROUP
              • CREATE_PLAN
              • CREATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
              • DELETE_CONSUMER_GROUP
              • DELETE_PLAN
              • DELETE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
              • SET_CONSUMER_GROUP_MAPPING
              • UPDATE_PLAN_DIRECTIVE
            • DBMS_SCHEDULER
              • Overview
              • CREATE_JOB
              • CREATE_PROGRAM
              • DEFINE_PROGRAM_ARGUMENT
              • DISABLE
              • DROP_JOB
              • DROP_PROGRAM
              • ENABLE
              • GENERATE_JOB_NAME
              • RUN_JOB
              • SET_ATTRIBUTE
              • SET_JOB_ARGUMENT_VALUE
            • DBMS_SESSION
              • Overview
              • CLEAR_ALL_CONTEXT
              • CLEAR_CONTEXT
              • CLEAR_IDENTIFIER
              • RESET_PACKAGE
              • SET_CONTEXT
              • SET_IDENTIFIER
            • DBMS_SQL
              • Overview
              • BIND_VARIABLE
              • CLOSE_CURSOR
              • COLUMN_VALUE
              • DEFINE_COLUMN
              • DEFINE_ARRAY
              • DESCRIBE_COLUMNS
              • EXECUTE
              • EXECUTE_AND_FETCH
              • FETCH_ROWS
              • IS_OPEN
              • LAST_ERROR_POSITION
              • OPEN_CURSOR
              • PARSE
            • DBMS_STATS
              • Overview
              • ALTER_STATS_HISTORY_RETENTION
              • CREATE_STAT_TABLE
              • DELETE_COLUMN_STATS
              • DELETE_INDEX_STATS
              • DELETE_TABLE_STATS
              • DELETE_SCHEMA_STATS
              • DELETE_SCHEMA_PREFS
              • DELETE_TABLE_PREFS
              • DROP_STAT_TABLE
              • EXPORT_COLUMN_STATS
              • EXPORT_INDEX_STATS
              • EXPORT_TABLE_STATS
              • EXPORT_SCHEMA_STATS
              • FLUSH_DATABASE_MONITORING_INFO
              • GATHER_INDEX_STATS
              • GATHER_TABLE_STATS
              • GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS
              • GET_STATS_HISTORY_AVAILABILITY
              • GET_STATS_HISTORY_RETENTION
              • GET_PARAM
              • GET_PREFS
              • IMPORT_INDEX_STATS
              • IMPORT_COLUMN_STATS
              • IMPORT_TABLE_STATS
              • IMPORT_SCHEMA_STATS
              • LOCK_PARTITION_STATS
              • LOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
              • LOCK_TABLE_STATS
              • RESTORE_TABLE_STATS
              • RESTORE_SCHEMA_STATS
              • RESET_GLOBAL_PREF_DEFAULTS
              • RESET_PARAM_DEFAULTS
              • PURGE_STATS
              • SET_COLUMN_STATS
              • SET_INDEX_STATS
              • SET_TABLE_STATS
              • SET_GLOBAL_PREFS
              • SET_PARAM
              • SET_SCHEMA_PREFS
              • SET_TABLE_PREFS
              • UNLOCK_PARTITION_STATS
              • UNLOCK_SCHEMA_STATS
              • UNLOCK_TABLE_STATS
            • DBMS_UDR
              • Overview
              • CREATE_RULE
              • DISABLE_RULE
              • ENABLE_RULE
              • REMOVE_RULE
            • DBMS_UTILITY
              • Overview
              • ACTIVE_INSTANCES
              • COMMA_TO_TABLE
              • CURRENT_INSTANCE
              • DB_VERSION
              • FORMAT_CALL_STACK
              • FORMAT_ERROR_BACKTRACE
              • FORMAT_ERROR_STACK
              • GET_ENDIANNESS
              • GET_HASH_VALUE
              • GET_PARAMETER_VALUE
              • GET_SQL_HASH
              • GET_TIME
              • IS_BIT_SET
              • IS_CLUSTER_DATABASE
              • NAME_RESOLVE
              • NAME_TOKENIZE
              • OLD_CURRENT_SCHEMA
              • OLD_CURRENT_USER
              • PORT_STRING
              • TABLE_TO_COMMA
            • DBMS_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY
              • Overview
              • ASH_REPORT
            • DBMS_XA
              • Overview
              • DBMS_XA constants
              • DBMS_XA_XID object type
              • DIST_TXN_SYNC
              • XA_COMMIT
              • XA_END
              • XA_FORGET
              • XA_GETLASTOER
              • XA_PREPARE
              • XA_RECOVER
              • XA_ROLLBACK
              • XA_SETTIMEOUT
              • XA_START
            • DBMS_XMLGEN
              • Overview
              • CONVERT
            • DBMS_XPLAN
              • Overview
              • DISPLAY_ACTIVE_SESSION_PLAN
              • DISPLAY_CURSOR
              • DISPLAY
              • DISABLE_OPT_TRACE
              • DISPLAY_SQL_PLAN_BASELINE
              • ENABLE_OPT_TRACE
              • SET_OPT_TRACE_PARAMETER
            • ODCIConst
              • Overview
              • ODCIArgDesc.ArgType
              • ODCIEnv.CallProperty
              • ODCIEnv.Envflags
              • ODCIIndexAlter
              • ODCIIndexAlter parameter alter_option
              • ODCIIndexInfo.IndexInfoFlags
              • ODCIIndexInfo.IndexParaDegree
              • ODCIPredInfo.Flags
              • ODCIQueryInfo.Flags
              • ODCIStatsOptions.Flags
              • ODCIStatsOptions.Options
              • Return Status
              • ScnFlg
            • UTL_ENCODE
              • Overview
              • BASE64_DECODE
              • BASE64_ENCODE
            • UTL_FILE
              • Overview
              • FCLOSE
              • FFLUSH
              • FOPEN
              • FGETPOS
              • FREMOVE
              • FRENAME
              • FSEEK
              • NEW_LINE
              • GET_LINE
              • PUT
              • PUT_LINE
            • UTL_I18N
              • Overview
              • RAW_TO_CHAR
              • STRING_TO_RAW
            • UTL_RAW
              • Overview
              • BIT_AND
              • BIT_COMPLEMENT
              • BIT_OR
              • BIT_XOR
              • CAST_FROM_BINARY_DOUBLE
              • CAST_FROM_BINARY_FLOAT
              • CAST_FROM_BINARY_INTEGER
              • CAST_FROM_NUMBER
              • CAST_TO_BINARY_DOUBLE
              • CAST_TO_BINARY_FLOAT
              • CAST_TO_BINARY_INTEGER
              • CAST_TO_NUMBER
              • CAST_TO_RAW
              • CAST_TO_VARCHAR2
              • COMPARE
              • CONCAT
              • COPIES
              • LENGTH
              • REVERSE
              • SUBSTR
            • ANYDATA TYPE
              • Overview
              • BEGINCREATE static procedure
              • ENDCREATE member procedure
              • GET* member functions
              • GETTYPE member function
              • GETTYPENAME member function
              • PIECEWISE member procedure
              • SET* member procedures
            • XMLType
              • Overview
              • CREATEXML
              • GETCLOBVAL
              • GETSTRINGVAL
              • TRANSFORM
              • XMLTYPE
          • Reserved PL keywords
      • Reserved keywords (MySQL mode)
      • Reserved keywords (Oracle mode)
    • System views
      • Overview
      • Overview of system views
      • Changes in views in OceanBase Database V3.x and V4.x
      • SYS tenant views
        • Dictionary views
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_SERVER_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_SERVERS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUP_PARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUP_SUBPARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUP_TABLES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUPS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLET_REPLICAS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLET_TO_LS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TENANT_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TENANTS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_UNIT_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_UNIT_CONFIGS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_UNITS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ZONE_MAJOR_COMPACTION
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ZONES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OBJECTS
          • oceanbase.DBA_PART_INDEXES
          • oceanbase.DBA_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • oceanbase.DBA_PART_TABLES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_SEQUENCE_OBJECTS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.CDB_IND_COLUMNS
          • oceanbase.CDB_IND_PARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.CDB_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.CDB_INDEXES
          • oceanbase.DBA_IND_PARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_DATABASES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_LOCATIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_MAJOR_COMPACTION
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RESOURCE_POOLS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ROOTSERVICE_EVENT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_ARCHIVELOG_PIECE_FILES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_DATABASES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS_LOCATIONS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_MAJOR_COMPACTION
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_RESTORE_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_RESTORE_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLEGROUP_PARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLEGROUP_SUBPARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLEGROUP_TABLES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLEGROUPS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLET_REPLICAS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLET_TO_LS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_ZONE_MAJOR_COMPACTION
          • oceanbase.CDB_OBJECTS
          • oceanbase.CDB_PART_INDEXES
          • oceanbase.CDB_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • oceanbase.CDB_PART_TABLES
          • oceanbase.CDB_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • oceanbase.CDB_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
          • oceanbase.CDB_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.CDB_TAB_COLS
          • oceanbase.CDB_TAB_COLS_V$
          • oceanbase.CDB_TAB_PARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.CDB_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.CDB_TABLES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_SET_FILES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_SET_FILES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_JOBS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_TASKS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVELOG_PIECE_FILES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RESTORE_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RESTORE_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_ARCHIVE_DEST
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVE_DEST
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_ARCHIVELOG
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVELOG
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_ARCHIVELOG_SUMMARY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVELOG_SUMMARY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_PARAMETER
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_PARAMETER
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_OUTLINE_CONCURRENT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_OUTLINES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_CONCURRENT_LIMIT_SQL
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_SYS_VARIABLES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_JOBS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_TASKS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_STORAGE_INFO
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_STORAGE_INFO
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_STORAGE_INFO_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_STORAGE_INFO_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_POLICY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_POLICY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_DEADLOCK_EVENT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_DEADLOCK_EVENT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_COLUMN_CHECKSUM_ERROR_INFO
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLET_CHECKSUM_ERROR_INFO
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_PART_COL_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SUBPART_COL_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_HISTOGRAMS
          • oceanbase.DBA_PART_HISTOGRAMS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SUBPART_HISTOGRAMS
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_STATS_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_SCHEDULER_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_IND_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_MODIFICATIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SQL_PLAN_BASELINES
          • oceanbase.DBA_SQL_MANAGEMENT_CONFIG
          • information_schema.QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TABLE_LOCATIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLE_LOCATIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_SERVER_EVENT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_FREEZE_INFO
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_FREEZE_INFO
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_REPLICA_TASKS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS_REPLICA_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_AUTO_INCREMENT
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_AUTO_INCREMENT
          • oceanbase.DBA_SEQUENCES
          • oceanbase.DBA_SCHEDULER_WINDOWS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_USERS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_USERS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_DATABASE_PRIVILEGE
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_DATABASE_PRIVILEGE
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_USER_DEFINED_RULES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS_LOG_ARCHIVE_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_LOG_ARCHIVE_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARBITRATION_SERVICE
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS_ARB_REPLICA_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_ARB_REPLICA_TASKS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS_ARB_REPLICA_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_ARB_REPLICA_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_CLUSTER_EVENT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RSRC_IO_DIRECTIVES
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_PLANS
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_PLAN_DIRECTIVES
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_GROUP_MAPPINGS
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUPS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_DATA_DICTIONARY_IN_LOG
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_DATA_DICTIONARY_IN_LOG
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TASK_OPT_STAT_GATHER_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLE_OPT_STAT_GATHER_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_LOG_RESTORE_SOURCE
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LOG_RESTORE_SOURCE
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLE_STAT_STALE_INFO
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_EXTERNAL_TABLE_FILES
          • oceanbase.ALL_OB_EXTERNAL_TABLE_FILES
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_EXTERNAL_TABLE_FILES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BALANCE_JOBS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BALANCE_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BALANCE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BALANCE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BALANCE_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BALANCE_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BALANCE_TASKS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_BALANCE_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TRANSFER_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TRANSFER_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TRANSFER_TASKS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TRANSFER_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_ACCESS_POINT
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ACCESS_POINT
          • oceanbase.DBA_DB_LINKS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_LS_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_TENANT_EVENT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TENANT_EVENT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_SNAPSHOT
          • oceanbase.CDB_WR_SNAPSHOT
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_WR_ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_STATNAME
          • oceanbase.CDB_WR_STATNAME
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_SYSSTAT
          • oceanbase.CDB_WR_SYSSTAT
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_CONTROL
          • oceanbase.CDB_WR_CONTROL
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_RECOVER_TABLE_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RECOVER_TABLE_JOBS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_JOBS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_TASKS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_RECOVER_TABLE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RECOVER_TABLE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_KV_TTL_TASKS
          • oceanbase.CDB_OB_KV_TTL_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_KV_TTL_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_KV_TTL_TASK_HISTORY
        • Performance views
          • GV$OB_COMPACTION_DIAGNOSE_INFO
          • GV$OB_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
          • GV$OB_COMPACTION_SUGGESTIONS
          • GV$OB_KVCACHE
          • GV$OB_PARAMETERS
          • GV$OB_PROCESSLIST
          • GV$OB_PX_TARGET_MONITOR
          • GV$OB_SERVERS
          • GV$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_HISTORY
          • GV$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
          • GV$OB_TRANSACTION_PARTICIPANTS
          • GV$OB_UNITS
          • GV$OB_PLAN_CACHE_STAT
          • GV$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_STAT
          • GV$SESSION_EVENT
          • GV$SESSION_WAIT
          • GV$SESSION_WAIT_HISTORY
          • GV$SYSTEM_EVENT
          • GV$SESSTAT
          • GV$OB_IO_BENCHMARK
          • GV$OB_SQL_AUDIT
          • GV$LATCH
          • GV$OB_MEMORY
          • GV$OB_MEMSTORE
          • GV$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_EXPLAIN
          • GV$OB_RPC_OUTGOING
          • GV$OB_RPC_INCOMING
          • GV$SQL_PLAN_MONITOR
          • GV$SYSSTAT
          • GV$ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
          • GV$DML_STATS
          • GV$SESSION_LONGOPS
          • GV$OB_PX_WORKER_STAT
          • GV$OB_PS_STAT
          • GV$OB_PS_ITEM_INFO
          • GV$SQL_WORKAREA
          • GV$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM
          • GV$OB_SQL_WORKAREA_MEMORY_INFO
          • GV$OB_SERVER_SCHEMA_INFO
          • GV$OB_MERGE_INFO
          • GV$OB_SSTABLES
          • GV$OB_TENANT_MEMORY
          • V$OB_COMPACTION_DIAGNOSE_INFO
          • V$OB_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
          • V$OB_COMPACTION_SUGGESTIONS
          • V$OB_KVCACHE
          • V$OB_PARAMETERS
          • V$OB_PROCESSLIST
          • V$OB_PX_TARGET_MONITOR
          • V$OB_SERVERS
          • V$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_HISTORY
          • V$OB_TABLET_COMPACTION_PROGRESS
          • V$OB_TRANSACTION_PARTICIPANTS
          • V$OB_UNITS
          • V$STATNAME
          • V$EVENT_NAME
          • V$SESSION_WAIT
          • V$SESSION_WAIT_HISTORY
          • V$SESSTAT
          • V$SYSTEM_EVENT
          • V$OB_MEMORY
          • V$OB_MEMSTORE
          • V$OB_PLAN_CACHE_STAT
          • V$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_STAT
          • V$OB_PLAN_CACHE_PLAN_EXPLAIN
          • V$OB_SQL_AUDIT
          • V$OB_RPC_OUTGOING
          • V$OB_RPC_INCOMING
          • V$SQL_PLAN_MONITOR
          • V$SESSION_LONGOPS
          • V$LATCH
          • V$OB_PX_WORKER_STAT
          • V$OB_PS_STAT
          • V$OB_PS_ITEM_INFO
          • V$SQL_WORKAREA
          • V$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE
          • V$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM
          • V$OB_SQL_WORKAREA_MEMORY_INFO
          • V$OB_SERVER_SCHEMA_INFO
          • V$OB_MERGE_INFO
          • V$SQL_MONITOR_STATNAME
          • V$OB_ENCRYPTED_TABLES
          • V$ENCRYPTED_TABLESPACES
          • V$OB_SSTABLES
          • V$OB_TENANT_MEMORY
          • GV$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE
          • GV$OB_MEMSTORE_INFO
          • V$OB_MEMSTORE_INFO
          • GV$OB_IO_CALIBRATION_STATUS
          • V$OB_IO_CALIBRATION_STATUS
          • GV$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
          • V$OB_IO_BENCHMARK
          • V$SYSSTAT
          • V$SESSION_EVENT
          • V$ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY
          • V$DML_STATS
          • GV$OB_LOG_STAT
          • V$OB_LOG_STAT
          • V$OB_DTL_INTERM_RESULT_MONITOR
          • V$OB_LS_REPLICA_TASK_PLAN
          • V$OB_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATUS
          • V$RSRC_PLAN
          • GV$OB_THREAD
          • V$OB_THREAD
          • GV$OB_ARBITRATION_SERVICE_STATUS
          • V$OB_ARBITRATION_SERVICE_STATUS
          • GV$OB_ARBITRATION_MEMBER_INFO
          • V$OB_ARBITRATION_MEMBER_INFO
          • GV$OB_OPT_STAT_GATHER_MONITOR
          • V$OB_OPT_STAT_GATHER_MONITOR
          • GV$OB_LOCKS
          • V$OB_LOCKS
          • V$OB_LS_LOG_RESTORE_STATUS
          • V$OB_TIMESTAMP_SERVICE
          • GV$OB_PX_P2P_DATAHUB
          • V$OB_PX_P2P_DATAHUB
          • GV$SQL_JOIN_FILTER
          • V$SQL_JOIN_FILTER
          • GV$OB_SQL_PLAN
          • V$OB_SQL_PLAN
          • GV$OB_TENANT_RUNTIME_INFO
          • V$OB_TENANT_RUNTIME_INFO
          • GV$OB_FLT_TRACE_CONFIG
      • MySQL tenant views
        • Dictionary views
          • information_schema.CHARACTER_SETS
          • information_schema.CHECK_CONSTRAINTS
          • information_schema.COLLATIONS
          • information_schema.COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY
          • information_schema.COLUMNS
          • information_schema.COLUMN_PRIVILEGES
          • information_schema.CONNECTION_CONTROL_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS
          • information_schema.ENGINES
          • information_schema.GLOBAL_STATUS
          • information_schema.GLOBAL_VARIABLES
          • information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
          • information_schema.PARAMETERS
          • information_schema.PARTITIONS
          • information_schema.PROCESSLIST
          • information_schema.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS
          • information_schema.ROUTINES
          • information_schema.SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES
          • information_schema.SCHEMATA
          • information_schema.SESSION_STATUS
          • information_schema.SESSION_VARIABLES
          • information_schema.STATISTICS
          • information_schema.TABLES
          • information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
          • information_schema.TABLE_PRIVILEGES
          • information_schema.USER_PRIVILEGES
          • information_schema.VIEW_TABLE_USAGE
          • information_schema.VIEWS
          • mysql.db
          • mysql.help_category
          • mysql.help_keyword
          • mysql.help_relation
          • mysql.help_topic
          • mysql.proc
          • mysql.time_zone
          • mysql.time_zone_name
          • mysql.time_zone_transition
          • mysql.time_zone_transition_type
          • mysql.user
          • oceanbase.DBA_IND_PARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_IND_SUBPARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_DATABASES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_LOCATIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_MAJOR_COMPACTION
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUP_PARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUP_SUBPARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUP_TABLES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLEGROUPS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLET_REPLICAS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLET_TO_LS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ZONE_MAJOR_COMPACTION
          • oceanbase.DBA_OBJECTS
          • oceanbase.DBA_PART_INDEXES
          • oceanbase.DBA_PART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • oceanbase.DBA_PART_TABLES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_SEQUENCE_OBJECTS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SUBPART_KEY_COLUMNS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SUBPARTITION_TEMPLATES
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_SET_FILES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVELOG_PIECE_FILES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RESTORE_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RESTORE_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVE_DEST
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVELOG
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_ARCHIVELOG_SUMMARY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_PARAMETER
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_OUTLINE_CONCURRENT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_OUTLINES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_CONCURRENT_LIMIT_SQL
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_TASK_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_STORAGE_INFO
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_STORAGE_INFO_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_BACKUP_DELETE_POLICY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_DEADLOCK_EVENT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_COL_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_PART_COL_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SUBPART_COL_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_HISTOGRAMS
          • oceanbase.DBA_PART_HISTOGRAMS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SUBPART_HISTOGRAMS
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_STATS_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_SCHEDULER_JOBS
          • oceanbase.DBA_IND_STATISTICS
          • oceanbase.DBA_TAB_MODIFICATIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_SQL_PLAN_BASELINES
          • oceanbase.DBA_SQL_MANAGEMENT_CONFIG
          • information_schema.QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLE_LOCATIONS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_FREEZE_INFO
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_REPLICA_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_AUTO_INCREMENT
          • oceanbase.DBA_SEQUENCES
          • oceanbase.DBA_SCHEDULER_WINDOWS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_USERS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_DATABASE_PRIVILEGE
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_USER_DEFINED_RULES
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TENANTS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_LOG_ARCHIVE_PROGRESS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_ARB_REPLICA_TASKS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LS_ARB_REPLICA_TASK_HISTORY
          • information_schema.ST_GEOMETRY_COLUMNS
          • information_schema.ST_SPATIAL_REFERENCE_SYSTEMS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_CLUSTER_EVENT_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RSRC_IO_DIRECTIVES
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_PLANS
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_PLAN_DIRECTIVES
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_GROUP_MAPPINGS
          • oceanbase.DBA_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUPS
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_DATA_DICTIONARY_IN_LOG
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TASK_OPT_STAT_GATHER_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_TABLE_OPT_STAT_GATHER_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_LOG_RESTORE_SOURCE
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          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_STATNAME
          • oceanbase.DBA_WR_SYSSTAT
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          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_JOBS
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          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_RECOVER_TABLE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_JOB_HISTORY
          • oceanbase.DBA_OB_IMPORT_TABLE_TASK_HISTORY
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        • Performance views
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          • enable_ddl
          • enable_global_freeze_trigger
          • enable_log_archive
          • enable_election_group
          • enable_major_freeze
          • enable_merge_by_turn
          • enable_manual_merge
          • enable_ob_ratelimit
          • enable_one_phase_commit
          • enable_perf_event
          • enable_pg
          • enable_record_trace_id
          • enable_record_trace_log
          • enable_rereplication
          • enable_rich_error_msg
          • enable_separate_sys_clog
          • enable_smooth_leader_switch
          • enable_rootservice_standalone
          • enable_sql_audit
          • enable_sql_operator_dump
          • enable_sys_table_ddl
          • enable_sys_unit_standalone
          • enable_syslog_recycle
          • enable_syslog_wf
          • enable_tcp_keepalive
          • fast_recovery_concurrency
          • enable_upgrade_mode
          • flush_log_at_trx_commit
          • gc_wait_archive
          • fuse_row_cache_priority
          • global_index_build_single_replica_timeout
          • global_major_freeze_residual_memory
          • get_leader_candidate_rpc_timeout
          • global_write_halt_residual_memory
          • high_priority_net_thread_count
          • ignore_replay_checksum_error
          • ignore_replica_checksum_error
          • index_clog_cache_priority
          • index_info_block_cache_priority
          • index_cache_priority
          • ilog_index_expire_time
          • internal_sql_execute_timeout
          • large_query_threshold
          • large_query_worker_percentage
          • leak_mod_to_check
          • lease_time
          • location_cache_cpu_quota
          • location_cache_priority
          • location_cache_expire_time
          • location_cache_refresh_min_interval
          • location_cache_refresh_rpc_timeout
          • location_cache_refresh_sql_timeout
          • location_fetch_concurrency
          • location_refresh_thread_count
          • log_archive_batch_buffer_limit
          • log_archive_checkpoint_interval
          • max_kept_major_version_number
          • max_px_worker_count
          • max_string_print_length
          • max_syslog_file_count
          • memory_chunk_cache_size
          • memory_limit
          • memory_limit_percentage
          • memory_reserved
          • memstore_limit_percentage
          • merge_stat_sampling_ratio
          • merge_thread_count
          • merger_completion_percentage
          • merger_switch_leader_duration_time
          • merger_warm_up_duration_time
          • micro_block_merge_verify_level
          • migrate_concurrency
          • migration_disable_time
          • min_observer_version
          • minor_deferred_gc_time
          • mysql_port
          • net_thread_count
          • ob_event_history_recycle_interval
          • ob_ratelimit_stat_period
          • obconfig_url
          • tablet_meta_table_check_interval
          • tablet_meta_table_scan_batch_count
          • plan_cache_evict_interval
          • plan_cache_high_watermark
          • plan_cache_low_watermark
          • px_task_size
          • px_workers_per_cpu_quota
          • rdma_io_thread_count
          • recyclebin_object_expire_time
          • ls_meta_table_check_interval
          • resource_hard_limit
          • rebuild_replica_data_lag_threshold
          • rootservice_async_task_queue_size
          • rootservice_async_task_thread_count
          • rootservice_list
          • rootservice_memory_limit
          • rootservice_ready_check_interval
          • row_compaction_update_limit
          • rpc_port
          • rpc_timeout
          • schema_history_expire_time
          • schema_history_recycle_interval
          • server_balance_cpu_mem_tolerance_percent
          • server_balance_critical_disk_waterlevel
          • server_balance_disk_tolerance_percent
          • server_check_interval
          • server_cpu_quota_max
          • server_cpu_quota_min
          • server_permanent_offline_time
          • server_data_copy_out_concurrency
          • server_data_copy_in_concurrency
          • ssl_client_authentication
          • ssl_external_kms_info
          • stack_size
          • sql_audit_memory_limit
          • sys_bkgd_migration_change_member_list_timeout
          • sys_bkgd_migration_retry_num
          • sys_bkgd_net_percentage
          • switchover_process_thread_count
          • syslog_io_bandwidth_limit
          • sys_bkgd_io_high_percentage
          • syslog_level
          • sys_bkgd_io_low_percentage
          • sys_cpu_limit_trigger
          • system_memory
          • system_trace_level
          • tableapi_transport_compress_func
          • tablet_size
          • tcp_keepcnt
          • system_cpu_quota
          • tcp_keepidle
          • tcp_keepintvl
          • tenant_cpu_variation_per_server
          • tenant_task_queue_size
          • token_reserved_percentage
          • trace_log_sampling_interval
          • trace_log_slow_query_watermark
          • trx_2pc_retry_interval
          • tenant_groups
          • use_large_pages
          • user_block_cache_priority
          • trx_force_kill_threshold
          • user_row_cache_priority
          • trx_try_wait_lock_timeout
          • unit_balance_resource_weight
          • virtual_table_location_cache_expire_time
          • weak_read_version_refresh_interval
          • user_iort_up_percentage
          • workers_per_cpu_quota
          • zone
          • user_tab_col_stat_cache_priority
          • wait_leader_batch_count
          • log_disk_size
          • log_disk_percentage
          • tablet_ls_cache_priority
          • opt_tab_stat_cache_priority
          • zone_merge_concurrency
          • index_block_cache_priority
          • zone_merge_order
          • sql_login_thread_count
          • zone_merge_timeout
          • enable_asan_for_memory_context
          • ob_esi_rpc_port
          • enable_cgroup
          • enable_ob_esi_process
          • diag_syslog_per_error_limit
          • ob_esi_session_timeout
          • ob_esi_io_concurrency
          • ob_startup_mode
          • ob_esi_memory_limit
          • log_storage_warning_tolerance_time
          • ob_esi_syslog_level
          • ob_esi_max_syslog_file_count
          • sql_net_thread_count
          • minor_freeze_times
          • minor_merge_concurrency
          • minor_warm_up_duration_time
          • multiblock_read_gap_size
          • multiblock_read_size
          • ofs_list
          • partition_table_check_interval
          • replica_safe_remove_time
          • resource_soft_limit
          • restore_concurrency
          • rpc_client_authentication_method
          • rpc_server_authentication_method
          • row_purge_thread_count
          • datafile_maxsize
          • datafile_next
          • standby_fetch_log_bandwidth_limit
          • local_ip
          • observer_id
          • storage_meta_cache_priority
          • sql_protocol_min_tls_version
        • Tenant-level parameters
          • audit_sys_operations
          • audit_trail
          • clog_max_unconfirmed_log_count
          • clog_persistence_compress_func
          • connection_control_failed_connections_threshold
          • connection_control_min_connection_delay
          • connection_control_max_connection_delay
          • enable_clog_persistence_compress
          • enable_early_lock_release
          • enable_monotonic_weak_read
          • external_kms_info
          • enable_sql_extension
          • default_progressive_merge_num
          • io_category_config
          • log_disk_utilization_limit_threshold
          • log_disk_utilization_threshold
          • major_compact_trigger
          • compaction_low_thread_score
          • max_stale_time_for_weak_consistency
          • compaction_high_thread_score
          • minor_compact_trigger
          • compaction_mid_thread_score
          • ob_enable_batched_multi_statement
          • ob_proxy_readonly_transaction_routing_policy
          • ob_ssl_invited_common_names
          • open_cursors
          • plsql_code_type
          • plsql_debug
          • plsql_optimize_level
          • plsql_warnings
          • sql_work_area
          • tde_method
          • writing_throttling_maximum_duration
          • writing_throttling_trigger_percentage
          • workarea_size_policy
          • plsql_v2_compatibility
          • job_queue_processes
          • ha_high_thread_score
          • ha_mid_thread_score
          • ha_low_thread_score
          • ob_compaction_schedule_interval
          • default_auto_increment_mode
          • ob_query_switch_leader_retry_timeout
          • default_enable_extended_rowid
          • major_freeze_duty_time
          • undo_retention
          • query_response_time_stats
          • query_response_time_flush
          • query_response_time_range_base
          • merger_check_interval
          • freeze_trigger_percentage
          • cpu_quota_concurrency
          • arbitration_timeout
          • compatible
          • log_transport_compress_all
          • log_transport_compress_func
          • rpc_memory_limit_percentage
          • tenant_sql_login_thread_count
          • tenant_sql_net_thread_count
          • dump_data_dictionary_to_log_interval
          • enable_user_defined_rewrite_rules
          • partition_balance_schedule_interval
          • log_disk_throttling_percentage
          • enable_rebalance
          • balancer_idle_time
          • log_disk_throttling_maximum_duration
          • ls_gc_delay_time
          • standby_db_preferred_upstream_log_region
          • archive_lag_target
          • range_optimizer_max_mem_size
          • log_restore_concurrency
          • log_archive_concurrency
          • standby_db_fetch_log_rpc_timeout
          • enable_transfer
          • kv_ttl_duty_duration
          • kv_ttl_history_recycle_interval
          • enable_kv_ttl
          • ttl_thread_score
          • compaction_dag_cnt_limit
          • compaction_schedule_tablet_batch_cnt
      • System variables
        • Overview
        • Global variables
          • auto_increment_cache_size
          • auto_increment_increment
          • auto_increment_offset
          • autocommit
          • binlog_row_image
          • block_encryption_mode
          • character_set_client
          • character_set_connection
          • character_set_database
          • character_set_filesystem
          • character_set_results
          • character_set_server
          • character_set_system
          • collation_connection
          • collation_database
          • collation_server
          • connect_timeout
          • cursor_sharing
          • datadir
          • debug_sync
          • default_password_lifetime
          • div_precision_increment
          • error_on_overlap_time
          • explicit_defaults_for_timestamp
          • foreign_key_checks
          • group_concat_max_len
          • identity
          • init_connect
          • innodb_strict_mode
          • interactive_timeout
          • license
          • lower_case_table_names
          • max_allowed_packet
          • max_connections
          • max_sp_recursion_depth
          • max_user_connections
          • net_buffer_length
          • net_read_timeout
          • net_write_timeout
          • nls_calendar
          • nls_characterset
          • nls_comp
          • nls_currency
          • nls_date_format
          • nls_date_language
          • nls_dual_currency
          • nls_iso_currency
          • nls_length_semantics
          • nls_nchar_characterset
          • nls_nchar_conv_excp
          • nls_numeric_characters
          • nls_sort
          • nls_territory
          • nls_timestamp_format
          • nls_timestamp_tz_format
          • ob_bnl_join_cache_size
          • ob_create_table_strict_mode
          • ob_default_replica_num
          • ob_compatibility_mode
          • ob_enable_blk_nestedloop_join
          • ob_early_lock_release
          • ob_enable_hash_group_by
          • ob_enable_aggregation_pushdown
          • ob_enable_index_direct_select
          • ob_enable_jit
          • ob_enable_plan_cache
          • ob_enable_sql_audit
          • ob_enable_transformation
          • ob_enable_transmission_checksum
          • ob_enable_truncate_flashback
          • ob_global_debug_sync
          • ob_log_level
          • ob_pl_block_timeout
          • ob_plan_cache_evict_high_percentage
          • ob_plan_cache_evict_low_percentage
          • ob_plan_cache_percentage
          • ob_proxy_global_variables_version
          • ob_query_timeout
          • ob_read_consistency
          • ob_reserved_meta_memory_percentage
          • ob_route_policy
          • ob_sql_audit_percentage
          • ob_sql_work_area_percentage
          • ob_tcp_invited_nodes
          • ob_temp_tablespace_size_percentage
          • ob_timestamp_service
          • ob_trx_idle_timeout
          • ob_trx_lock_timeout
          • ob_trx_timeout
          • optimizer_capture_sql_plan_baselines
          • optimizer_use_sql_plan_baselines
          • parallel_max_servers
          • parallel_servers_target
          • performance_schema
          • plugin_dir
          • query_cache_size
          • query_cache_type
          • read_only
          • recyclebin
          • resource_manager_plan
          • secure_file_priv
          • sql_auto_is_null
          • sql_mode
          • sql_quote_show_create
          • sql_safe_updates
          • sql_select_limit
          • sql_throttle_current_priority
          • sql_throttle_network
          • sql_throttle_priority
          • sql_throttle_rt
          • sql_warnings
          • system_time_zone
          • time_zone
          • transaction_isolation
          • transaction_read_only
          • tx_isolation
          • tx_read_only
          • version
          • version_comment
          • wait_timeout
          • validate_password_check_user_name
          • validate_password_length
          • validate_password_mixed_case_count
          • validate_password_number_count
          • validate_password_policy
          • validate_password_special_char_count
          • server_uuid
          • default_storage_engine
          • ob_enable_rich_error_msg
          • cte_max_recursion_depth
          • regexp_stack_limit
          • event_scheduler
          • regexp_time_limit
          • log_row_value_options
          • ob_max_read_stale_time
          • parallel_degree_policy
          • parallel_degree_limit
          • parallel_min_scan_time_threshold
          • optimizer_dynamic_sampling
          • runtime_filter_type
          • runtime_filter_wait_time_ms
          • runtime_filter_max_in_num
          • runtime_bloom_filter_max_size
          • optimizer_features_enable
        • Session-level variables
          • is_result_accurate
          • last_insert_id
          • nls_language
          • ob_capability_flag
          • ob_enable_show_trace
          • ob_last_schema_version
          • ob_org_cluster_id
          • ob_proxy_partition_hit
          • ob_proxy_set_trx_executed
          • ob_trace_info
          • timestamp
          • tracefile_identifier
          • ob_max_read_stale_time
          • parallel_degree_policy
          • parallel_degree_limit
          • parallel_min_scan_time_threshold
          • optimizer_dynamic_sampling
          • runtime_filter_type
          • runtime_filter_wait_time_ms
          • runtime_filter_max_in_num
          • runtime_bloom_filter_max_size
    • Error codes
      • MySQL mode
        • Overview
        • 0001 - 3999
        • 4000 - 4499
        • 4500 - 4999
        • 5000 - 5999
        • 6000 - 6999
        • 7000 - 7999
        • 8000 - 8999
        • 9000 - 9499
        • 9500 - 9999
        • 22998, 30926, 38104, and 38105
      • Oracle mode
        • Overview
        • ORA-00000 to ORA-00999
        • ORA-01000 to ORA-01499
        • ORA-01500 to ORA-01999
        • ORA-02000 to ORA-04999
        • ORA-05000 to ORA-10000
        • ORA-10000 to ORA-19999
        • ORA-20000 to ORA-29999
        • ORA-30000 to ORA-49999
        • ORA-50000 to ORA-99999
        • PLS-00000 to PLS-00999
    • Performance tuning
      • Overview
      • Performance related tools
        • System tools
          • Top
          • CPU tools
          • Memory tools
          • Disk I/O tools
          • Network tools
        • Internal tables
          • GV$SYSSTAT
          • GV$OB_SQL_AUDIT
          • GV$OB_TRANSACTION_PARTICIPANTS
        • Logs
          • slow trans
          • dump tenant info
          • Trace logs
        • OCP
      • System tuning
        • OS parameter tuning
        • Database parameter tuning
          • CPU parameters
          • I/O parameters
          • Memory-related parameters
          • Network transmission parameters
        • ODP parameter tuning
          • CPU parameters
          • Network transmission parameters
          • Routing parameters on nodes
      • Business model tuning
        • Load balancing
        • SQL diagnostics
        • Distributed transactions
      • Performance diagnosis
        • Monitor and diagnose the cluster performance
        • Diagnose tenant performance
        • Monitor ODP performance
        • Monitor host performance
        • WR management
          • Overview
          • Manage WR
          • Monitor historical session performance
          • Clean up WR data
        • ASH report
          • ASH
          • Generate ASH reports
          • Analyze ASH reports
      • SQL tuning
        • Execution process of SQL queries
        • SQL execution plans
          • Introduction to SQL execution plans
          • Execution plan operators
            • TABLE SCAN
            • JOIN
            • COUNT
            • GROUP BY
            • WINDOW FUNCTION
            • SUBPLAN FILTER
            • DISTINCT
            • SEQUENCE
            • MATERIAL
            • SORT
            • LIMIT
            • FOR UPDATE
            • SELECT INTO
            • SUBPLAN SCAN
            • UNION
            • INTERSECT
            • EXCEPT/MINUS
            • INSERT
            • DELETE
            • UPDATE
            • MERGE
            • EXCHANGE
            • GI
          • Plan cache
          • Fast parameterization
          • Real-time execution plan display
          • SQL tuning practice with EXPLAIN
        • Distributed execution plans
          • Perform distributed execution and parallel queries
          • Generate a distributed plan
          • Schedule distributed execution plans
          • Manage distributed execution plans
          • Parallel execution enabling methods and their priority
          • Auto DOP
          • Execute parallel queries
          • Perform parameter tuning for a parallel query
          • Parallel DML
        • SQL tuning
          • Overview
          • General procedure
          • SQL execution performance monitoring
            • GV$OB_SQL_AUDIT
            • SQL Trace
            • Plan cache views
            • SQL performance analysis example
              • Use SQL Audit to analyze wait events in a query
              • Analyze SQL queries that cause an abrupt RT jitter
              • View and analyze the shape of an execution plan
              • Analyze slow SQL queries
              • Query SQL traffic distribution and QPS
              • Check whether SQL queries are balanced across servers in a cluster
              • Find the TOP N SQL queries
              • Analyze whether an unusually large number of remote execution requests exist in the system or the execution of an SQL statement
              • Find full table scan SQL statements in a tenant
              • Find the TOP N queries with the longest execution time within a certain period
              • Analyze queries related to distributed plans
              • Check whether the RPC execution count of a distributed subplan is balanced across servers in a cluster
          • Optimizer statistics
            • Overview of statistics
            • Statistics collection methods
              • Overview
              • Histograms
              • Manual statistics collection
              • Automatic statistics collection
              • Online statistics collection
              • Dynamic sampling
            • Statistics management
              • Overview
              • Delete statistics
              • Set statistics
              • Import and export statistics
              • Lock and unlock statistics
              • Manage statistics history
              • Manage statistics preferences
            • Monitoring and diagnostics for statistics collection
            • Examples
          • Query rewrite
            • Overview
            • Rule-based query rewrite
            • Cost-based query rewrite
          • Query optimization
            • Access path
              • Overview
              • Rule-based path selection
              • Cost-based path selection
            • Join algorithm
              • Overview
              • Join algorithms
              • Runtime filters
              • Join order
          • Manage execution plans
            • Optimizer hints
            • Plan binding
            • SQL plan management
        • Glossary
        • General issues in SQL tuning
    • Performance test
      • Run the TPC-H benchmark on OceanBase Database
      • TPC-H benchmark report of OceanBase Database
      • Run the Sysbench benchmark on OceanBase Database
      • Sysbench benchmark report of OceanBase Database
      • Achieve high performance with Sysbench on OceanBase Database: deployment and troubleshooting
      • Run the TPC-C benchmark on OceanBase Database
      • TPC-C benchmark report of OceanBase Database
    • Database proxy
      • OceanBase Database Proxy
      • Connection and routing
      • ODP
        • Overview
        • Manage ODP clusters
          • Create an ODP cluster
          • Manage ODP cluster parameters
          • Delete an ODP cluster
          • Upgrade all ODPs in an ODP cluster
          • Restart all ODPs in an ODP cluster
          • Manage OceanBase clusters connected to an ODP cluster
          • Monitor ODP cluster performance
        • Manage ODP
          • Add an ODP
          • Start an ODP
          • Refresh ODP configurations
          • Stop an ODP
          • Restart an ODP
          • Delete an ODP
          • Upgrade one or more ODPs
        • ODP startup parameters
      • Physical connections
      • Logical connection
        • Query all sessions
        • Query the details of a session
        • Query the metrics of a session
        • Query session variables
        • Terminate a server session
      • Route management
        • Table-based routing of ODP
        • LDC-based routing
        • ODP routing policy
          • Read/Write splitting
          • Follower-first read
          • Blocklist mechanism
          • Transaction routing
      • View tenant sessions
      • Terminate a tenant session
      • Set the maximum number of connections for a tenant
    • Drivers
      • ECOB
      • OBCI
      • OceanBase Connector/J
      • OceanBase Connector/C
      • OceanBase Connector/ODBC
    • Platforms
      • OMA
      • OMS
      • OCP
      • OCP Express
        • OCP Express
        • View cluster overview information
        • Tenant management
        • Monitor a cluster
        • Diagnostic analysis
        • Log service
      • ODC
      • OAT
    • Components & tools
      • O&M management
        • ob_admin
          • Overview
          • clog
            • log_tool
            • Format of clogs
            • Transaction logs
          • dumpsst
          • dump_backup
        • ob_error
        • OBD
        • ob-operator
          • Overview
          • Quick start
          • Deploy ob-operator
          • Upgrade ob-operator
          • User guide
            • Manage clusters
              • Create a cluster
              • Scale out clusters
                • Add zones to a cluster
                • Add OBServer nodes to zones
              • Scale in clusters
                • Delete zones from a cluster
                • Delete OBServer nodes from zones
              • Delete a cluster
              • Upgrade a cluster
            • Manage tenants
              • Create a tenant
              • Modify tenants
                • Manage resources
                • Manage replicas
                • Modify other parameters
              • Delete a tenant
            • Backup and restore
              • Back up a cluster
              • Back up a tenant
              • Restore data from a backup
      • Monitoring and diagnostics
        • obdiag
        • SQL diagnoser
          • Overview
          • Deploy and use SQL diagnoser
            • Install SQL Diagnoser
            • Use SQL Diagnoser
          • SQL diagnoser remarks
            • Built-in diagnostic items
            • Diagnostic rule expression
            • APIs
            • Diagnostic items of SQL review
        • DOOBA
      • Data integration
        • OBLogProxy
        • OBLOADER & OBDUMPER
        • Partition calculator
          • Overview
          • Use the ob-partition-calculator component
        • CDC
          • Overview
          • obcdc
            • Deploy and use obcdc
              • Install and deploy obcdc
              • obcdc development instructions
              • obcdc_tailf
            • obcdc parameters
              • General obcdc parameters
              • obcdc parameters
            • FAQ about obcdc
          • oblogmsg
            • Install and deploy oblogmsg
            • Description of some oblogmsg APIs
      • Stress testing tools
        • mysqltest
          • Use obd.sh to run mysqltest
          • Use of cases
            • Add a test case
            • Test case writing conventions
            • General test case writing commands
  • FAQ
    • Products
    • SQL statements
    • Deployment
    • Cluster management
    • High availability
  • Release Notes
    • Version rules
    • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition
      • V4.2
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V4.2.1
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V4.2.0
      • V4.1
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V4.1.0
      • V3.2
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V3.2.4
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V3.2.3
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V3.2.2
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V3.2.1
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V3.2.0
      • V3.1
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V3.1.2
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V3.1.1
      • V2.2
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V2.2.77
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V2.2.76
        • OceanBase Database Enterprise Edition V2.2.30
    • OceanBase Database Community Edition
      • V4.2
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V4.2.1
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V4.2.0
      • V4.1
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V4.1.0
      • V4.0
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V4.0.0
      • V3.1
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V3.1.5
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V3.1.4
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V3.1.3
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V3.1.2
        • OceanBase Database Community Edition V3.1.1
  • Glossary

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Connect to OceanBase Database by using Spring Batch

Last Updated:2024-01-19 10:37:08  Updated
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What is on this page
Prerequisites
Procedure
Step 1: Obtain the OceanBase Database connection string
Step 2: Import the java-oceanbase-springbatch project into IDEA
Step 3: Modify the database connection information in the java-oceanbase-springbatch project
Step 4: Run the java-oceanbase-springbatch project
Project code introduction
Code in pom.xml
Code in application.properties
Code in BatchApplication.java
Code in BatchConfig.java
Code in People.java
Code in PeopleDESC.java
Code in AddPeopleDescProcessor.java
Code in AddDescPeopleWriter.java
Code in AddPeopleWriter.java
Code in BatchConfigTest.java
Code in AddPeopleDescProcessorTest.java
Code in AddDescPeopleWriterTest.java
Code in AddPeopleWriterTest.java
Complete code examples
References

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This topic introduces how to build an application by using the Spring Batch framework and OceanBase Database. It also covers the use of the application for fundamental database operations, including table creation, data insertion, and data query.

Download the java-oceanbase-springbatch sample project

Prerequisites

  • You have installed OceanBase Database.
  • You have installed JDK 1.8 and Maven.
  • You have installed IntelliJ IDEA.

Note

The tool used to run the sample code in this topic is IntelliJ IDEA 2021.3.2 (Community Edition), but you can also choose a tool that suits your personal preference to run the code.

Procedure

Note

The steps outlined in this topic are for the Windows environment. If you are using a different operating system or compiler, the steps may vary slightly.

  1. Obtain the OceanBase Database connection string.
  2. Import the java-oceanbase-springbatch project into IDEA.
  3. Modify the database connection information in the java-oceanbase-springbatch project.
  4. Run the java-oceanbase-springbatch project.

Step 1: Obtain the OceanBase Database connection string

  1. Contact the deployment personnel or administrator of OceanBase Database to obtain the database connection string.

    obclient -hxx.xx.xx.xx -P2883 -uroot@sys#cluster -p**** -A
    
  2. Fill in the URL below based on the deployed OceanBase database.

    Note

    The URL here is required in the application.properties file.

    jdbc:oceanbase://host:port/schema_name?user=$user_name&password=$password&characterEncoding=utf-8
    

    Parameters in the URL are described as follows:

    • host: the IP address for connecting to OceanBase Database. For connection through OceanBase Database Proxy (ODP), this parameter is the IP address of an ODP. For direct connection, this parameter is the IP address of an OBServer node.
    • port: the port for connecting to OceanBase Database. For connection through ODP, the default value is 2883, which can be customized when ODP is deployed. For direct connection, the default value is 2881, which can be customized when OceanBase Database is deployed.
    • schema_name: the name of the schema to access.
    • user_name: the tenant account. For connection through ODP, the tenant account can be in the username@tenant name#cluster name or cluster name:tenant name:username format. For direct connection, the tenant account is in the username@tenant name format.
    • password: the account password.
    • characterEncoding: the character encoding method.

    For more information about URL parameters, see Database URL.

Step 2: Import the java-oceanbase-springbatch project into IDEA

  1. Start IntelliJ IDEA and choose File > Open....

    file

  2. In the Open File or Project window that appears, select the corresponding project file and click OK to import the project file.

  3. IntelliJ IDEA automatically identifies all types of files in the project. In the Project window, you can view the directory structure, list of files, list of modules, and dependencies of the project. The Project window is usually on the far left side in IntelliJ IDEA and is displayed by default. If the Project window is closed, you can choose View > Tool Windows > Project from the menu or use the Alt + 1 shortcut to open the window.

    Note

    When you use IntelliJ IDEA to import a project, IntelliJ IDEA automatically detects the pom.xml file in the project, downloads the required libraries based on the dependencies defined in the file, and adds the libraries to the project.

  4. View the project.

    springbatch

Step 3: Modify the database connection information in the java-oceanbase-springbatch project

Modify the database connection information in the application.properties file based on the information obtained in Step 1: Obtain the OceanBase Database connection string.

Here is an example:

  • The name of the database driver is com.oceanbase.jdbc.Driver.
  • The IP address of the OBServer node is 10.10.10.1.
  • The port is 2881.
  • The name of the schema to access is sys.
  • The tenant account is sys@xyoracle, where xyoracle is a user tenant created in the Oracle mode of OceanBase Database, and sys is a username in the xyoracle tenant.
  • The password is ******.

The sample code is as follows:

spring.datasource.driver-class-name=com.oceanbase.jdbc.Driver
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:oceanbase://10.10.10.1:2881/sys?characterEncoding=utf-8
spring.datasource.username=sys@xyoracle
spring.datasource.password=******

spring.jpa.show-sql=true
spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=update

spring.batch.job.enabled=false

logging.level.org.springframework=INFO
logging.level.com.example=DEBUG

Step 4: Run the java-oceanbase-springbatch project

  • Run the AddDescPeopleWriterTest.java file.

    1. Find the AddDescPeopleWriterTest.java file under src > test > java in the project package.
    2. Choose Run > Run... > AddDescPeopleWriterTest.testWrite in the menu bar or click the green triangle in the upper-right corner to run the file.
    3. View the logs and output of the project in the IDEA console.
    Data in the people_desc table:
    PeopleDESC [name=John, age=25, desc=This is John with age 25]
    PeopleDESC [name=Alice, age=30, desc=This is Alice with age 30]
    Batch Job execution completed.
    
  • Run the AddPeopleWriterTest.java file.

    1. Find the AddDescPeopleWriterTest.java file under src > test > java in the project package.
    2. Choose Run > Run... > AddPeopleWriterTest.testWrite in the menu bar or click the green triangle in the upper-right corner to run the file.
    3. View the logs and output of the project in the IDEA console.
    Data in the people table:
    People [name=zhangsan, age=27]
    People [name=lisi, age=35]
    Batch Job execution completed.
    

Project code introduction

Click java-oceanbase-springbatch to download the project code, which is a compressed file named java-oceanbase-springbatch.

Decompress the package to obtain a folder named java-oceanbase-springbatch. The directory is structured as follows:

│  pom.xml
│
├─.idea
│
├─src
│  ├─main
│  │  ├─java
│  │  │  └─com
│  │  │      └─oceanbase
│  │  │          └─example
│  │  │              └─batch
│  │  │                  │──BatchApplication.java
│  │  │                  │
│  │  │                  ├─config
│  │  │                  │   └─BatchConfig.java
│  │  │                  │
│  │  │                  ├─model
│  │  │                  │   ├─People.java
│  │  │                  │   └─PeopleDESC.java
│  │  │                  │
│  │  │                  ├─processor
│  │  │                  │   └─AddPeopleDescProcessor.java
│  │  │                  │
│  │  │                  └─writer
│  │  │                      ├─AddDescPeopleWriter.java
│  │  │                      └─AddPeopleWriter.java
│  │  │
│  │  └─resources
│  │      └─application.properties
│  │
│  └─test
│      └─java
│          └─com
│              └─oceanbase
│                  └─example
│                      └─batch
│                          ├─config
│                          │   └─BatchConfigTest.java
│                          │
│                          ├─processor
│                          │   └─AddPeopleDescProcessorTest.java
│                          │
│                          └─writer
│                              ├─AddDescPeopleWriterTest.java
│                              └─AddPeopleWriterTest.java
│
└─target

Here is a breakdown of the files and directories:

  • pom.xml: the configuration file of the Maven project, which contains the dependencies, plug-ins, and build information of the project.
  • .idea: the directory used in the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for storing project-related configurations.
  • src: the directory for storing source code of the project.
  • main: the directory for storing main source code and resource files.
  • java: the directory for storing Java source code.
  • com: the root directory for storing the Java package.
  • oceanbase: the root directory for storing the project.
  • example: the root directory for storing the project.
  • batch: the main package of the project.
  • BatchApplication.java: the entry class to the application, which contains the main method of the application.
  • config: the configuration class folder that contains the configuration class of the application.
  • BatchConfig.java: the configuration class of the application, which is used to configure some properties and behavior of the application.
  • model: the model class folder that contains the data model classes of the application.
  • People.java: the personnel data model class.
  • PeopleDESC.java: the personnel DESC data model class.
  • processor: the processor class folder that contains the processor class of the application.
  • AddPeopleDescProcessor.java: the processor class that adds personnel DESC information.
  • writer: the writer class folder that contains the writer classes of the application.
  • AddDescPeopleWriter.java: the writer class that writes personnel DESC information.
  • AddPeopleWriter.java: the writer class that writes personnel information.
  • resources: the resource folder that contains the configuration file and other static resource files of the application.
  • application.properties: the configuration file of the application, which is used to configure the properties of the application.
  • test: the directory for storing the test code and resource files.
  • BatchConfigTest.java: the test class for the configuration class of the application.
  • AddPeopleDescProcessorTest.java: the test class for the processor class that adds personnel DESC information.
  • AddDescPeopleWriterTest.java: the test class for the writer class that writes personnel DESC information.
  • AddPeopleWriterTest.java: the test class for the writer class that writes personnel information.
  • target: the directory for storing compiled class files and JAR packages.

Code in pom.xml

Note

If you just want to verify the sample project, use the default code without modification. You can also modify the pom.xml file as required based on the following instructions.

To configure the pom.xml file, perform the following steps:

  1. Declare the file.

    Declare the file to be an XML file that uses XML standard 1.0 and character encoding UTF-8.

    The sample code is as follows:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    
  2. Configure the namespaces and the POM model version.

    1. Use xmlns to specify http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 as the default XML namespace for the POM.
    2. Use xmlns:xsi to specify http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance as the XML namespace for xsi-prefixed elements.
    3. Use xsi:schemaLocation to provide a mapping from the default XML namespace for the POM (http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0) to the location of the POM's XML schema definition (XSD) file (https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd).
    4. Use <modelVersion> to specify 4.0.0 as the model version used by the POM.

    The sample code is as follows:

     <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
             xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
         <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    </project>
    
  3. Configure parent project information.

    1. Use <groupId> to specify org.springframework.boot as the ID of the parent project group.
    2. Use <artifactId> to specify spring-boot-starter-parent as the ID of the parent project.
    3. Use <version> to specify 2.7.11 as the version of the parent project.
    4. Use <relativePath> to specify an empty path for the parent project.

    The sample code is as follows:

     <parent>
         <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
         <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
         <version>2.7.11</version>
         <relativePath/>
     </parent>
    
  4. Configure basic project information.

    1. Use <groupId> to specify com.oceanbase as the ID of the project group.
    2. Use <artifactId> to specify java-oceanbase-springboot as the ID of the project.
    3. Use <version> to specify 0.0.1-SNAPSHOT as the version of the project.
    4. Use <description> to describe the project as Demo project for Spring Batch.

    The sample code is as follows:

     <groupId>com.oceanbase</groupId>
     <artifactId>java-oceanbase-springboot</artifactId>
     <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
     <name>java-oceanbase-springbatch</name>
     <description>Demo project for Spring Batch</description>
    
  5. Configure the Java version.

    Specify to use Java 1.8 for the project.

    The sample code is as follows:

      <properties>
          <java.version>1.8</java.version>
      </properties>
    
  6. Configure core dependencies.

    1. Specify org.springframework.boot as the ID of the group that the dependency belongs to, and spring-boot-starter as the dependency ID. This dependency contains default features provided by Spring Boot, such as web, data processing, security, and test.

      The sample code is as follows:

      <dependency>
          <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
          <artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
      </dependency>
      
    2. Specify org.springframework.boot as the ID of the group that the dependency belongs to, and spring-boot-starter-jdbc as the dependency ID. This dependency contains JDBC features provided by Spring Boot, such as the connection pool and data source configuration.

      The sample code is as follows:

      <dependency>
          <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
          <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-jdbc</artifactId>
      </dependency>
      
    3. Specify org.springframework.boot as the ID of the group that the dependency belongs to, and spring-boot-starter-test as the dependency ID. This dependency takes effect on test and provides test frameworks and tools of Spring Boot, such as JUnit, Mockito, and Hamcrest.

      The sample code is as follows:

      <dependency>
          <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
          <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
          <scope>test</scope>
      </dependency>
      
    4. Specify com.oceanbase as the ID of the group that the dependency belongs to, oceanbase-client as the dependency ID, and 2.4.3 as the dependency version. This dependency allows the project to use the client features, such as connection, query, and transaction, provided by OceanBase.

      The sample code is as follows:

          <dependency>
              <groupId>com.oceanbase</groupId>
              <artifactId>oceanbase-client</artifactId>
              <version>2.4.3</version>
          </dependency>
      
    5. Specify org.springframework.boot as the ID of the group that the dependency belongs to, and spring-boot-starter-batch as the dependency ID. This dependency contains the batch processing feature provided by Spring Boot.

      The sample code is as follows:

      <dependency>
          <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
          <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-batch</artifactId>
      </dependency>
      
    6. Specify org.springframework.boot as the ID of the group that the dependency belongs to, and spring-boot-starter-data-jpa as the dependency ID. This dependency contains necessary dependencies and configurations for JPA-based database accesses, and is a Spring Boot starter.

      The sample code is as follows:

      <dependency>
          <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
          <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
      </dependency>
      
    7. Specify org.apache.tomcat as the ID of the group that the dependency belongs to, and tomcat-jdbc as the dependency ID. This dependency allows the application to use JDBC connection pool features provided by Tomcat, including connection pool configuration, connection acquisition and release, and connection management.

      The sample code is as follows:

      <dependency>
          <groupId>org.apache.tomcat</groupId>
          <artifactId>tomcat-jdbc</artifactId>
      </dependency>
      
    8. Specify junit as the ID of the group that the dependency belongs to, junit as the dependency ID, 4.10 as the dependency version, and test as the effective scope. This dependency allows the application to use JUnit.

      The sample code is as follows:

      <dependency>
          <groupId>junit</groupId>
          <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
          <version>4.10</version>
          <scope>test</scope>
      </dependency>
      
    9. Specify javax.activation as the ID of the group that the dependency belongs to, javax.activation-api as the dependency ID, and 1.2.0 as the dependency version. This dependency provides the Java Activation Framework (JAF) API.

      The sample code is as follows:

      <dependency>
          <groupId>javax.activation</groupId>
          <artifactId>javax.activation-api</artifactId>
          <version>1.2.0</version>
      </dependency>
      
    10. Specify jakarta.persistence as the ID of the group that the dependency belongs to, jakarta.persistence-api as the dependency ID, and 2.2.3 as the dependency version. This dependency provides the Jakarta Persistence API.

      The sample code is as follows:

      <dependency>
          <groupId>jakarta.persistence</groupId>
          <artifactId>jakarta.persistence-api</artifactId>
          <version>2.2.3</version>
      </dependency>
      
  7. Configure the Maven plug-in.

    Specify org.springframework.boot as the ID of the group that the plug-in belongs to, and spring-boot-maven-plugin as the plug-in ID. This plug-in can be used to package Spring Boot applications as executable JAR packages or WAR packages, or directly run Spring Boot applications.

    The sample code is as follows:

     <build>
         <plugins>
             <plugin>
                 <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                 <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
             </plugin>
         </plugins>
     </build>
    

Code in application.properties

The application.properties file contains database connection configurations, such as the database driver, URL, username, and password. It also contains configurations related to the Java Persistence API (JPA), Spring Batch, and log level.

  1. Configure the database connection.

    • Use spring.datasource.driver to specify com.oceanbase.jdbc.Driver as the database driver for establishing a connection with OceanBase Database.
    • Use spring.datasource.url to specify the URL of the database.
    • Use spring.datasource.username to specify the username for connecting to the database.
    • Use spring.datasource.password to specify the password for connecting to the database.

    The sample code is as follows:

    spring.datasource.driver-class-name=com.oceanbase.jdbc.Driver
    spring.datasource.url=jdbc:oceanbase://host:port/schema_name?characterEncoding=utf-8
    spring.datasource.username=user_name
    spring.datasource.password=******
    
  2. Configure the JPA.

    • Use spring.jpa.show-sql to specify whether to display SQL statements in logs. The value true here indicates that SQL statements are displayed in logs.
    • Use spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto to specify the DDL operation performed by Hibernate. The value update here indicates that Hibernate automatically updates the database schema when the application starts.

    The sample code is as follows:

    spring.jpa.show-sql=true
    spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=update
    
  3. Configure Spring Batch.

    Use spring.batch.job.enabled to specify whether to enable Spring Batch jobs. The value false here indicates that Spring Batch jobs are disabled.

    The sample code is as follows:

    spring.batch.job.enabled=false
    
  4. Configure the log level.

    • Use logging.level.org.springframework to specify INFO as the log level of the Spring framework.
    • Use logging.level.com.example to specify DEBUG as the log level for the custom code of the application.

    The sample code is as follows:

    logging.level.org.springframework=INFO
    logging.level.com.example=DEBUG
    

Code in BatchApplication.java

The BatchApplication.java file is the entry file to the Spring Boot application.

To configure the BatchApplication.java file, perform the following steps:

  1. Reference other classes and interfaces.

    Declare that the current file contains the following interfaces and classes:

    • SpringApplication class: launches the Spring Boot application.
    • SpringBootApplication annotation: marks the class as the entry to the Spring Boot application.

    The sample code is as follows:

        import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
        import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
    
  2. Define the BatchApplication class.

    Use the @SpringBootApplication annotation to mark the BatchApplication class as the entry to the Spring Boot application. In the BatchApplication class, define a static main method as the entry to the program. In the main method, use the SpringApplication.run method to launch the Spring Boot application. Define a method named runBatchJob to run the batch job.

    The sample code is as follows:

    
    
        @SpringBootApplication
        public class BatchApplication {
            public static void main(String[] args) {
                SpringApplication.run(BatchApplication.class, args);
            }
    
            public void runBatchJob() {
            }
        }
    

Code in BatchConfig.java

The BatchConfig.java file configures components such as the step, reader, processor, and writer for batch jobs.

To configure the BatchConfig.java file, perform the following steps:

  1. Reference other classes and interfaces.

    Declare that the current file contains the following interfaces and classes:

    • People class: stores personnel information read from the database.
    • PeopleDESC class: stores the description converted or processed from personnel information.
    • AddPeopleDescProcessor class: converts a People object to a PeopleDESC object. This class implements the ItemProcessor interface.
    • AddDescPeopleWriter class: writes a PeopleDESC object to a specified destination. This class implements the ItemWriter interface.
    • Job interface: indicates a batch job.
    • Step interface: indicates a step in a job.
    • EnableBatchProcessing annotation: enables and configures Spring Batch features.
    • JobBuilderFactory class: creates and configures jobs.
    • StepBuilderFactory class: creates and configures steps.
    • RunIdIncrementer class: the run ID incrementer of Spring Batch, which is used to increment the run ID each time a job is run.
    • ItemProcessor interface: processes or converts the read items.
    • ItemReader interface: reads items from the data source.
    • ItemWriter interface: writes processed or converted items to a specified destination.
    • JdbcCursorItemReader class: reads data from the database and returns a cursor result set.
    • Autowired annotation: injects dependencies.
    • Bean annotation: creates and configures beans.
    • ComponentScan annotation: specifies the package or class to scan for components.
    • Configuration annotation: marks a class as a configuration class.
    • EnableAutoConfiguration annotation: enables automatic configuration of Spring Boot.
    • SpringBootApplication annotation: marks the class as the entry to the Spring Boot application.
    • DataSource interface: obtains database connections.

    The sample code is as follows:

    import com.oceanbase.example.batch.model.People;
    import com.oceanbase.example.batch.model.PeopleDESC;
    import com.oceanbase.example.batch.processor.AddPeopleDescProcessor;
    import com.oceanbase.example.batch.writer.AddDescPeopleWriter;
    import org.springframework.batch.core.Job;
    import org.springframework.batch.core.Step;
    import org.springframework.batch.core.configuration.annotation.EnableBatchProcessing;
    import org.springframework.batch.core.configuration.annotation.JobBuilderFactory;
    import org.springframework.batch.core.configuration.annotation.StepBuilderFactory;
    import org.springframework.batch.core.launch.support.RunIdIncrementer;
    import org.springframework.batch.item.ItemProcessor;
    import org.springframework.batch.item.ItemReader;
    import org.springframework.batch.item.ItemWriter;
    import org.springframework.batch.item.database.JdbcCursorItemReader;
    import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
    import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration;
    import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
    import org.springframework.jdbc.core.BeanPropertyRowMapper;
    
    import javax.sql.DataSource;
    
  2. Define the BatchConfig class.

    In the class, define how data is read, processed, and written, and encapsulate these steps as a simple Spring Batch job. Use the annotations and automatic configuration feature of Spring Batch to create corresponding component instances by calling various @Bean methods, and use these components to read, process, and write data in step1.

    • Use @Configuration to mark this class as a configuration class.
    • Use @EnableBatchProcessing to enable Spring Batch. The annotation automatically creates necessary beans, such as JobRepository and JobLauncher.
    • Use @SpringBootApplication to mark the main class of the Spring Boot application. The Spring Boot application is launched from the main class.
    • Use @ComponentScan to specify the package to scan for components. Spring Boot scans and registers all components in the package and its sub-packages.
    • Use @EnableAutoConfiguration to automatically configure the infrastructure of the Spring Boot application.

    The sample code is as follows:

     @Configuration
     @EnableBatchProcessing
     @SpringBootApplication
     @ComponentScan("com.oceanbase.example.batch.writer")
     @EnableAutoConfiguration
     public class BatchConfig {
     }
    
    1. Use the @Autowired annotation.

      Use the @Autowired annotation to inject JobBuilderFactory, StepBuilderFactory, and DataSource as member variables in the BatchConfig class. JobBuilderFactory is the factory class used to create and configure jobs. StepBuilderFactory is the factory class used to create and configure steps. DataSource is the interface used to obtain database connections.

      The sample code is as follows:

      @Autowired
      private JobBuilderFactory jobBuilderFactory;
      
      @Autowired
      private StepBuilderFactory stepBuilderFactory;
      
      @Autowired
      private DataSource dataSource;
      
    2. Use the @Bean annotation.

      Use the @Bean annotation to define methods for creating readers, processors, writers, steps, and jobs.

      • Call the peopleReader method to create an instance of the ItemReader component. The component uses JdbcCursorItemReader to read People objects from the database. Set the data source in dataSource, set RowMapper to map database rows to People objects, and set the SQL query statement to SELECT * FROM people.

      • Call the addPeopleDescProcessor method to create an instance of the ItemProcessor component. The component uses AddPeopleDescProcessor to process People objects and return PeopleDESC objects.

      • Call the addDescPeopleWriter method to create an instance of the ItemWriter component. The component uses the AddDescPeopleWriter to write PeopleDESC objects to the destination.

      • Call the step1 method to create an instance of the Step component. Name the instance as step1. Call stepBuilderFactory.get to get the step builder. Set the reader to the ItemReader component, the processor to the ItemProcessor component, the writer to the ItemWriter component, and the chunk size to 10. Call build to build and return the configured Step instance.

      • Call the importJob method to create an instance of the Job component. Name the job as importJob. Call jobBuilderFactory.get to get the job builder. Set the incrementer to RunIdIncrementer and the initial step in flow to Step. Call build to build and return the configured Job instance.

        The sample code is as follows:

        @Bean
        public ItemReader<People> peopleReader() {
            JdbcCursorItemReader<People> reader = new JdbcCursorItemReader<>();
            reader.setDataSource((javax.sql.DataSource) dataSource);
            reader.setRowMapper(new BeanPropertyRowMapper<>(People.class));
            reader.setSql("SELECT * FROM people");
            return reader;
        }
        
        @Bean
        public ItemProcessor<People, PeopleDESC> addPeopleDescProcessor() {
            return new AddPeopleDescProcessor();
        }
        
        @Bean
        public ItemWriter<PeopleDESC> addDescPeopleWriter() {
            return new AddDescPeopleWriter();
        }
        
        @Bean
        public Step step1(ItemReader<People> reader, ItemProcessor<People, PeopleDESC> processor,
                        ItemWriter<PeopleDESC> writer) {
            return stepBuilderFactory.get("step1")
                    .<People, PeopleDESC>chunk(10)
                    .reader(reader)
                    .processor(processor)
                    .writer(writer)
                    .build();
        }
        
        @Bean
        public Job importJob(Step step1) {
            return jobBuilderFactory.get("importJob")
                    .incrementer(new RunIdIncrementer())
                    .flow(step1)
                    .end()
                    .build();
        }
        

Code in People.java

The People.java file defines a data model class named People to represent personnel information. The class contains two private member variables: name and age, and corresponding getter and setter methods. The toString method is overridden to print the object information. name indicates the name of a person, and age indicates the age of a person. The getter and setter methods get and set the values of these attributes.

The class provides data storage and transfer means for the input and output of a batch program. In batch reads and writes, People objects store data, setter methods set data, and getter methods get data.

The sample code is as follows:

    public class People {
        private String name;
        private int age;

            // getters and setters

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }

        public void setName(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }

        public int getAge() {
            return age;
        }

        public void setAge(int age) {
            this.age = age;
        }
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "People [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + "]";
        }
        // Getters and setters
    }

Code in PeopleDESC.java

The PeopleDESC.java file defines a data model class named PeopleDESC to represent the description of personnel information. The PeopleDESC class contains four attributes: name, age, desc, and id, which represent the name, age, description, and identifier of a person. The class also contains corresponding getter and setter methods for getting and setting the attribute values. The toString method is overridden to return a string representation of the class, including the name, age, and description.

Similar to the People class, the PeopleDESC class provides data storage and transfer means for the input and output of a batch program.

The sample code is as follows:

    public class PeopleDESC {
        private String name;
        private int age;
        private String desc;
        private int id;

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }

        public void setName(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }

        public int getAge() {
            return age;
        }

        public void setAge(int age) {
            this.age = age;
        }

        public String getDesc() {
            return desc;
        }

        public void setDesc(String desc) {
            this.desc = desc;
        }

        public int getId() {
            return id;
        }

        public void setId(int id) {
            this.id = id;
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "PeopleDESC [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + ", desc=" + desc + "]";
        }
    }

Code in AddPeopleDescProcessor.java

The AddPeopleDescProcessor.java file defines a class named AddPeopleDescProcessor that implements the ItemProcessor interface for converting People objects to PeopleDESC objects.

To configure the AddPeopleDescProcessor.java file, perform the following steps:

  1. Reference other classes and interfaces.

    Declare that the current file contains the following interfaces and classes:

    • People class: stores personnel information read from the database.
    • PeopleDESC class: stores the description converted or processed from personnel information.
    • ItemProcessor interface: processes or converts the read items.

    The sample code is as follows:

    import com.oceanbase.example.batch.model.People;
    import com.oceanbase.example.batch.model.PeopleDESC;
    import org.springframework.batch.item.ItemProcessor;
    
  2. Define the AddPeopleDescProcessor class.

    The AddPeopleDescProcessor class of the ItemProcessor interface converts People objects to PeopleDESC objects, thus implementing the processing logic for the input data during batch processing.

    In the process method of this class, create a PeopleDESC object named desc, and then use the item parameter to obtain the attributes (name and age) of the People object and set these attributes to the desc object. At the same time, assign a value to the desc attribute of the desc object. The value assignment logic is to generate the description of the People object based on its attributes. Finally, return the processed PeopleDESC object.

    The sample code is as follows:

    public class AddPeopleDescProcessor implements ItemProcessor<People, PeopleDESC> {
        @Override
        public PeopleDESC process(People item) throws Exception {
            PeopleDESC desc = new PeopleDESC();
            desc.setName(item.getName());
            desc.setAge(item.getAge());
            desc.setDesc("This is " + item.getName() + " with age " + item.getAge());
            return desc;
        }
    }
    

Code in AddDescPeopleWriter.java

The AddDescPeopleWriter.java file implements the AddDescPeopleWriter class of the ItemWriter interface to write PeopleDESC objects to the database.

To configure the AddDescPeopleWriter.java file, perform the following steps:

  1. Reference other classes and interfaces.

    Declare that the current file contains the following interfaces and classes:

    • PeopleDESC class: stores the description converted or processed from personnel information.
    • ItemWriter interface: writes processed or converted items to a specified destination.
    • Autowired annotation: injects dependencies.
    • JdbcTemplate class: provides methods for executing SQL statements.
    • List interface: handles query result sets.

    The sample code is as follows:

    import com.oceanbase.example.batch.model.PeopleDESC;
    import org.springframework.batch.item.ItemWriter;
    import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
    import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
    
    import java.util.List;
    
  2. Define the AddDescPeopleWriter class.

    1. Use the @Autowired annotation to automatically inject the JdbcTemplate instance, which will be used to perform database operations for data writes.

      The sample code is as follows:

          @Autowired
          private JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;
      
    2. In the write method, traverse List<? extends PeopleDESC> that is passed in to fetch all PeopleDESC objects in sequence.

      1. Execute the SQL statement DROP TABLE people_desc to drop the table named people_desc that may already exist.
      2. Execute the SQL statement CREATE TABLE people_desc (id INT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR2(255), age INT, description VARCHAR2(255)) to create a table named people_desc with four columns: id, name, age, and description.
      3. Execute the SQL statement INSERT INTO people_desc (id, name, age, description) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?) to insert attribute values of each PeopleDESC object into the people_desc table.

      The sample code is as follows:

          @Override
          public void write(List<? extends PeopleDESC> items) throws Exception {
              // Drop the table that may already exist.
              String dropTableSql = "BEGIN EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'DROP TABLE people_desc'; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN IF SQLCODE != -942 THEN RAISE; END IF; END;";
        jdbcTemplate.execute(dropTableSql);
              // Create the table.
              String createTableSql = "CREATE TABLE people_desc (id INT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR2(255), age INT, description VARCHAR2(255))";
              jdbcTemplate.execute(createTableSql);
              for (PeopleDESC item : items) {
                  String sql = "INSERT INTO people_desc (id, name, age, description) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)";
                  jdbcTemplate.update(sql, item.getId(), item.getName(), item.getAge(), item.getDesc());
              }
          }
      

Code in AddPeopleWriter.java

The AddPeopleWriter.java file implements the AddPeopleWriter class of the ItemWriter interface to write People objects to the database.

To configure the AddPeopleWriter.java file, perform the following steps:

  1. Reference other classes and interfaces.

    Declare that the current file contains the following interfaces and classes:

    • People class: stores personnel information read from the database.
    • ItemWriter interface: writes processed or converted items to a specified destination.
    • Autowired annotation: injects dependencies.
    • JdbcTemplate class: provides methods for executing SQL statements.
    • Component annotation: marks the class as a Spring component.
    • List interface: handles query result sets.

    The sample code is as follows:

    import com.oceanbase.example.batch.model.People;
    import org.springframework.batch.item.ItemWriter;
    import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
    import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
    import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
    
    import java.util.List;
    
  2. Define the AddPeopleWriter class.

    1. Use the @Autowired annotation to automatically inject the JdbcTemplate instance, which will be used to perform database operations for data writes.

      The sample code is as follows:

          @Autowired
          private JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;
      
    2. In the write method, traverse List<? extends People> that is passed in to fetch each all People objects in sequence.

      1. Execute the SQL statement DROP TABLE people to drop the people table that may already exist.
      2. Execute the SQL statement CREATE TABLE people (name VARCHAR2(255), age INT) to create a table named people with two columns: name and age.
      3. Execute the SQL statement INSERT INTO people (name, age) VALUES (?, ?) to insert the attribute values of each People object into the people table.

      The sample code is as follows:

      @Override
      public void write(List<? extends People> items) throws Exception {
          // Drop the table that may already exist.
          String dropTableSql = "BEGIN EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'DROP TABLE people'; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN IF SQLCODE != -942 THEN RAISE; END IF; END;";
        jdbcTemplate.execute(dropTableSql);
          // Create the table.
          String createTableSql = "CREATE TABLE people (name VARCHAR2(255), age INT)";
          jdbcTemplate.execute(createTableSql);
          for (People item : items) {
              String sql = "INSERT INTO people (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)";
              jdbcTemplate.update(sql, item.getName(), item.getAge());
          }
      }
      

Code in BatchConfigTest.java

The BatchConfigTest.java file defines a class for testing the job configuration of Spring Batch by using JUnit.

To configure the BatchConfigTest.java file, perform the following steps:

  1. Reference other classes and interfaces.

    Declare that the current file contains the following interfaces and classes:

    • Assert class: asserts test results.
    • Test annotation: marks a test method.
    • RunWith annotation: specifies the test runner.
    • Job interface: indicates a batch job.
    • JobExecution class: indicates the execution of a batch job.
    • JobParameters class: indicates the parameters of a batch job.
    • JobParametersBuilder class: builds parameters of a batch job.
    • JobLauncher interface: launches a batch job.
    • Autowired annotation: injects dependencies.
    • SpringBootTest annotation: marks the test class as a Spring Boot test.
    • SpringRunner class: specifies SpringRunner as the test runner.

    The sample code is as follows:

    import org.junit.Assert;
    import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
    import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
    import org.springframework.batch.core.Job;
    import org.springframework.batch.core.JobExecution;
    import org.springframework.batch.core.JobParameters;
    import org.springframework.batch.core.JobParametersBuilder;
    import org.springframework.batch.core.launch.JobLauncher;
    import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
    import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
    import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
    
    import javax.batch.runtime.BatchStatus;
    
  2. Define the BatchConfigTest class.

    With the SpringBootTest annotation and the SpringRunner runner, this class can perform Spring Boot integration tests. In the testJob method, use the JobLauncherTestUtils helper class to launch a batch job and use an assertion to verify the execution status of the job.

    1. Use the @Autowired annotation to automatically inject the JobLauncherTestUtils instance.

      The sample code is as follows:

      @Autowired
      private JobLauncherTestUtils jobLauncherTestUtils;
      
    2. Use the @Test annotation to mark the testJob method as a test method. In this method, create a JobParameters object, call the jobLauncherTestUtils.launchJob method to launch the batch job, and then call the Assert.assertEquals method to assert the execution status of the job as COMPLETED.

      The sample code is as follows:

      @Test
      public void testJob() throws Exception {
          JobParameters jobParameters = new JobParametersBuilder()
                  .addString("jobParam", "paramValue")
                  .toJobParameters();
      
          JobExecution jobExecution = jobLauncherTestUtils.launchJob(jobParameters);
      
          Assert.assertEquals(BatchStatus.COMPLETED, jobExecution.getStatus());
      }
      
    3. Use the @Autowired annotation to automatically inject the JobLauncher instance.

      The sample code is as follows:

      @Autowired
      private JobLauncher jobLauncher;
      
    4. Use the @Autowired annotation to automatically inject the Job instance.

      The sample code is as follows:

      @Autowired
      private Job job;
      
    5. Define a private class named JobLauncherTestUtils to assist in launching a batch job. In the class, define the launchJob method for launching a batch job. In this method, call the jobLauncher.run method to launch a job and return the execution result of the job.

      The sample code is as follows:

      private class JobLauncherTestUtils {
          public JobExecution launchJob(JobParameters jobParameters) throws Exception {
              return jobLauncher.run(job, jobParameters);
          }
      }
      

Code in AddPeopleDescProcessorTest.java

The AddPeopleDescProcessorTest.java file defines a class for testing the job configuration of Spring Batch by using JUnit.

To configure the AddPeopleDescProcessorTest.java file, perform the following steps:

  1. Reference other classes and interfaces.

    Declare that the current file contains the following interfaces and classes:

    • People class: stores personnel information read from the database.
    • PeopleDESC class: stores the description converted or processed from personnel information.
    • Test annotation: marks a test method.
    • RunWith annotation: specifies the test runner.
    • Autowired annotation: injects dependencies.
    • SpringBootTest annotation: marks the test class as a Spring Boot test.
    • SpringRunner class: specifies SpringRunner as the test runner.

    The sample code is as follows:

    import com.oceanbase.example.batch.model.People;
    import com.oceanbase.example.batch.model.PeopleDESC;
    import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
    import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
    import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
    import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
    import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
    
  2. Define the AddPeopleDescProcessorTest class.

    Use the SpringBootTest annotation and the SpringRunner runner for Spring Boot integration testing.

    1. Use the @Autowired annotation to automatically inject the AddPeopleDescProcessor instance.

      The sample code is as follows:

      @Autowired
      private AddPeopleDescProcessor processor;
      
    2. Use the @Test annotation to mark the testProcess method as a test method. In this method, create a People object, call the processor.process method to process the object, and then assign the result to a PeopleDESC object.

      The sample code is as follows:

      @Test
      public void testProcess() throws Exception {
          People people = new People();
          PeopleDESC desc = processor.process(people);
      }
      

Code in AddDescPeopleWriterTest.java

The AddDescPeopleWriterTest.java file defines a class for testing the write logic of AddDescPeopleWriter by using JUnit.

To configure the AddDescPeopleWriterTest.java file, perform the following steps:

  1. Reference other classes and interfaces.

    Declare that the current file contains the following interfaces and classes:

    • PeopleDESC class: stores the description converted or processed from personnel information.
    • Assert class: asserts test results.
    • Test annotation: marks a test method.
    • RunWith annotation: specifies the test runner.
    • Autowired annotation: injects dependencies.
    • SpringBootTest annotation: marks the test class as a Spring Boot test.
    • JdbcTemplate class: provides methods for executing SQL statements.
    • SpringRunner class: specifies SpringRunner as the test runner.
    • ArrayList class: creates an empty list.
    • List interface: handles query result sets.

    The sample code is as follows:

    import com.oceanbase.example.batch.model.PeopleDESC;
    import org.junit.Assert;
    import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
    import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
    import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
    import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
    import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
    import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
    
    import java.util.ArrayList;
    import java.util.List;
    
  2. Define the AddDescPeopleWriterTest class.

    Use the SpringBootTest annotation and the SpringRunner runner for Spring Boot integration testing.

    1. Use @Autowired to inject instances. Use the @Autowired annotation to automatically inject AddPeopleDescProcessor and JdbcTemplate instances.

      The sample code is as follows:

      @Autowired
      private AddDescPeopleWriter writer;
      @Autowired
      private JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;
      
    2. Use the method marked with @Test to test data insertion and output. Use the @Test annotation to mark the testWrite method as a test method. In this method, create an empty peopleDescList list and then add two PeopleDESC objects to the list. Call the writer.write method to write data in the list to the database. Use jdbcTemplate to execute the query statement that obtains data from the people_desc table. Execute the assertion statement to verify the correctness of the data. Output the query results to the console and output a message to indicate that job execution is complete.

      1. Insert data into the people_desc table. Create an empty PeopleDESC object list named peopleDescList. Create two PeopleDESC objects named desc1 and desc2 and set their attribute values. Add desc1 and desc2 to the peopleDescList list. Call the write method of writer to write the objects in the peopleDescList list to the people_desc table in the database. Call JdbcTemplate to execute the query statement SELECT COUNT(*) FROM people_desc that obtains the number of records in the people_desc table. Assign the result to the count variable. Call the Assert.assertEquals method to assert whether the value of count is 2.

        The sample code is as follows:

           List<PeopleDESC> peopleDescList = new ArrayList<>();
           PeopleDESC desc1 = new PeopleDESC();
           desc1.setId(1);
           desc1.setName("John");
           desc1.setAge(25);
           desc1.setDesc("This is John with age 25");
           peopleDescList.add(desc1);
           PeopleDESC desc2 = new PeopleDESC();
           desc2.setId(2);
           desc2.setName("Alice");
           desc2.setAge(30);
           desc2.setDesc("This is Alice with age 30");
           peopleDescList.add(desc2);
           writer.write(peopleDescList);
        
           String selectSql = "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM people_desc";
           int count = jdbcTemplate.queryForObject(selectSql, Integer.class);
           Assert.assertEquals(2, count);
        
      2. Output data in the people_desc table. Use JdbcTemplate to execute the query statement SELECT * FROM people_desc, and use the lambda expression to process the query results. In the lambda expression, use methods such as rs.getInt and rs.getString to obtain field values in the query result set and set the field values to the newly created PeopleDESC objects. Add all the newly created PeopleDESC objects to the result list resultDesc. Print the prompt line Data in the people_desc table:. Then, use a for loop to traverse the resultDesc list and use System.out.println to print the PeopleDESC objects in the list one by one. Finally, print a message to indicate that job execution is complete.

        The sample code is as follows:

        List<PeopleDESC> resultDesc = jdbcTemplate.query("SELECT * FROM people_desc", (rs, rowNum) -> {
           PeopleDESC desc = new PeopleDESC();
           desc.setId(rs.getInt("id"));
           desc.setName(rs.getString("name"));
           desc.setAge(rs.getInt("age"));
           desc.setDesc(rs.getString("description"));
           return desc;
        });
        
        System.out.println("Data in the people_desc table:");
        for (PeopleDESC desc : resultDesc) {
           System.out.println(desc);
        }
        
        // Output a message to indicate that job execution is complete.
        System.out.println("Batch Job execution completed.");
        

Code in AddPeopleWriterTest.java

The AddPeopleWriterTest.java file defines a class for testing the write logic of AddPeopleWriterTest by using JUnit.

To configure the AddPeopleWriterTest.java file, perform the following steps:

  1. Reference other classes and interfaces.

    Declare that the current file contains the following interfaces and classes:

    • People class: stores personnel information read from the database.
    • Test annotation: marks a test method.
    • RunWith annotation: specifies the test runner.
    • Autowired annotation: injects dependencies.
    • SpringBootApplication annotation: marks the class as the entry to the Spring Boot application.
    • SpringBootTest annotation: marks the test class as a Spring Boot test.
    • ComponentScan annotation: specifies the package or class to scan for components.
    • JdbcTemplate class: provides methods for executing SQL statements.
    • SpringRunner class: specifies SpringRunner as the test runner.
    • ArrayList class: creates an empty list.
    • List interface: handles query result sets.

    The sample code is as follows:

    import com.oceanbase.example.batch.model.People;
    import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
    import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
    import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
    import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
    import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
    import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
    import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
    
    import java.util.ArrayList;
    import java.util.List;
    
  2. Define the AddPeopleWriterTest class.

    Use the SpringBootTest annotation and the SpringRunner runner for Spring Boot integration testing, and use the @ComponentScan annotation to specify the package to scan.

    1. Use @Autowired to inject instances. Use the @Autowired annotation to automatically inject addPeopleWriter and JdbcTemplate instances.

      The sample code is as follows:

      @Autowired
      private AddPeopleWriter addPeopleWriter;
      @Autowired
      private JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;
      
    2. Use the method marked with @Test to test data insertion and output.

      1. Insert data into the people table. First, create an empty People object list named peopleList. Then, create two People objects: person1 and person2, and set their name and age attributes. Add the two People objects to the peopleList list. Call the write method of addPeopleWriter and pass peopleList to the method as an argument, so as to write the People objects to the database.

        The sample code is as follows:

           List<People> peopleList = new ArrayList<>();
           People person1 = new People();
           person1.setName("zhangsan");
           person1.setAge(27);
           peopleList.add(person1);
           People person2 = new People();
           person2.setName("lisi");
           person2.setAge(35);
           peopleList.add(person2);
           addPeopleWriter.write(peopleList);
        
      2. Output data in the people table. First, call JdbcTemplate to execute the query statement SELECT * FROM people, and use the lambda expression to process the query results. In the lambda expression, call the rs.getString and rs.getInt methods to obtain the field values in the query result set and set the field values to newly created People objects. Add all the newly created People objects to the result list result. Print the prompt line Data in the people table:. Then, use a for loop to traverse the result list and use System.out.println to print the People objects in the list one by one. Finally, print a message to indicate that job execution is complete.

        The sample code is as follows:

           List<People> result = jdbcTemplate.query("SELECT * FROM people", (rs, rowNum) -> {
               People person = new People();
               person.setName(rs.getString("name"));
               person.setAge(rs.getInt("age"));
               return person;
           });
        
           System.out.println("Data in the people table:");
           for (People person : result) {
               System.out.println(person);
           }
        
           // Output a message to indicate that job execution is complete.
           System.out.println("Batch Job execution completed.");
        

Complete code examples

pom.xml
application.properties
BatchApplication.java
BatchConfig.java
People.java
PeopleDESC.java
AddPeopleDescProcessor.java
AddDescPeopleWriter.java
AddPeopleWriter.java
BatchConfigTest.java
AddPeopleDescProcessorTest.java
AddDescPeopleWriterTest.java
AddPeopleWriterTest.java
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.7.11</version>
        <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
    </parent>
    <groupId>com.oceanbase</groupId>
    <artifactId>java-oceanbase-springboot</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>java-oceanbase-springbatch</name>
    <description>Demo project for Spring Batch</description>
    <properties>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.oceanbase</groupId>
            <artifactId>oceanbase-client</artifactId>
            <version>2.4.3</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-jdbc</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-batch</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.tomcat</groupId>
            <artifactId>tomcat-jdbc</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>junit</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
            <version>4.10</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.activation</groupId>
            <artifactId>javax.activation-api</artifactId>
            <version>1.2.0</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>jakarta.persistence</groupId>
            <artifactId>jakarta.persistence-api</artifactId>
            <version>2.2.3</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

</project>

#configuration database

spring.datasource.driver-class-name=com.oceanbase.jdbc.Driver
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:oceanbase://host:port/schema_name?characterEncoding=utf-8
spring.datasource.username=user_name
spring.datasource.password=

# JPA
spring.jpa.show-sql=true
spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=update

# Spring Batch
spring.batch.job.enabled=false

#
logging.level.org.springframework=INFO
logging.level.com.example=DEBUG
package com.oceanbase.example.batch;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;

@SpringBootApplication
public class BatchApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(BatchApplication.class, args);
    }

    public void runBatchJob() {
    }
}

package com.oceanbase.example.batch.config;

import com.oceanbase.example.batch.model.People;
import com.oceanbase.example.batch.model.PeopleDESC;
import com.oceanbase.example.batch.processor.AddPeopleDescProcessor;
import com.oceanbase.example.batch.writer.AddDescPeopleWriter;
import org.springframework.batch.core.Job;
import org.springframework.batch.core.Step;
import org.springframework.batch.core.configuration.annotation.EnableBatchProcessing;
import org.springframework.batch.core.configuration.annotation.JobBuilderFactory;
import org.springframework.batch.core.configuration.annotation.StepBuilderFactory;
import org.springframework.batch.core.launch.support.RunIdIncrementer;
import org.springframework.batch.item.ItemProcessor;
import org.springframework.batch.item.ItemReader;
import org.springframework.batch.item.ItemWriter;
import org.springframework.batch.item.database.JdbcCursorItemReader;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.BeanPropertyRowMapper;

import javax.sql.DataSource;
//import javax.activation.DataSource;

@Configuration
@EnableBatchProcessing
@SpringBootApplication
@ComponentScan("com.oceanbase.example.batch.writer")
@EnableAutoConfiguration
public class BatchConfig {
    @Autowired
    private JobBuilderFactory jobBuilderFactory;

    @Autowired
    private StepBuilderFactory stepBuilderFactory;

    @Autowired
    private DataSource dataSource;// Use the default dataSource provided by automatic Spring Boot configuration



    @Bean
    public ItemReader<People> peopleReader() {
        JdbcCursorItemReader<People> reader = new JdbcCursorItemReader<>();
        reader.setDataSource((javax.sql.DataSource) dataSource);
        reader.setRowMapper(new BeanPropertyRowMapper<>(People.class));
        reader.setSql("SELECT * FROM people");
        return reader;
    }

    @Bean
    public ItemProcessor<People, PeopleDESC> addPeopleDescProcessor() {
        return new AddPeopleDescProcessor();
    }

    @Bean
    public ItemWriter<PeopleDESC> addDescPeopleWriter() {
        return new AddDescPeopleWriter();
    }

    @Bean
    public Step step1(ItemReader<People> reader, ItemProcessor<People, PeopleDESC> processor,
                      ItemWriter<PeopleDESC> writer) {
        return stepBuilderFactory.get("step1")
                .<People, PeopleDESC>chunk(10)
                .reader(reader)
                .processor(processor)
                .writer(writer)
                .build();
    }

    @Bean
    public Job importJob(Step step1) {
        return jobBuilderFactory.get("importJob")
                .incrementer(new RunIdIncrementer())
                .flow(step1)
                .end()
                .build();
    }
}
package com.oceanbase.example.batch.model;

public class People {
    private String name;
    private int age;

        // getters and setters

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "People [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + "]";
    }
    // Getters and setters
}
package com.oceanbase.example.batch.model;

public class PeopleDESC {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private String desc;
    private int id;

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public String getDesc() {
        return desc;
    }

    public void setDesc(String desc) {
        this.desc = desc;
    }

    public int getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(int id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "PeopleDESC [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + ", desc=" + desc + "]";
    }
}
package com.oceanbase.example.batch.processor;

import com.oceanbase.example.batch.model.People;
import com.oceanbase.example.batch.model.PeopleDESC;
import org.springframework.batch.item.ItemProcessor;


public class AddPeopleDescProcessor implements ItemProcessor<People, PeopleDESC> {
    @Override
    public PeopleDESC process(People item) throws Exception {
        PeopleDESC desc = new PeopleDESC();
        desc.setName(item.getName());
        desc.setAge(item.getAge());
        desc.setDesc("This is " + item.getName() + " with age " + item.getAge());
        return desc;
    }
}
package com.oceanbase.example.batch.writer;

import com.oceanbase.example.batch.model.PeopleDESC;
import org.springframework.batch.item.ItemWriter;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;

import java.util.List;

@Component
public class AddDescPeopleWriter implements ItemWriter<PeopleDESC> {
    @Autowired
    private JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;

    @Override
    public void write(List<? extends PeopleDESC> items) throws Exception {
        // Drop the table that may already exist.
        String dropTableSql = "BEGIN EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'DROP TABLE people_desc'; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN IF SQLCODE != -942 THEN RAISE; END IF; END;";
        jdbcTemplate.execute(dropTableSql);
        // Create the table.
        String createTableSql = "CREATE TABLE people_desc (id INT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR2(255), age INT, description VARCHAR2(255))";
        jdbcTemplate.execute(createTableSql);
        for (PeopleDESC item : items) {
            String sql = "INSERT INTO people_desc (id, name, age, description) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)";
            jdbcTemplate.update(sql, item.getId(), item.getName(), item.getAge(), item.getDesc());
        }
    }
}
package com.oceanbase.example.batch.writer;

import com.oceanbase.example.batch.model.People;
import org.springframework.batch.item.ItemWriter;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import java.util.List;

@Component
public class AddPeopleWriter implements ItemWriter<People> {
    @Autowired
    private JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;

    @Override
    public void write(List<? extends People> items) throws Exception {
        // Drop the table that may already exist.
        String dropTableSql = "BEGIN EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'DROP TABLE people'; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN IF SQLCODE != -942 THEN RAISE; END IF; END;";
        jdbcTemplate.execute(dropTableSql);
        // Create the table.
        String createTableSql = "CREATE TABLE people (name VARCHAR2(255), age INT)";
        jdbcTemplate.execute(createTableSql);
        for (People item : items) {
            String sql = "INSERT INTO people (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)";
            jdbcTemplate.update(sql, item.getName(), item.getAge());
        }
    }
}

package com.oceanbase.example.batch.config;

import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.batch.core.Job;
import org.springframework.batch.core.JobExecution;
import org.springframework.batch.core.JobParameters;
import org.springframework.batch.core.JobParametersBuilder;
import org.springframework.batch.core.launch.JobLauncher;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;

import javax.batch.runtime.BatchStatus;

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class BatchConfigTest {
    @Autowired
    private JobLauncherTestUtils jobLauncherTestUtils;

    @Test
    public void testJob() throws Exception {
        JobParameters jobParameters = new JobParametersBuilder()
                .addString("jobParam", "paramValue")
                .toJobParameters();

        JobExecution jobExecution = jobLauncherTestUtils.launchJob(jobParameters);

        Assert.assertEquals(BatchStatus.COMPLETED, jobExecution.getStatus());
    }

    @Autowired
    private JobLauncher jobLauncher;

    @Autowired
    private Job job;

    private class JobLauncherTestUtils {
        public JobExecution launchJob(JobParameters jobParameters) throws Exception {
            return jobLauncher.run(job, jobParameters);
        }
    }
}
package com.oceanbase.example.batch.processor;

import com.oceanbase.example.batch.model.People;
import com.oceanbase.example.batch.model.PeopleDESC;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class AddPeopleDescProcessorTest {
    @Autowired
    private AddPeopleDescProcessor processor;

    @Test
    public void testProcess() throws Exception {
        People people = new People();
  //      people.setName("John");
  //      people.setAge(25);

        PeopleDESC desc = processor.process(people);

//      Assert.assertEquals("John", desc.getName());
//        Assert.assertEquals(25, desc.getAge());
 //       Assert.assertEquals("This is John with age 25", desc.getDesc());
    }
}

package com.oceanbase.example.batch.writer;

import com.oceanbase.example.batch.model.PeopleDESC;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class AddDescPeopleWriterTest {
    @Autowired
    private AddDescPeopleWriter writer;
    @Autowired
    private JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;

    @Test
    public void testWrite() throws Exception {


        // Insert data into the people_desc table.
        List<PeopleDESC> peopleDescList = new ArrayList<>();
        PeopleDESC desc1 = new PeopleDESC();
        desc1.setId(1);
        desc1.setName("John");
        desc1.setAge(25);
        desc1.setDesc("This is John with age 25");
        peopleDescList.add(desc1);
        PeopleDESC desc2 = new PeopleDESC();
        desc2.setId(2);
        desc2.setName("Alice");
        desc2.setAge(30);
        desc2.setDesc("This is Alice with age 30");
        peopleDescList.add(desc2);
        writer.write(peopleDescList);

        String selectSql = "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM people_desc";
        int count = jdbcTemplate.queryForObject(selectSql, Integer.class);
        Assert.assertEquals(2, count);

        // Output data in the people_desc table.
        List<PeopleDESC> resultDesc = jdbcTemplate.query("SELECT * FROM people_desc", (rs, rowNum) -> {
            PeopleDESC desc = new PeopleDESC();
            desc.setId(rs.getInt("id"));
            desc.setName(rs.getString("name"));
            desc.setAge(rs.getInt("age"));
            desc.setDesc(rs.getString("description"));
            return desc;
        });

        System.out.println("Data in the people_desc table:");
        for (PeopleDESC desc : resultDesc) {
            System.out.println(desc);
        }

        // Output a message to indicate that job execution is complete.
        System.out.println("Batch Job execution completed.");
    }
}
package com.oceanbase.example.batch.writer;

import com.oceanbase.example.batch.model.People;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
@SpringBootApplication
@ComponentScan("com.oceanbase.example.batch.writer")
public class AddPeopleWriterTest {

    @Autowired
    private AddPeopleWriter addPeopleWriter;
    @Autowired
    private JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;

    @Test
    public void testWrite() throws Exception {
        // Insert data into the people table.
        List<People> peopleList = new ArrayList<>();
        People person1 = new People();
        person1.setName("zhangsan");
        person1.setAge(27);
        peopleList.add(person1);
        People person2 = new People();
        person2.setName("lisi");
        person2.setAge(35);
        peopleList.add(person2);
        addPeopleWriter.write(peopleList);

        // Query and output the result.
        List<People> result = jdbcTemplate.query("SELECT * FROM people", (rs, rowNum) -> {
            People person = new People();
            person.setName(rs.getString("name"));
            person.setAge(rs.getInt("age"));
            return person;
        });

        System.out.println("Data in the people table:");
        for (People person : result) {
            System.out.println(person);
        }

        // Output a message to indicate that job execution is complete.
        System.out.println("Batch Job execution completed.");
    }
}

References

For more information about OceanBase Connector/J, see OceanBase Connector/J.

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What is on this page
Prerequisites
Procedure
Step 1: Obtain the OceanBase Database connection string
Step 2: Import the java-oceanbase-springbatch project into IDEA
Step 3: Modify the database connection information in the java-oceanbase-springbatch project
Step 4: Run the java-oceanbase-springbatch project
Project code introduction
Code in pom.xml
Code in application.properties
Code in BatchApplication.java
Code in BatchConfig.java
Code in People.java
Code in PeopleDESC.java
Code in AddPeopleDescProcessor.java
Code in AddDescPeopleWriter.java
Code in AddPeopleWriter.java
Code in BatchConfigTest.java
Code in AddPeopleDescProcessorTest.java
Code in AddDescPeopleWriterTest.java
Code in AddPeopleWriterTest.java
Complete code examples
References